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Wang Y, Shan G, Gan L, Qian Y, Chen T, Wang H, Pan X, Wang W, Pan L, Zhang X, Wang M, Ma J, Zhong Y. Prevalence and associated factors for pterygium in Han and Mongolian adults: a cross-sectional study in inner Mongolian, China. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:45. [PMID: 32013911 PMCID: PMC6998068 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-1324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the prevalence of pterygium and associated factors in Han and Mongolian adults at four survey sites in Inner Mongolia, China. Methods We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study as part of the China National Health Survey (CNHS). By means of a stratified sampling method, we finally included 2651 participants of 30 years of age or older from a total of 3468 eligible residents. Factors associated with pterygium were analysed by a univariate analysis and logistic regression models. Results The study population included 1910 Han and 741 Mongolian adults. The mean age ± standard deviation of the study cohort was 48.93 ± 11.06 years. The overall prevalence of pterygium was 6.4% (n = 169); 1.4% (n = 38) of the cases were bilateral and 4.8% (n = 128) were unilateral. The most common grade of pterygium was Grade 2. Based on the results of the univariate analysis, eleven factors were included in a multivariate analysis. The results indicated that age (P < 0.001), outdoor occupation (P = 0.026), and time spent in rural areas (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with pterygium. Sex and ethnicity were not identified as risk factors. Conclusions Our results indicated that outdoor occupation, old age and more time spent in rural areas were risk factors for pterygium in Inner Mongolia. At the same time, town as a survey site (Hohhot and Tsining District) was a protective factor for pterygium. Ethnicity, gender, smoking, diabetes and high blood pressure are not associated with pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Guangliang Shan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linyang Gan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yonggang Qian
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hailing Wang
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaodan Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wenrui Wang
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yong Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Genetic and epigenetic polymorphisms of eNOS and CYP2D6 in mainland Chinese Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, and Han populations. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2019; 20:114-125. [PMID: 31616043 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are important in the cardiovascular disease susceptibility and drug response. The methylation of cytosine in the promoter of genes could influence expression. The interindividual differences of drug response could only be explained partly by the polymorphisms of drug disposition genes. This study was aimed to investigate the genetic and epigenetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and eNOS in Chinese Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, and Han volunteers. Blood samples were collected from 842 unrelated Chinese healthy subjects (323 Tibetan, 134 Mongolian, 162 Uygur, and 223 Han) for genotyping and part of the DNA samples were subjected to cytosine methylation analysis. Significant genetic and epigenetic interethnic polymorphisms of eNOS and CYP2D6 were found in the four Chinese groups. The 4b-G-T wild-type haplotype of eNOS was the most common in Chinese Tibetan (87.1%), Mongolian (79.9%), Uygur (76.4%), and Han (79.5%), respectively. eNOS T-786C creates a new CpG site and a significantly higher methylation level was found in -786CC than that in -786TC in Chinese Han (P = 0.0485) and total Chinese (P = 0.0104). CYP2D6 A-678 (rs28633410) makes the symmetrical CpG site changed to be an asymmetrical CpA site, and the methylation level of cytosine in the CpG context of G-678A was significantly higher than that in the CpA. The results of the present study could be useful for understanding the interindividual disparity of cardiovascular disease susceptibility and drug response among different Chinese ethnic groups and would provide more evidences for the precise medication of Chinese.
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Zhang G, Li X, Zhang K, Zhao J, Qiu C. Haplotype-based association of renin gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension in Han population of northern china. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2018; 18:1470320317744917. [PMID: 29233044 PMCID: PMC5843929 DOI: 10.1177/1470320317744917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The renin gene has been suggested as a good candidate in the study of genetic mechanism of essential hypertension. However, studies on the contribution of renin gene polymorphisms to essential hypertension, have not had consistent outcomes. The purpose of the present study is to explore the association of renin gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension in the Han population of northern China. METHODS A case-control study was conducted among 3090 Han farmers (1533 essential hypertension patients and 1557 normotensives). Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and polymerase chain reaction-sequencing. RESULTS The genotypic and allelic distributions of rs2368564 in essential hypertension and control was significant statistically ( p<0.001). The allelic distribution of rs10900557 showed marginal statistical significance ( p=0.048). There were no significant differences in other genotypic and allelic distributions ( p>0.05). In the haplotypes comprised by the six single-nucleotide polymorphisms, there were differences in the distribution of haplotypes A-T-C-G-C-A, A-T-C-G-C-G, G-C-T-G-T-A and G-C-T-G-T-G in both groups, and their differences reached to significant levels, respectively. After having corrected for false discovery rate, this association still remained significant. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides evidence for a possible association of renin gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension in a Han population of northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Zhang
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- 2 Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, China
| | - Keyong Zhang
- 2 Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Changchun Qiu
- 2 Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University, China.,3 National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, China
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Guo CP, Wei Z, Huang F, Qin M, Li X, Wang YM, Wang Q, Wang JZ, Liu R, Zhang B, Li HL, Wang XC. High salt induced hypertension leads to cognitive defect. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95780-95790. [PMID: 29221166 PMCID: PMC5707060 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although increasing evidences suggest a relationship between hypertension and brain function for years, it is still unclear whether hypertension constitutes a risk factor for cognitive decline and its underlying mechanism. In the present study, an experimental animal model of hypertension simply by feeding rats with high salt diet was employed. We found that long-term high salt intake caused a marked increase of systolic blood pressure linked to a declined regional cerebral blood flow. Fear conditioning and morris water maze behavioral test revealed that high salt diet induced hippocampal dependent spatial reference memory deficits, while a decreased synaptogenesis without neuronal loss in hippocampus was observed in high salt treated rats. Furthermore, we found that high salt induced a decrease of intracellular calcium, which inactivated CaMK II and resulted in dephosphorylation of CREB at Ser133. These findings suggest a novel etiopathogenic mechanism of cognitive deficit induced by hypertension, which is initiated by high salt diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Ping Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Min Qin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yu-Man Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hong-Lian Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
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Yu L, Li S, Zhao J, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang K. Secular trends in salt and soy sauce intake among Chinese adults, 1997–2011. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:215-222. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1344203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianlong Yu
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
| | - Suyun Li
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jinshan Zhao
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
| | - Liansen Wang
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
| | - Kebo Wang
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
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Tzeng IS, Liu SH, Chen KF, Wu CC, Chen JC. Impact of performance grading on annual numbers of acute myocardial infarction-associated emergency department visits in Taiwan: Results of segmented regression analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4937. [PMID: 27759626 PMCID: PMC5079310 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce patient boarding time at the emergency department (ED) and to improve the overall quality of the emergent care system in Taiwan, the Minister of Health and Welfare of Taiwan (MOHW) piloted the Grading Responsible Hospitals for Acute Care (GRHAC) audit program in 2007-2009.The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the GRHAC audit program on the identification and management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)-associated ED visits by describing and comparing the incidence of AMI-associated ED visits before (2003-2007), during (2007-2009), and after (2009-2012) the initial audit program implementation.Using aggregated data from the MOHW of Taiwan, we estimated the annual incidence of AMI-associated ED visits by Poisson regression models. We used segmented regression techniques to evaluate differences in the annual rates and in the year-to-year changes in AMI-associated ED visits between 2003 and 2012. Medical comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertensive disease were considered as potential confounders.Overall, the number of AMI-associated patient visits increased from 8130 visits in 2003 to 12,695 visits in 2012 (P-value for trend < 0.001), corresponding to an average annual growth rate of 5.3% (95%confidence interval [CI]: 0.5-10%). Although age was a major risk factor for AMI-associated ED visits, the statistical association was observed in middle-to-old (aged 40-64; P-value < 0.001) and older aged individuals (aged ≥65; P-value <0.001). As compared to 2003-2007, AMI-associated ED visits increased slightly during the intervention roll-in period (2007-2009, slope = 394.5, P-value = 0.117) followed by a dramatic uptake in the early post-intervention period (2010-2012, slope = 1037, P-value = 0.083).There was evidence suggesting for a significant intervention effect of the GRHAC program on identifying critically ill patients with AMI-associated diagnosis at the ED. As the program evaluation is still ongoing, we expect to observe a sustained program effect on hospitals' capacity for timely and correctly diagnosing and managing patients presenting with AMI-associated symptoms or signs at the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shiang Tzeng
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hsun Liu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Kuan-Fu Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung
- Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung
| | - Chin-Chieh Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung
| | - Jih-Chang Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Jih-Chang Chen, Fusing St, Gueishan Township, Taoyuan County, Taiwan (e-mail: )
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Yuan M, Chen W, Teng B, Fang Y. Occupational Disparities in the Association between Self-Reported Salt-Eating Habit and Hypertension in Older Adults in Xiamen, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13010148. [PMID: 26805865 PMCID: PMC4730539 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure responses to sodium intake are heterogeneous among populations. Few studies have assessed occupational disparities in the association between sodium intake and hypertension in older people. We used cross-sectional data from 14,292 participants aged 60 years or older in Xiamen, China, in 2013. Self-reported salt-eating habit was examined with three levels: low, medium, and high. The main lifetime occupation was classified into indoor laborer and outdoor laborer. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations of hypertension with self-reported salt-eating habit, main lifetime occupation, and their interactions by adjusting for some covariates, with further stratification by sex. Overall, 13,738 participants had complete data, of whom 30.22% had hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was 31.57%, 28.63%, and 31.97% in participants who reported to have low, medium, and high salt-eating habit, respectively. Outdoor laborers presented significantly lower prevalence of hypertension than indoor laborers (26.04% vs. 34.26%, p < 0.001). Indoor laborers with high salt-eating habit had the greatest odds of hypertension (OR = 1.32, 95% CI [1.09–1.59]). An increased trend of odds in eating habit as salt-heavier was presented in indoor laborers (p-trend = 0.048), especially for women (p-trend = 0.001). No clear trend presented in men. Conclusively, sex-specific occupational disparities exist in the association between self-reported salt-eating habit and hypertension in older individuals. Overlooking the potential moderating role of sex and occupation might affect the relationship between sodium intake and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqiong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province University, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province University, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Bogang Teng
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Ya Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province University, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
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Childbearing May Increase the Risk of Nondiabetic Cataract in Chinese Women's Old Age. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:385815. [PMID: 26351572 PMCID: PMC4553188 DOI: 10.1155/2015/385815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds. Ocular changes may arise during pregnancy and after childbirth, but very few studies have reported the association between childbearing and cataract among older adults. Methods. 14,292 individuals aged 60+ years were recruited in Xiamen, China, in 2013. Physician-diagnosed cataract and diabetes status were assessed by a self-reported questionnaire. Childbearing status was measured by number of children (NOC). Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was conducted to examine the relationships among NOC, diabetes, and cataract. Gender-specific logistic models regressing nondiabetic cataract on NOC were performed by adjusting some covariates. Results. 14,119 participants had complete data, of whom 5.01% suffered from cataract, with higher prevalence in women than men (6.41% versus 3.51%). Estimates of SEM models for women suggested that both NOC and diabetes were risk factors for cataract and that no correlation existed between NOC and diabetes. Women who had one or more children faced roughly 2–4 times higher risk of nondiabetic cataract than their childless counterparts (OR [95% CI] = 3.88 [1.24, 17.71], 3.21 [1.04, 14.52], 4.32 [1.42, 19.44], 4.41 [1.46, 19.74], and 3.98 [1.28, 18.10] for having 1, 2, 3, 4-5, and 6 or more children, resp.). Conclusions. Childbearing may increase the risk of nondiabetic cataract in Chinese women's older age.
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Reddy V, Sridhar A, Machado RF, Chen J. High sodium causes hypertension: evidence from clinical trials and animal experiments. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2015; 13:1-8. [PMID: 25609366 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(15)60155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a cardiovascular disease affecting approximately one out of every seven people worldwide. High-sodium consumption has been generally accepted as a risk factor for developing hypertension. Today, global sodium consumption greatly exceeds guidelines recommended by all medical institutions. This review synthesizes the data of landmark mammalian and human studies which investigated the role of sodium in the pathogenesis of hypertension, along with modern studies questioning this relationship. Recent studies concerning the potential pathways by which high-sodium concentration induces hypertension were reviewed. Human trials and population studies revealed a strong correlation between high blood pressure and average dietary sodium; and animal studies found a dramatic reduction in vascular function in a variety of mammals treated with high-sodium diets. In spite of a few contrarian studies, we found overwhelming evidence that elevated sodium consumption could cause hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Reddy
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Arvind Sridhar
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Roberto F Machado
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA; E-mail:
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