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Kunaharan S, Halpin S, Sitharthan T, Walla P. Do Varying Levels of Exposure to Pornography and Violence Have an Effect on Non-Conscious Emotion in Men? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:1215-1229. [PMID: 32140872 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As we are often inundated with images of violence and pornography in modern times with the aid of mobile devices and unrestricted online access and content, the non-conscious effect of such exposure is an area of concern. To date, many clinicians and researchers in behavioral sciences rely on conscious responses from their clients to determine affective content. In doing so, they overlook the effect the non-conscious has on an individual's emotions. The present study aimed to examine variations in conscious and non-conscious responses to emotion-inducing images following varying amounts of exposure to violent and pornographic images. Eighteen participants who self-reported as being low pornography users were presented with emotion-inducing images after no exposure (Session 1), after one round of exposure to 50 pornographic and 50 violent images (Session 2) and after a further nine rounds of exposure to 50 pornographic and 50 violent images (Session 3). Sessions were temporally separated by at least 2 days while startle reflex modulation (SRM) and scalp-recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to determine non-conscious emotion-related responses to pre-evaluated emotion pictures. Explicit valence and arousal ratings were assessed for each of those emotion pictures to determine conscious emotion effects potentially changing as a function of increasing controlled exposure to pornographic and violent visual material. Conscious explicit ratings and SRM amplitudes revealed no significant difference between the sessions. However, frontal ERP analysis revealed significant changes between processing of "violent" and "unpleasant" images at later ERP time windows, further supporting the growing body of research which shows that relying on self-report data does not result in a full understanding of emotional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeev Kunaharan
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Halpin
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Peter Walla
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- CanBeLab, Department of Psychology, Webster Vienna Private University, Palais Wenkheim, Praterstrasse 23, 1020, Vienna, Austria.
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What's in a shape? Evidence of gender category associations with basic forms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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vom Brocke J, Hevner A, Léger PM, Walla P, Riedl R. Advancing a NeuroIS research agenda with four areas of societal contributions. EUR J INFORM SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0960085x.2019.1708218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan vom Brocke
- Institute of Information Systems, University of Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Alan Hevner
- Information Systems and Decision Sciences Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Peter Walla
- Institute for Information Engineering, Webster Vienna Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Riedl
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria & Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
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Kunaharan S, Halpin S, Sitharthan T, Walla P. Do EEG and Startle Reflex Modulation Vary with Self-Reported Aggression in Response to Violent Images? Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9110298. [PMID: 31671573 PMCID: PMC6896031 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased violence and aggressive tendencies are a problem in much of the world and are often symptomatic of many other neurological and psychiatric conditions. Among clinicians, current methods of diagnosis of problem aggressive behaviour rely heavily on the use of self-report measures as described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10). This approach does not place adequate emphasis on objective measures that are potentially sensitive to processes not feeding into subjective self-report. Numerous studies provide evidence that attitudes and affective content can be processed without leading to verbalised output. This exploratory study aimed to determine whether individuals in the normal population, grouped by self-reported aggression, differed in subjective versus objective affective processing. Participants (N = 52) were grouped based on their responses to the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. They were then presented with affect-inducing images while brain event-related potentials (ERPs) and startle reflex modulation (SRM) were recorded to determine non-language-based processes. Explicit valence and arousal ratings for each image were taken to determine subjective affective effects. Results indicated no significant group differences for explicit ratings and SRM. However, ERP results demonstrated significant group differences between the 'pleasant' and 'violent' emotion condition in the frontal, central and parietal areas across both hemispheres. These findings suggest that parts of the brain process affective stimuli different to what conscious appraisal comes up with in participants varying in self-reported aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeev Kunaharan
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Sean Halpin
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | | | - Peter Walla
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
- CanBeLab, Department of Psychology, Webster Vienna Private University, Palais Wenkheim, 1020 Vienna, Austria.
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Can Evaluative Conditioning Change Well-Established Attitudes Towards Popular Brands? Your Brain Says Yes Even Though Your Mouth Says No. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9050106. [PMID: 31083429 PMCID: PMC6562726 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, using both implicit and explicit measures, we addressed the issue of whether strongly developed relationships towards brands could be modified through the use of evaluative conditioning. Using an online survey, individual participant brand lists were created, and formed the basis of this experiment. Participants were then exposed to conditioning during a longitudinal study. Throughout the experiment, a combination of explicit and implicit measures was used to assess changes in attitude. Specifically, participants were asked to rate the brand names on a Likert-type scale. Simultaneously, changes in the brains electrical activity in response to the brands were recorded via electroencephalography (EEG). Upon completion of this task, participants underwent two Implicit Association Tests (IAT; one for liked brands and one for disliked brands). There were two main findings of this study. Firstly, no significant changes in attitude were observed via the use of explicit measures, and those that were found relating to the IAT were regarded as questionable. Secondly, EEG presented consistent results which showed that conditioning elicited changes in cortical activity towards both liked and disliked brands, which suggest it may be a useful tool in measuring the impact of evaluative conditioning that is not reflected in verbal responses.
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The Social Perception of Humanoid and Non-Humanoid Robots: Effects of Gendered and Machinelike Features. Int J Soc Robot 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12369-018-0502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Editorial: Sub- and Unconscious Information Processing in the Human Brain. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Conscious and Non-Conscious Measures of Emotion: Do They Vary with Frequency of Pornography Use? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7050493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bosshard SS, Bourke JD, Kunaharan S, Koller M, Walla P. Established liked versus disliked brands: Brain activity, implicit associations and explicit responses. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2016.1176691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon S. Bosshard
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jesse D. Bourke
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sajeev Kunaharan
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monika Koller
- Institute for Marketing Management, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Walla
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Webster Vienna Private University, Palais Wenkheim, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Montag C, Walla P. Carpe diem instead of losing your social mind: Beyond digital addiction and why we all suffer from digital overuse. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2016.1157281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Institute for Psychology and Education, Zentrum für Biomedizinische Forschung, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr 8/1 D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Walla
- CanBeLab, Department of Psychology, Webster Vienna Private University, Palais Wenkheim, Vienna, Austria
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Li Y, Ma W, Kang Q, Qiao L, Tang D, Qiu J, Zhang Q, Li H. Night or darkness, which intensifies the feeling of fear? Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 97:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Koller M, Walla P. Towards Alternative Ways to Measure Attitudes Related to Consumption: Introducing Startle Reflex Modulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/jafio-2015-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEvolution provided us with the important feature of affective information processing, which is designed to detect potentially harmful and appetitive sources in a dynamic environment. Transferred into the modern world of consumption research, we are interested in studying this particular approach versus avoidance behavior. We call it affective information processing which is the underlying basis of all emotions and a significant part of attitudes relevant to consumption. This paper provides conceptual and measurement-related reflections on our understanding of attitudes and emotions relevant to consumption.
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Lyons GS, Walla P, Arthur-Kelly M. Towards improved ways of knowing children with profound multiple disabilities: introducing startle reflex modulation. Dev Neurorehabil 2013; 16:340-4. [PMID: 24020879 DOI: 10.3109/17518423.2012.737039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose startle reflex modulation (SRM) as an objective measure of emotions of children with profound multiple disabilities (PMD). Knowledge about emotion states of children with PMD is crucial to their individualised care and support. Proxy reporting, observational and physiological measures of emotion are reported in the literature. Despite advances in this science, the rigour of the findings and methods are contested. In this article, we introduce SRM; a neurophysiological measure untried with children with PMD, despite its well-known sensitivity to even subtle changes in affective processing without depending on explicit responses. RESULTS We propose a research agenda that aims to deliver a more comprehensive and accurate profile of the inner states of these children, based upon previous research undertaken using SRM. CONCLUSION It is suggested that this objective measure has potential to provide useful information about the inner emotional states of children with PMD.
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