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Batista BN, Matias RR, Oliveira RLE, Albuquerque PM. Hydrolytic enzyme production from açai palm (Euterpe precatoria) endophytic fungi and characterization of the amylolytic and cellulolytic extracts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:30. [PMID: 34989888 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are biocatalysts that are widely used in different industries and generate billions of dollars annually. With the advancement of biotechnology, new enzymatic sources are being evaluated, especially microbial ones, in order to find efficient producers. Endophytic fungi are promising sources of biomolecules; however, Amazonian species are still poorly studied as to their enzymatic production potential. In this sense, the production of hydrolases (amylases, lipases, cellulases and pectinases) was evaluated in endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves, roots and stems of açai palms (Euterpe precatoria). A qualitative test was carried out to detect the enzymatic synthesis in each isolate, and the most promising ones were cultivated using submerged fermentation. The enzyme extracts were quantified to determine those with the greatest activity. Cellulolytic and amylolytic extracts showed the highest enzymatic activities and were partially characterized. Among 50 isolates, 82.9% produced pectinase, 58.5% produced cellulase, 31.7% produced amylase, and 12.2% produced lipase. Penicillium sp. L3 was the best producer of amylase and Colletotrichum sp. S1 was the best producer of cellulase in liquid medium cultivation. The amylolytic extract showed the highest enzymatic activity at pH 8.0 and 45 °C, and the cellulolytic extract at pH 5.0 and 35 °C. The cellulase and amylase produced by the endophytes had their molecular masses estimated between 38 and 76 kDa. These results indicate that endophytic fungi from the açai palm can be used as a new source of hydrolytic enzymes, which can be applied in numerous biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Nunes Batista
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede Bionorte, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69050-020, Brazil.,Laboratório de Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69065-001, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Rodrigues Matias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede Bionorte, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69050-020, Brazil.,Laboratório de Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69065-001, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lopes E Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69065-001, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Melchionna Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede Bionorte, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69050-020, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Química Aplicada à Tecnologia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69065-001, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69065-001, Brazil.
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Khuseib Hamed Al-Rashdi F, Al-Sadi AM, Al-Riyamy BZ, S. N. Maharachchikumbura S, Khalfan Al-Ruqaishi H, Velazhahan R. Alternaria alternata and Neocosmospora sp. from the medicinal plant Euphorbia larica exhibit antagonistic activity against Fusarium sp., a plant pathogenic fungus. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1759702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Khuseib Hamed Al-Rashdi
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Bahja Z. Al-Riyamy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huda Khalfan Al-Ruqaishi
- College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Central Instrument Laboratory, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rethinasamy Velazhahan
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Guarnaccia V, Gehrmann T, Silva‐Junior GJ, Fourie PH, Haridas S, Vu D, Spatafora J, Martin FM, Robert V, Grigoriev IV, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW. Phyllosticta citricarpa and sister species of global importance to Citrus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1619-1635. [PMID: 31512371 PMCID: PMC6859488 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several Phyllosticta species are known as pathogens of Citrus spp., and are responsible for various disease symptoms including leaf and fruit spots. One of the most important species is P. citricarpa, which causes a foliar and fruit disease called citrus black spot. The Phyllosticta species occurring on citrus can most effectively be distinguished from P. citricarpa by means of multilocus DNA sequence data. Recent studies also demonstrated P. citricarpa to be heterothallic, and reported successful mating in the laboratory. Since the domestication of citrus, different clones of P. citricarpa have escaped Asia to other continents via trade routes, with obvious disease management consequences. This pathogen profile represents a comprehensive literature review of this pathogen and allied taxa associated with citrus, focusing on identification, distribution, genomics, epidemiology and disease management. This review also considers the knowledge emerging from seven genomes of Phyllosticta spp., demonstrating unknown aspects of these species, including their mating behaviour. TAXONOMY Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa, 1973. Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Botryosphaeriales, Family Phyllostictaceae, Genus Phyllosticta, Species citricarpa. HOST RANGE Confirmed on more than 12 Citrus species, Phyllosticta citricarpa has only been found on plant species in the Rutaceae. DISEASE SYMPTOMS P. citricarpa causes diverse symptoms such as hard spot, virulent spot, false melanose and freckle spot on fruit, and necrotic lesions on leaves and twigs. USEFUL WEBSITES DOE Joint Genome Institute MycoCosm portals for the Phyllosticta capitalensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycap1), P. citriasiana (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycit1), P. citribraziliensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcit1), P. citrichinaensis (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phcitr1), P. citricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycitr1, https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phycpc1), P. paracitricarpa (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phy27169) genomes. All available Phyllosticta genomes on MycoCosm can be viewed at https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phyllosticta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimiro Guarnaccia
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity InstituteUtrechtNetherlands
- DiSAFA, University of TorinoLargo Paolo Braccini 210095GrugliascoTOItaly
| | - Thies Gehrmann
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity InstituteUtrechtNetherlands
| | | | - Paul H. Fourie
- Citrus Research InternationalP.O. Box 28Nelspruit1200South Africa
- Department of Plant PathologyStellenbosch UniversityPrivate Bag X1Stellenbosch7602South Africa
| | - Sajeet Haridas
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell Dr.Walnut CreekCA94598USA
| | - Duong Vu
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity InstituteUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Joseph Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyOregon State UniversityCordley Hall 2082Corvallis97331‐2902ORUSA
| | - Francis M. Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR INRA‐Université de Lorraine “Interaction Arbres/Microorganismes”ChampenouxFrance
| | - Vincent Robert
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity InstituteUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell Dr.Walnut CreekCA94598USA
| | | | - Pedro W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity InstituteUtrechtNetherlands
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Rodrigues CM, Takita MA, Silva NV, Ribeiro-Alves M, Machado MA. Comparative genome analysis of Phyllosticta citricarpa and Phyllosticta capitalensis, two fungi species that share the same host. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:554. [PMID: 31277573 PMCID: PMC6612112 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus are among the most important crops in the world. However, there are many diseases that affect Citrus caused by different pathogens. Citrus also hosts many symbiotic microorganisms in a relationship that may be advantageous for both organisms. The fungi Phyllosticta citricarpa, responsible for citrus black spot, and Phyllosticta capitalensis, an endophytic species, are examples of closely related species with different behavior in citrus. Both species are always biologically associated and are morphologically very similar, and comparing their genomes could help understanding the different lifestyles. In this study, a comparison was carried to identify genetic differences that could help us to understand the biology of P. citricarpa and P. capitalensis. RESULTS Drafts genomes were assembled with sizes close to 33 Mb for both fungi, carrying 15,206 and 14,797 coding sequences for P. citricarpa and P. capitalensis, respectively. Even though the functional categories of these coding sequences is similar, enrichment analysis showed that the pathogenic species presents growth and development genes that may be necessary for the pathogenicity of P. citricarpa. On the other hand, family expansion analyses showed the plasticity of the genome of these species. Particular families are expanded in the genome of an ancestor of P. capitalensis and a recent expansion can also be detected among this species. Additionally, evolution could be driven by environmental cues in P. citricarpa. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrated genomic differences between P. citricarpa and P. capitalensis. Although the idea that these differences could explain the different lifestyles of these fungi, we were not able to confirm this hypothesis. Genome evolution seems to be of real importance among the Phyllosticta isolates and it is leading to different biological characteristics of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Munari Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, CP4, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970 Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Takita
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, CP4, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970 Brazil
| | - Nicholas Vinicius Silva
- Laboratório de Genômica e BioEnergia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040900 Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, CP4, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970 Brazil
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Chen K, Zhang X, Sun W, Liu J, Yang J, Chen C, Liu X, Gao L, Wang J, Li H, Luo Z, Xue Y, Zhu H, Zhang Y. Manginoids A–G: Seven Monoterpene–Shikimate-Conjugated Meroterpenoids with a Spiro Ring System from Guignardia mangiferae. Org Lett 2017; 19:5956-5959. [PMID: 29039958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuwen Zhang
- Humanwell
Healthcare
(Group) Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430073, China
| | | | | | - Jing Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, P. R. China
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Guarnaccia V, Groenewald J, Li H, Glienke C, Carstens E, Hattingh V, Fourie P, Crous P. First report of Phyllosticta citricarpa and description of two new species, P. paracapitalensis and P. paracitricarpa, from citrus in Europe. Stud Mycol 2017; 87:161-185. [PMID: 28720979 PMCID: PMC5502700 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Phyllosticta occurs worldwide, and contains numerous plant pathogenic, endophytic and saprobic species. Phyllosticta citricarpa is the causal agent of Citrus Black Spot disease (CBS), affecting fruits and leaves of several citrus hosts (Rutaceae), and can also be isolated from asymptomatic citrus tissues. Citrus Black Spot occurs in citrus-growing regions with warm summer rainfall climates, but is absent in countries of the European Union (EU). Phyllosticta capitalensis is morphologically similar to P. citricarpa, but is a non-pathogenic endophyte, commonly isolated from citrus leaves and fruits and a wide range of other hosts, and is known to occur in Europe. To determine which Phyllosticta spp. occur within citrus growing regions of EU countries, several surveys were conducted (2015-2017) in the major citrus production areas of Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain to collect both living plant material and leaf litter in commercial nurseries, orchards, gardens, backyards and plant collections. A total of 64 Phyllosticta isolates were obtained from citrus in Europe, of which 52 were included in a multi-locus (ITS, actA, tef1, gapdh, LSU and rpb2 genes) DNA dataset. Two isolates from Florida (USA), three isolates from China, and several reference strains from Australia, South Africa and South America were included in the overall 99 isolate dataset. Based on the data obtained, two known species were identified, namely P. capitalensis (from asymptomatic living leaves of Citrus spp.) in Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain, and P. citricarpa (from leaf litter of C. sinensis and C. limon) in Italy, Malta and Portugal. Moreover, two new species were described, namely P. paracapitalensis (from asymptomatic living leaves of Citrus spp.) in Italy and Spain, and P. paracitricarpa (from leaf litter of C. limon) in Greece. On a genotypic level, isolates of P. citricarpa populations from Italy and Malta (MAT1-2-1) represented a single clone, and those from Portugal (MAT1-1-1) another. Isolates of P. citricarpa and P. paracitricarpa were able to induce atypical lesions (necrosis) in artificially inoculated mature sweet orange fruit, while P. capitalensis and P. paracapitalensis induced no lesions. The Phyllosticta species recovered were not found to be widespread, and were not associated with disease symptoms, indicating that the fungi persisted over time, but did not cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Guarnaccia
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H. Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - C. Glienke
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Genetics, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E. Carstens
- Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - V. Hattingh
- Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
- Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - P.H. Fourie
- Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Esteves AC, Saraiva M, Correia A, Alves A. Botryosphaeriales fungi produce extracellular enzymes with biotechnological potential. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:332-42. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi are known for producing an arsenal of extracellular enzymes whose involvement in the infection mechanism has been suggested. However, these enzymes are largely unknown and their biotechnological potential also remains poorly understood. In this study, the production and thermostability of extracellular enzymes produced by phytopathogenic Botryosphaeriaceae was investigated. Hydrolytic and oxidative activities were detected and quantified at different temperatures. Most strains (70%; 37/53) were able to produce simultaneously cellulases, laccases, xylanases, pectinases, pectin lyases, amylases, lipases, and proteases. Surprisingly for mesophilic filamentous fungi, several enzymes proved to be thermostable: cellulases from Neofusicoccum mediterraneum CAA 001 and from Dothiorella prunicola CBS 124723, lipases from Diplodia pinea (CAA 015 and CBS 109726), and proteases from Melanops tulasnei CBS 116806 were more active at 70 °C than at any of the other temperatures tested. In addition, lipases produced by Diplodia pinea were found to be significantly more active than any other known lipase from Botryosphaeriales. The thermal activity profile and the wide array of activities secreted by these fungi make them optimal producers of biotechnologically relevant enzymes that may be applied in the food and the health industries (proteases), the pulp-and-paper and biofuel industries (cellulases), or even in the detergent industry (lipases, proteases, amylases, and cellulases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Esteves
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Márcia Saraiva
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Correia
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur Alves
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Dorn-In S, Hölzel CS, Janke T, Schwaiger K, Balsliemke J, Bauer J. PCR-SSCP-based reconstruction of the original fungal flora of heat-processed meat products. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:71-81. [PMID: 23361099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Food processing of spoiled meat is prohibited by law, since it is a deception and does not comply with food safety aspects. In general, spoilage of meat is mostly caused by bacteria. However, a high contamination level of fungi could be also found in some meat or meat products with certain preserving conditions. In case that unhygienic meat is used to produce heat processed products, the microorganisms will be deactivated by heat, so that they cannot be detected by a standard cultivation method. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and apply a molecular biological method--polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP)--to reconstruct the original fungal flora of heat processed meat. Twenty primer pairs were tested for their specificity for fungal DNA. Since none of them fully complied with all study criteria (such as high specificity and sensitivity for fungal DNA; suitability of the products for PCR-SSCP) in the matrix "meat", we designed a new reverse primer, ITS5.8R. The primer pair ITS1/ITS5.8R amplified DNA from all tested fungal species, but not DNA from meat-producing animals or from ingredients of plant origin (spices). For the final test, 32 DNA bands in acrylamide gel from 15 meat products and 1 soy sauce were sequenced-all originating from fungal species, which were, in other studies, reported to contaminate meat e.g. Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida rugosa, C. tropicalis, C. zeylanoides, Eurotium amstelodami and Pichia membranifaciens, and/or spices such as Botrytis aclada, Guignardia mangiferae, Itersonilia perplexans, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Lewia infectoria, Neofusicoccum parvum and Pleospora herbarum. This confirms the suitability of PCR-SSCP to specifically detect fungal DNA in heat processed meat products, and thus provides an overview of fungal species contaminating raw material such as meat and spices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samart Dorn-In
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, WZW, TUM, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Barrett LG, Heil M. Unifying concepts and mechanisms in the specificity of plant-enemy interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:282-92. [PMID: 22465042 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Host ranges are commonly quantified to classify herbivores and plant pathogens as either generalists or specialists. Here, we summarize patterns and mechanisms in the interactions of plants with these enemies along different axes of specificity. We highlight the many dimensions within which plant enemies can specify and consider the underlying ecological, evolutionary and molecular mechanisms. Host resistance traits and enemy effectors emerge as central players determining host utilization and thus host range. Finally, we review approaches to studying the causes and consequences of variation in the specificity of plant-enemy interactions. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that determine host range is required to understand host shifts, and evolutionary transitions among specialist and generalist strategies, and to predict potential host ranges of pathogens and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G Barrett
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
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