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Wong YJ, Zounlome NOO, Goodrich Mitts N, Murphy E. You can do it! An experimental evaluation of an encouragement intervention for female students. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1651887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Joel Wong
- Counseling & Educational Psychology Department, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Nelson O. O. Zounlome
- Counseling & Educational Psychology Department, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Nancy Goodrich Mitts
- Counseling & Educational Psychology Department, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Emily Murphy
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Ryan LR, Brownlow S, Patterson B. Women’s Mental Rotation Abilities as a Function of Priming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2015.63021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Despite the frequent use of encouragement in everyday social life, encouragement remains an understudied topic in positive psychology and counseling psychology. To address this gap, this article resolves ambiguity in terminology and synthesizes diverse streams of theorizing and research to propose an integrative psychological science of encouragement. The author offers a definition of encouragement, delineates its conceptual boundaries, and proposes a conceptual model that provides a taxonomy of encouragement processes. Known as the Tripartite Encouragement Model (TEM), this model charts the foci, features, and levels of encouragement. Encouragement is conceptualized, at different levels, as an act of interpersonal communication, a character strength, as well as an ecological group norm. The author explains how encouragement can enhance the quality of counseling practice as well as practical applications in other areas of psychology. Finally, the author delineates how the TEM can guide future research on the psychology of encouragement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Joel Wong
- Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Maeda Y, Yoon SY. A Meta-Analysis on Gender Differences in Mental Rotation Ability Measured by the Purdue Spatial Visualization Tests: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R). EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-012-9215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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