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Mining of Potential Gene Resources for Breeding Nutritionally Improved Maize. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050627. [PMID: 35270097 PMCID: PMC8912576 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maize is one of the leading food crops and its kernel is rich in starch, lipids, protein and other energy substances. In addition, maize kernels also contain many trace elements that are potentially beneficial to human health, such as vitamins, minerals and other secondary metabolites. However, gene resources that could be applied for nutrient improvement are limited in maize. In this review, we summarized 107 genes that are associated with nutrient content from different plant species and identified 246 orthologs from the maize genome. In addition, we constructed physical maps and performed a detailed expression pattern analysis for the 246 maize potential gene resources. Combining expression profiles and their potential roles in maize nutrient improvement, genetic engineering by editing or ectopic expression of these genes in maize are expected to improve resistant starch, oil, essential amino acids, vitamins, iron, zinc and anthocyanin levels of maize grains. Thus, this review provides valuable gene resources for maize nutrient improvement.
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Guo C, Li J, Li M, Xu X, Chen Y, Chu J, Yao X. Regulation Mechanism of Exogenous Brassinolide on Bulbil Formation and Development in Pinellia ternata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:809769. [PMID: 35069668 PMCID: PMC8766408 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.809769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The bulbil is the propagative organ of the P. ternata, which has a great effect on the yield of P. ternata. It is well known that plant hormones play important roles in bulbil formation and development. However, there is not clear about brassinolide (BR) regulation on bulbil formation and development. In this study, we revealed the effects of BR and BR biosynthesis inhibitors (propiconazole, Pcz) application on the histological observation, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis pathway, and hormone signaling pathway of P. ternata. The results showed that BR treatment reduced starch catabolism to maltodextrin and maltose in bulbil by decreasing BAM and ISA genes expression and increased cellulose catabolism to D-glucose in bulbil by enhancing edg and BGL genes expression. BR treatment enhanced the photosynthetic pigment content and potential maximum photosynthetic capacity and improved the photoprotection ability of P. ternata by increasing the dissipation of excess light energy to heat, thus reduced the photodamage in the PSII center. BR treatment increased the GA and BR content in bulbil of P. ternata, and decreased the ABA content in bulbil of P. ternata. Pcz treatment increased the level of GA, SL, ABA, and IAA in bulbil of P. ternata. BR regulated the signal transduction of BR, IAA, and ABA to regulate the formation and development of bulbil in P. ternata. These results provide molecular insight into BR regulation on bulbil formation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jigang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Minghui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xihang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianzhou Chu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Mustafiz A, Kumari S, Karan R. Ascribing Functions to Genes: Journey Towards Genetic Improvement of Rice Via Functional Genomics. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:155-76. [PMID: 27252584 PMCID: PMC4869004 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160202215135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice, one of the most important cereal crops for mankind, feeds more than half the world population. Rice has been heralded as a model cereal owing to its small genome size, amenability to easy transformation, high synteny to other cereal crops and availability of complete genome sequence. Moreover, sequence wealth in rice is getting more refined and precise due to resequencing efforts. This humungous resource of sequence data has confronted research fraternity with a herculean challenge as well as an excellent opportunity to functionally validate expressed as well as regulatory portions of the genome. This will not only help us in understanding the genetic basis of plant architecture and physiology but would also steer us towards developing improved cultivars. No single technique can achieve such a mammoth task. Functional genomics through its diverse tools viz. loss and gain of function mutants, multifarious omics strategies like transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and phenomics provide us with the necessary handle. A paradigm shift in technological advances in functional genomics strategies has been instrumental in generating considerable amount of information w.r.t functionality of rice genome. We now have several databases and online resources for functionally validated genes but despite that we are far from reaching the desired milestone of functionally characterizing each and every rice gene. There is an urgent need for a common platform, for information already available in rice, and collaborative efforts between researchers in a concerted manner as well as healthy public-private partnership, for genetic improvement of rice crop better able to handle the pressures of climate change and exponentially increasing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Mustafiz
- South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi
| | - Sumita Kumari
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Jammu 180009, India
| | - Ratna Karan
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville - 32611, Florida, USA
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Liu D, Wang W, Cai X. Modulation of amylose content by structure-based modification of OsGBSS1 activity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1297-307. [PMID: 25052102 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The rice Waxy (Wx) gene encodes granule-bound starch synthase 1 (EC 2.4.1.242), OsGBSS1, which is responsible for amylose synthesis in rice seed endosperm. In this study, we determined the functional contribution of eight amino acids on the activity of OsGBSS1 by introducing site-directed mutated Wx gene constructs into the wx mutant glutinous rice. The eight amino acid residues are suspected to play roles in OsGBSS1 structure maintenance or function based on homologous enzyme sequence alignment and homology modelling. Both OsGBSS1 activity and amylose content were analysed in homozygous transgenic lines carrying the mutated OsGBSS1 (Wx) genes. Our results indicate that mutations at diverse sites in OsGBSS1 reduces its activity by affecting its starch-binding capacity, its ADP-glucose-binding capability or its protein stability. Our results shed new light on the structural basis of OsGBSS1 activity and the mechanisms of OsGBSS1 activity on amylose synthesis in vivo. This study also demonstrates that it is feasible to finely modulate amylose content in rice grains by modifying the OsGBSS1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Miao H, Sun P, Liu W, Xu B, Jin Z. Identification of genes encoding granule-bound starch synthase involved in amylose metabolism in banana fruit. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88077. [PMID: 24505384 PMCID: PMC3913707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is responsible for amylose synthesis, but the role of GBSS genes and their encoded proteins remains poorly understood in banana. In this study, amylose content and GBSS activity gradually increased during development of the banana fruit, and decreased during storage of the mature fruit. GBSS protein in banana starch granules was approximately 55.0 kDa. The protein was up-regulated expression during development while it was down-regulated expression during storage. Six genes, designated as MaGBSSI-1, MaGBSSI-2, MaGBSSI-3, MaGBSSI-4, MaGBSSII-1, and MaGBSSII-2, were cloned and characterized from banana fruit. Among the six genes, the expression pattern of MaGBSSI-3 was the most consistent with the changes in amylose content, GBSS enzyme activity, GBSS protein levels, and the quantity or size of starch granules in banana fruit. These results suggest that MaGBSSI-3 might regulate amylose metabolism by affecting the variation of GBSS levels and the quantity or size of starch granules in banana fruit during development or storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Peiguang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Hainan Province, Haikou Experimental Station, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Weixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- * E-mail: (BX); (ZJ)
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Hainan Province, Haikou Experimental Station, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- * E-mail: (BX); (ZJ)
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