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Chen L, Wang J, Lu W, Xiao Y, Ni J, Wang W, Ma X, Dong Z. Characterization With Gene Mutations in Han Chinese Patients With Hypospadias and Function Analysis of a Novel AR Genevariant. Front Genet 2021; 12:673732. [PMID: 34276780 PMCID: PMC8278054 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.673732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that around 10-20% of hypospadias are caused by genetic abnormalities worldwide although the spectrum of associated genes does vary across different ethnicities. The prevalence of hypospadias among the Chinese population has been increasing the last couple of decades. However, the pathogenesis underlying the disease and its associated genetic abnormality remains unclear. Here we performed a genetic analysis of 81 children with karyotype 46, XY and the hypospadias phenotype in order to characterize the genetic components that contribute to the development of hypospadias in Chinese patients. 15 candidate genes, including sex determination genes-SOX9, SRY, NR0B1 (DAX1), NR5A1 (SF1), DHH, sex differentiation genes-AR, SRD5A2, MAMLD1, INSL3, and hypospadias-associated genes-FGF8, FGF10, BMP4, BMP7, ATF3, and MID1 were screened by using next generation sequencing. A total of 18 patients were found to have mutations identified by PCR and sequencing, including 11 cases of SRD5A2 genes, 6 cases of AR genes, and 1 case of MID1 gene, respectively. One novel missense mutation p.I817N was discovered in AR gene. Further molecular analysis found that subcellular localization of the ARI 81 7N was the same as that of wild type ARWT in the absence or presence of hormone. But it led to 50% reduction in AR-induced transcriptional activity in the presence of either the synthetic androgen R1881 or the natural ligand dihydrotestosterone. Our results indicate that SRD5A2 and AR genes are two top candidate genes associated with 46, XY hypospadias in Chinese patients. Further epidemiological and genetic analysis are still needed to further clarify the pathogenesis of hypospadias in Han Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiya Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Wang S, Xu H, An W, Zhu D, Li D. Mutational analysis of the androgen receptor gene in two Chinese families with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2277-2283. [PMID: 27284311 PMCID: PMC4887926 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgens are essential for normal male sex differentiation and are responsible for the normal development of male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. The physiological effects of androgens are mediated by the androgen receptor (AR). Mutations in the AR gene are the most common cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome. The present study undertook a genetic analysis of the AR gene in two unrelated families affected by complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) in China. In family 1, a previously reported nonsense mutation (G-to-A; p.W751X) was identified in exon 5 of the AR gene. In addition, a novel missense mutation was detected in exon 6 of the AR gene from family 2; this mutation resulted in a predicted amino acid change from phenylalanine to serine at codon 804 (T-to-C; p.F804S) in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of AR. Computer simulation of the structural changes generated by the p.F804S substitution revealed marked conformational alterations in the hydrophobic core responsible for the stability and function of the AR-LBD. In conclusion, the present study identified two mutations from two unrelated Chinese families affected by CAIS. The novel mutation (p.F804S) may provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying CAIS. Furthermore, it expands on the number of mutational hot spots in the international AR mutation database, which may be useful in the future for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Haikun Xu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Wei An
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dechun Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dejun Li
- Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Shao J, Hou J, Li B, Li D, Zhang N, Wang X. Different types of androgen receptor mutations in patients with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2015; 4:54-9. [PMID: 25674389 PMCID: PMC4322596 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of androgen receptor (AR) are the most frequent cause of 46, XY disorders of sex development and associated with a variety of phenotypes, ranging from phenotypic women (complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)) to milder degrees of undervirilization (partial form or PAIS) or men with only infertility (mild form or MAIS). From 2009 to 2012, two young Chinese female individuals with CAIS from two families were referred to our hospital due to primary amenorrhea. Defects in testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis were excluded. Physical examination revealed that the patients have normal female external genitalia, normal breast development, vellus hair in the axilla and on the arms and legs, but absence of pubic hair, and a blind-ending vagina. Two different types of AR mutations have been detected by sequencing of genomic DNA: Family A showed deletion of exon 2 in AR gene; Family B showed a single nucleotide C-to-T transition in exon 8 of AR gene resulting in a proline 893-to-leucine substitution (Pro893Leu). Testicular histology showed developmental immaturity of seminiferous tubules with the absence of spermatogenic cells or spermatozoa. No AR immunoreactivity was observed in either case. Three adult patients recovered well from bilateral orchiectomy. The juvenile patient of family B was followed up. Our present study on these two families revealed two different types of AR mutation. The definitive diagnosis of AIS was based on clinical examination and genetic investigations. Our findings verified the mechanism of CAIS and also enriched AR Gene Mutation Database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Shao
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangang Hou
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingkun Li
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Xiang Wang, Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China. E-mail:
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