Comparative efficacy of interventional therapies and devices for coronary in-stent restenosis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background

In-stent restenosis (ISR) has become a significant obstacle to interventional therapy for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The optimal percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) strategy for patients with coronary ISR remains controversial. This network meta-analysis (NMA) was aimed to compare and estimate the effectiveness of different PCI strategies and commercial devices for the treatment of patients with coronary ISR.

Methods

In present study, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from database inception to October 20, 2022, to identify randomized controlled trials. We included studies comparing various PCI strategies for the treatment of any type of coronary ISR. The study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD 42022364308.

Results

We included 44 eligible trials including 8479 patients, 39 trials comparing the treatment effects of 10 PCIs, and 5 trials comparing the efficacy between different types of drug-eluting stent (DES) or drug-coated balloon (DCB) devices. Among the PCIs, everolimus-eluting stent was the optimal strategy considering target lesion revascularization (TLR), percent diameter stenosis (%DS), and binary restenosis (BR), and sirolimus-coated balloon was the optimal strategy considering late lumen loss (LLL). In the comparison of commercial devices, the combination strategy excimer laser coronary angioplasty plus SeQuent Please paclitaxel-coated balloon showed promising therapeutic prospects.

Conclusions

DCB and DES remain the preferred treatment strategies for coronary ISR, considering both the primary clinical outcome (TLR) and the angiographic outcomes (LLL, BR, %DS). Personalized combination interventions including DCB or DES hold promise as a novel potential treatment pattern for coronary ISR.

Management of in-stent restenosis

In-stent restenosis (ISR) remains the most common cause of stent failure after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Recent data suggest that ISR-PCI accounts for 5-10% of all PCI procedures performed in current clinical practice. This State-of-the-Art review will primarily focus on the management of ISR but will begin by briefly discussing diagnosis and classification. We then move on to detail the evidence base underpinning the various therapeutic strategies for ISR before finishing with a proposed ISR management algorithm based on current scientific data.

Long-term outcome of brachytherapy treatment for coronary in-stent restenosis: Ten-year follow-up

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to determine the long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients treated with intracoronary brachytherapy (ICBT) for coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR).

BACKGROUND

ICBT was commonly used to treat coronary ISR prior to the availability of drug-eluting stents (DES). The long-term outcomes of ICBT for ISR remain unknown.

METHODS

Six hundred and eighty consecutive patients who underwent ICBT treated for ISR between September 1998 and April 2005 were included in the study. Clinical and angiographic data were collected and the long-term MACE were measured for all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target vessel revascularization (TVR) at 10-year follow-up.

RESULTS

Patients were 63 ± 11 years old (66% male). The majority of patients were treated with a bare metal stent 670/680 (99%) prior to ICBT. Significant baseline clinical findings include high incidence of smokers 479/680 (70%), hyperlipidemia 638/680 (94%), and multivessel disease 526/680 (77%). The majority of target lesions were diffuse 407/680 (60%), and either in the left anterior descending 258/680 (38%) or right coronary artery 215/680 (32%). At 10-year follow-up, the rate of death was 25%, MI was 22.4%, and TVR was 48%.

CONCLUSION

MACE at 10-year follow-up following ICBT for ISR indicates steady rate of death and MI and declining rate of TVR after 5 years.

Percutaneous coronary intervention of lesions with in-stent restenosis: A report from the ADAPT-DES study

BACKGROUND

There is a paucity of data from large contemporary cohorts of patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) treated with drug-eluting stents (DESs), and no studies have examined the impact of high platelet reactivity (HPR) on the occurrence of ischemic events after ISR percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with DESs. We sought to report outcomes after PCI of ISR lesions and its association with HPR.

METHODS

Patients in the prospective, multicenter ADAPT-DES study were stratified according to whether they had ISR versus non-ISR PCI. Two-year outcomes were compared between the groups using Cox proportional hazards models. HPR was defined as on-clopidogrel P2Y12 platelet reaction units >208 as measured by the VerifyNow assay; target vessel failure (TVF) was defined as the composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or ischemia-driven target vessel revascularization.

RESULTS

Among the 8,582 patients included in the ADAPT-DES study, 840 (9.8%) patients underwent successful ISR PCI. ISR PCI was independently associated with a higher 2-year risk of TVF (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.95; 95% CI 1.68-2.27; P<.001) and stent thrombosis (adjusted HR 1.95; 95% CI 1.08-3.51; P=.027) but not bleeding (adjusted HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.73-1.21; P=.64). There was no statistical interaction between HPR and ISR versus non-ISR PCI in regard to TVF (adjusted P_interaction=.81).

CONCLUSIONS

ISR PCI is associated with a considerably higher risk of 2-year adverse ischemic events, with HPR conferring similar risk in ISR and non-ISR PCI. More effective therapeutic strategies for managing ISR lesions are necessary.

Late results (>10 years) of intracoronary beta brachytherapy for diffuse in-stent restenosis

INTRODUCTION

Until the development of drug-eluting stents (DES), diffuse in-stent restenosis (ISR) was the main limitation of bare-metal stents in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Among the different treatments available, intracoronary brachytherapy (BT) emerged as one of the most promising, although it was almost abandoned with the increasing use of DES.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the Portuguese experience with 90Sr/90Y beta brachytherapy for the treatment of diffuse ISR regarding long-term (>10 years) major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and angiographic restenosis.

METHODS

This single-center, retrospective, observational study included 12 consecutive patients treated between January and June 2001, mean age 58.6±9.9 years (range 43-77 years), 11 male. All had chronic stable angina, 75% had dyslipidemia, 58% had hypertension, 50% had peripheral arterial disease, 42% had diabetes and 50% had multivessel disease. Recurrent ISR was present in half of the patients and 11 had normal left ventricular function. After balloon dilatation, BT was performed using an Sr90/Y90 (Novoste Beta-CathTM) beta radiation source. All patients remained under dual antiplatelet therapy until scheduled nine-month follow-up angiography. Patients were followed for the occurrence of death (all-cause and cardiovascular), non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), revascularization, stent thrombosis and angiographic restenosis. MACE were defined as the combined incidence of cardiac death, MI and urgent target vessel revascularization.

RESULTS

In all cases there was both clinical and angiographic success. In a mean follow-up of 10.9±2.5 years, 19 events occurred in seven patients: death in three (25%), only one cardiac (8.3%); ST-elevation MI in one (related to a non-target vessel) (8.3%); and 15 revascularizations in five (42%), of which nine were of the target vessel (mainly in the first two years). There was only one case of probable stent thrombosis. Angiographic restenosis at nine months was 27% (three out of 11 patients), of which two were total occlusions. Ten-year MACE-free survival was 42% (5 patients).

CONCLUSIONS

Intracoronary beta brachytherapy for the treatment of diffuse ISR in this small cohort of patients proved to be safe and efficacious, with no late adverse events related to intracoronary radiation.

Current treatment of in-stent restenosis

Management of patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains an important clinical problem. Although drug-eluting stents (DES) have drastically reduced the incidence of ISR, treatment of DES-ISR is particularly challenging. ISR mainly results from aggressive neointimal proliferation, but recent data also suggest that neoatherosclerosis may play an important pathophysiological role. Intracoronary imaging provides unique insights to unravel the underlying substrate of ISR and may be used to guide repeated interventions. In this paper, we systematically reviewed clinical trial data with currently available therapeutic modalities, including DES and drug-coated balloons, in patients presenting with ISR within bare-metal stents or DES.