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Zdrojowy-Wełna A, Stachowska B, Bolanowski M. Cushing's disease and bone. Pituitary 2024:10.1007/s11102-024-01427-7. [PMID: 39008229 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-024-01427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Bone impairment associated with Cushing's disease (CD) is a complex disorder, mainly involving deterioration of bone quality and resulting in an increased fracture rate, often despite normal bone mineral density. Bone complications are common in patients with CD at the time of diagnosis but may persist even after successful treatment. There is currently no agreement on the optimal diagnostic methods, thresholds for anti-osteoporotic therapy and its timing in CD. In this review, we summarize the current data on the pathophysiology, diagnostic approach and management of bone complications in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zdrojowy-Wełna
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Stachowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Bolanowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Zdrojowy-Wełna A, Valassi E. Cushing's Syndrome in the Elderly. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2024. [PMID: 38698635 DOI: 10.1055/a-2317-8821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Management of Cushing's syndrome (CS) can be particularly challenging in older patients, compared with younger individuals, due to the lack of several clinical features associated with cortisol excess along with a greater burden of associated comorbidities. Moreover, the interpretation of diagnostic tests could be influenced by age-related physiological changes in cortisol secretion. While mortality is higher and quality of life is more impaired in the elderly with CS as compared with the younger, there is currently no agreement on the most effective therapeutic options in aged individuals, and safety data concerning medical treatment are scanty. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about age-related differences in CS etiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes and describe the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zdrojowy-Wełna
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Endocrinology Department, Wroclaw University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elena Valassi
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital and Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Kuliczkowska-Płaksej J, Zdrojowy-Wełna A, Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska A, Gojny Ł, Bolanowski M. Diagnosis and therapeutic approach to bone health in patients with hypopituitarism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:513-539. [PMID: 38565758 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The results of many studies in recent years indicate a significant impact of pituitary function on bone health. The proper function of the pituitary gland has a significant impact on the growth of the skeleton and the appearance of sexual dimorphism. It is also responsible for achieving peak bone mass, which protects against the development of osteoporosis and fractures later in life. It is also liable for the proper remodeling of the skeleton, which is a physiological mechanism managing the proper mechanical resistance of bones and the possibility of its regeneration after injuries. Pituitary diseases causing hypofunction and deficiency of tropic hormones, and thus deficiency of key hormones of effector organs, have a negative impact on the skeleton, resulting in reduced bone mass and susceptibility to pathological fractures. The early appearance of pituitary dysfunction, i.e. in the pre-pubertal period, is responsible for failure to achieve peak bone mass, and thus the risk of developing osteoporosis in later years. This argues for the need for a thorough assessment of patients with hypopituitarism, not only in terms of metabolic disorders, but also in terms of bone disorders. Early and properly performed treatment may prevent patients from developing the bone complications that are so common in this pathology. The aim of this review is to discuss the physiological, pathophysiological, and clinical insights of bone involvement in pituitary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kuliczkowska-Płaksej
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Zdrojowy-Wełna
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Gojny
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Marek Bolanowski
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
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Li H, Hu S, Wu R, Zhou H, Zhang K, Li K, Lin W, Shi Q, Chen H, Lv S. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Facilitates Osteoporosis by Turning on Osteoclastogenesis through Hippo Signaling. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3628-3639. [PMID: 37496992 PMCID: PMC10367550 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.82933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a key enzyme that transform cortisone to cortisol, which activates the endogenous glucocorticoid function. 11β-HSD1 has been observed to regulate skeletal metabolism, specifically within osteoblasts. However, the function of 11β-HSD1 in osteoclasts has not been elucidated. In this study, we observed increased 11β-HSD1 expression in osteoclasts within an osteoporotic mice model (ovariectomized mice). Then, 11β-HSD1 global knock-out or knock-in mice were employed to demonstrate its function in manipulating bone metabolism, showing significant bone volume decrease in 11β-HSD1 knock-in mice. Furthermore, specifically knock out 11β-HSD1 in osteoclasts, by crossing cathepsin-cre mice with 11β-HSD1flox/flox mice, presented significant protecting effect of skeleton when they underwent ovariectomy surgery. In vitro experiments showed the endogenous high expression of 11β-HSD1 lead to osteoclast formation and maturation. Meanwhile, we found 11β-HSD1 facilitated mature osteoclasts formation inhibited bone formation coupled H type vessel (CD31hiEmcnhi) growth through reduction of PDFG-BB secretion. Finally, transcriptome sequencing of 11β-HSD1 knock in osteoclast progenitor cells indicated the Hippo pathway1 was mostly enriched. Then, by suppression of YAP expression in Hippo signaling, we observed the redundant of osteoclasts formation even in 11β-HSD1 high expression conditions. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the role of 11β-HSD1 in facilitating osteoclasts formation and maturation through the Hippo signaling, which is a new therapeutic target to manage osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Li
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sihan Hu
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Runze Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu No.2 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Hongyou Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenzheng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Lv
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
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Bensreti H, Alhamad DW, Gonzalez AM, Pizarro-Mondesir M, Bollag WB, Isales CM, McGee-Lawrence ME. Update on the Role of Glucocorticoid Signaling in Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Adipocytes During Aging. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:32-44. [PMID: 36564571 PMCID: PMC9936962 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) in the skeleton likely plays a variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles that are not yet fully understood. In elucidating the complex relationship between bone and BMAT, glucocorticoids (GCs) are positioned to play a key role, as they have been implicated in the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) between osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. The purpose of this review is to illuminate aspects of both endogenous and exogenous GC signaling, including the influence of GC receptors, in mechanisms of bone aging including relationships to BMAT. RECENT FINDINGS Harmful effects of GCs on bone mass involve several cellular pathways and events that can include BMSC differentiation bias toward adipogenesis and the influence of mature BMAT on bone remodeling through crosstalk. Interestingly, BMAT involvement remains poorly explored in GC-induced osteoporosis and warrants further investigation. This review provides an update on the current understanding of the role of glucocorticoids in the biology of osteoblasts and bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Bensreti
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Dima W Alhamad
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Alejandro Marrero Gonzalez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel Pizarro-Mondesir
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Osteometabolism: Metabolic Alterations in Bone Pathologies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233943. [PMID: 36497201 PMCID: PMC9735555 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewing interest in the study of intermediate metabolism and cellular bioenergetics is brought on by the global increase in the prevalence of metabolic illnesses. Understanding of the mechanisms that integrate energy metabolism in the entire organism has significantly improved with the application of contemporary biochemical tools for quantifying the fuel substrate metabolism with cutting-edge mouse genetic procedures. Several unexpected findings in genetically altered mice have prompted research into the direction of intermediate metabolism of skeletal cells. These findings point to the possibility of novel endocrine connections through which bone cells can convey their energy status to other metabolic control centers. Understanding the expanded function of skeleton system has in turn inspired new lines of research aimed at characterizing the energy needs and bioenergetic characteristics of these bone cells. Bone-forming osteoblast and bone-resorbing osteoclast cells require a constant and large supply of energy substrates such as glucose, fatty acids, glutamine, etc., for their differentiation and functional activity. According to latest research, important developmental signaling pathways in bone cells are connected to bioenergetic programs, which may accommodate variations in energy requirements during their life cycle. The present review article provides a unique perspective of the past and present research in the metabolic characteristics of bone cells along with mechanisms governing energy substrate utilization and bioenergetics. In addition, we discussed the therapeutic inventions which are currently being utilized for the treatment and management of bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteogenesis imperfecta (OIM), etc., by modulating the energetics of bone cells. We further emphasized on the role of GUT-associated metabolites (GAMs) such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), indole derivates, bile acids, etc., in regulating the energetics of bone cells and their plausible role in maintaining bone health. Emphasis is importantly placed on highlighting knowledge gaps in this novel field of skeletal biology, i.e., "Osteometabolism" (proposed by our group) that need to be further explored to characterize the physiological importance of skeletal cell bioenergetics in the context of human health and bone related metabolic diseases.
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Osteogenic transdifferentiation of primary human fibroblasts to osteoblast-like cells with human platelet lysate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14686. [PMID: 36038602 PMCID: PMC9424276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited bone disorders account for about 10% of documented Mendelian disorders and are associated with high financial burden. Their study requires osteoblasts which play a critical role in regulating the development and maintenance of bone tissue. However, bone tissue is not always available from patients. We developed a highly efficient platelet lysate-based approach to directly transdifferentiate skin-derived human fibroblasts to osteoblast-like cells. We extensively characterized our in vitro model by examining the expression of osteoblast-specific markers during the transdifferentiation process both at the mRNA and protein level. The transdifferentiated osteoblast-like cells showed significantly increased expression of a panel of osteogenic markers. Mineral deposition and ALP activity were also shown, confirming their osteogenic properties. RNA-seq analysis allowed the global study of changes in the transcriptome of the transdifferentiated cells. The transdifferentiated cells clustered separately from the primary fibroblasts with regard to the significantly upregulated genes indicating a distinct transcriptome profile; transdifferentiated osteoblasts also showed significant enrichment in gene expression related to skeletal development and bone mineralization. Our presented in vitro model may potentially contribute to the prospect of studying osteoblast-dependent disorders in patient-derived cells.
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Su Y, Chen X, Zhou H, Shaw S, Chen J, Isales CM, Zhao J, Shi X. Expression of long noncoding RNA Xist is induced by glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1005944. [PMID: 36187119 PMCID: PMC9516292 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1005944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. However, their clinical usage is limited by severe multisystemic side effects. Glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis results in significant morbidity and mortality but the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying GC-induced bone loss are not clear. GC use results in decreased osteoblast differentiation with increased marrow adiposity through effects on bone marrow stem cells. GC effects are transduced through its receptor (GR). To identify novel GR regulated genes, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis comparing conditional GR knockout mouse made by crossing the floxed GR animal with the Col I promoter-Cre, versus normal floxed GR without Cre, and that testing was specific for Col I promoter active cells, such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem/osteoprogenitor cells (MSCs) and osteoblasts. Results showed 15 upregulated genes (3- to 10-fold) and 70 downregulated genes (-2.7- to -10-fold), with the long noncoding RNA X-inactive specific transcript (Xist) downregulated the most. The differential expression of genes measured by RNA-Seq was validated by qRT-PCR analysis of selected genes and the GC/GR signaling-dependent expression of Xist was further demonstrated by GC (dexamethasone) treatment of GR-deficient MSCs in vitro and by GC injection of C57BL/6 mice (wild-type males and females) in vivo. Our data revealed that the long noncoding RNA Xist is a GR regulated gene and its expression is induced by GC both in vitro and in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence showing that Xist is transcriptionally regulated by GC/GR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Su
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Logistical Engineering University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sean Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Data Science, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Complex Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingming Shi
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Xingming Shi,
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Gado M, Baschant U, Hofbauer LC, Henneicke H. Bad to the Bone: The Effects of Therapeutic Glucocorticoids on Osteoblasts and Osteocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:835720. [PMID: 35432217 PMCID: PMC9008133 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.835720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the continued development of specialized immunosuppressive therapies in the form of monoclonal antibodies, glucocorticoids remain a mainstay in the treatment of rheumatological and auto-inflammatory disorders. Therapeutic glucocorticoids are unmatched in the breadth of their immunosuppressive properties and deliver their anti-inflammatory effects at unparalleled speed. However, long-term exposure to therapeutic doses of glucocorticoids decreases bone mass and increases the risk of fractures - particularly in the spine - thus limiting their clinical use. Due to the abundant expression of glucocorticoid receptors across all skeletal cell populations and their respective progenitors, therapeutic glucocorticoids affect skeletal quality through a plethora of cellular targets and molecular mechanisms. However, recent evidence from rodent studies, supported by clinical data, highlights the considerable role of cells of the osteoblast lineage in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: it is now appreciated that cells of the osteoblast lineage are key targets of therapeutic glucocorticoids and have an outsized role in mediating their undesirable skeletal effects. As part of this article, we review the molecular mechanisms underpinning the detrimental effects of supraphysiological levels of glucocorticoids on cells of the osteoblast lineage including osteocytes and highlight the clinical implications of recent discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gado
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Henneicke
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Holger Henneicke,
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Blaschke M, Koepp R, Streit F, Beismann J, Manthey G, Seitz MT, Kragl A, Siggelkow H. The rise in expression and activity of 11β-HSD1 in human mesenchymal progenitor cells induces adipogenesis through increased local cortisol synthesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105850. [PMID: 33639236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) plays an important role in pre-receptor glucocorticoid metabolism. This enzyme is expressed in bone, increases with age, and catalyzes the conversion of the inactive glucocorticoid cortisone into the active glucocorticoid cortisol and vice versa. Here we hypothesized that the physiological activity of 11β-HSD1 to produce cortisol in human mesenchymal progenitor cells (hMSC) is principally sufficient to shift the differentiation potential in the direction of adipogenic. We thus investigated differentiating hMSCs and the mesenchymal stem cell line SCP-1 cultured under osteogenic conditions and stimulated with supra-physiological cortisone levels. The release of active cortisol into the medium was monitored and the influence on cell differentiation analyzed. We revealed an increase in 11β-HSD1 expression followed by increased reductive activity of the enzyme, thereby inducing a more adipogenic phenotype of the cell models via cortisol with negative effects on osteogenesis. Through inhibition experiments with the specific inhibitor 10 j, we proved the enzyme specificity for cortisol synthesis and adipogenic differentiation. Increased expression of 11β-HSD1 followed by higher cortisol levels might thus explain bone marrow adiposity followed by reduced bone quality and stability in old age or in situations of supra-physiological glucocorticoid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Blaschke
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany; MVZ Endokrinologikum Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3, Göttingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - Regine Koepp
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Frank Streit
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Johannes Beismann
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Georg Manthey
- Evangelical Hospital Göttingen-Weende, Neu-Mariahilf Site, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark-Tilmann Seitz
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Angelique Kragl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, Greifswald, 17487, Germany
| | - Heide Siggelkow
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany; MVZ Endokrinologikum Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
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11
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Lee CW, Lin HC, Wang BYH, Wang AYF, Shin RLY, Cheung SYL, Lee OKS. Ginkgolide B monotherapy reverses osteoporosis by regulating oxidative stress-mediated bone homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 168:234-246. [PMID: 33781894 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by reductions in bone mass, which could be attributed to the dysregulation of bone homeostasis, such as the loss of balance between bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Elevated levels of oxidative stress increase bone resorption by promoting osteoclastogenesis and inhibiting the osteogenesis. Ginkgolide B (GB), a small natural molecule from Ginkgo biloba, has been reported to possess pharmacological activities by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aging-related degenerative diseases. Herein, we assessed the therapeutic effects of GB on the bone phenotypes of mice with osteoporosis induced by (I) aging, (II) ovariectomy, and (III) glucocorticoids. In all three animal models, oral gavage of GB significantly improved bone mass consistent with the increase in the OPG-to-RANKL ratio. In the in vitro experiments, GB promoted osteogenesis in aged mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and repressed osteoclastogenesis in aged macrophages by reducing ROS. The serum protein profile in GB-treated aged mice revealed moderate rejuvenating effects; signaling pathways associated with ROS were also regulated. The anabolic and anti-catabolic effects of GB were illustrated by the reduction in ROS. Our results indicate that GB is effective in treating osteoporosis. The use of GB in patients with osteoporosis is worthy of further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Lee
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Hui-Chu Lin
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Belle Yu-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Amanda Yu-Fan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Rita Lih-Ying Shin
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Stella Yee Lo Cheung
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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12
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Della Bella E, Buetti-Dinh A, Licandro G, Ahmad P, Basoli V, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Dexamethasone Induces Changes in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells via SOX9 and PPARG, but Not RUNX2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4785. [PMID: 33946412 PMCID: PMC8124248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the huge body of research on osteogenic differentiation and bone tissue engineering, the translation potential of in vitro results still does not match the effort employed. One reason might be that the protocols used for in vitro research have inherent pitfalls. The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone is commonly used in protocols for trilineage differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs). However, in the case of osteogenic commitment, dexamethasone has the main pitfall of inhibiting terminal osteoblast differentiation, and its pro-adipogenic effect is well known. In this work, we aimed to clarify the role of dexamethasone in the osteogenesis of hBMSCs, with a particular focus on off-target differentiation. The results showed that dexamethasone does induce osteogenic differentiation by inhibiting SOX9 expression, but not directly through RUNX2 upregulation as it is commonly thought. Rather, PPARG is concomitantly and strongly upregulated, leading to the formation of adipocyte-like cells within osteogenic cultures. Limiting the exposure to dexamethasone to the first week of differentiation did not affect the mineralization potential. Gene expression levels of RUNX2, SOX9, and PPARG were simulated using approximate Bayesian computation based on a simplified theoretical model, which was able to reproduce the observed experimental trends but with a different range of responses, indicating that other factors should be integrated to fully understand how dexamethasone influences cell fate. In summary, this work provides evidence that current in vitro differentiation protocols based on dexamethasone do not represent a good model, and further research is warranted in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Della Bella
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (P.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Antoine Buetti-Dinh
- Laboratory of applied microbiology (LMA), Department of Environment, Constructions and Design (DACD), University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge—Batiment Genopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ginevra Licandro
- Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), University of Italian Switzerland (USI), 6928 Manno, Switzerland;
- University of Applied Science and Art of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Paras Ahmad
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (P.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Valentina Basoli
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (P.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (P.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Martin J. Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (P.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.)
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Weare-Regales N, Hudey SN, Lockey RF. Practical Guidance for Prevention and Management of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis for the Allergist/Immunologist. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:1841-1850. [PMID: 33444813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a silent disorder with dire consequences, and glucocorticoid use remains the most common iatrogenic cause illustrated by the fact that 30% to 50% of subjects on such long-term therapy experience fractures (Oimomi M, Nakamichi T, Ohara T, Sakai M, Igaki N, Hata F, et al. Fructose-related glycation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1989;7:137-9; Reid IR. Glucocorticoid osteoporosis--mechanisms and management. Eur J Endocrinol 1997;137:209-17). By directly affecting bone quality while actively used, glucocorticoids increase the risk of fracture that is independent of a subject's bone density status at the time (Weinstein RS. True strength. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15:621-5). A large number of subjects seen in an allergy and immunology clinic have asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, or other chronic inflammatory diseases, necessitating the use of these medications and placing them at higher risk for this disease. Data on the effects of both oral and inhaled glucocorticoids on fracture risk are presented. This review concretizes the importance of osteoporosis, its pathophysiology, and provides practical guidelines to prevent and treat it. Management recommendations are tailored to 2 different age groups. The first group consists of children, adolescents, and adults 40 years or younger with a focus on attaining peak bone mass. The second group consists of adults 40 years or older where the use of imaging modalities and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool scores helps triage subjects into fracture risk categories. Those at moderate to high risk require bone-sparing medications. Universal preventive measures for both groups are reviewed. Complicated and severe cases may need additional expertise by an endocrinologist or rheumatologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Weare-Regales
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine and James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, Fla
| | - Stephanie N Hudey
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Fla.
| | - Richard F Lockey
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Fla
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14
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Claeys L, Bravenboer N, Eekhoff EMW, Micha D. Human Fibroblasts as a Model for the Study of Bone Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:394. [PMID: 32636804 PMCID: PMC7318867 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue degeneration is an urgent clinical issue, making it a subject of intensive research. Chronic skeletal disease forms can be prevalent, such as the age-related osteoporosis, or rare, in the form of monogenetic bone disorders. A barrier in the understanding of the underlying pathological process is the lack of accessibility to relevant material. For this reason, cells of non-bone tissue are emerging as a suitable alternative for models of bone biology. Fibroblasts are highly suitable for this application; they populate accessible anatomical locations, such as the skin tissue. Reports suggesting their utility in preclinical models for the study of skeletal diseases are increasingly becoming available. The majority of these are based on the generation of an intermediate stem cell type, the induced pluripotent stem cells, which are subsequently directed to the osteogenic cell lineage. This intermediate stage is circumvented in transdifferentiation, the process regulating the direct conversion of fibroblasts to osteogenic cells, which is currently not well-explored. With this mini review, we aimed to give an overview of existing osteogenic transdifferentiation models and to inform about their applications in bone biology models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauria Claeys
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. W. Eekhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine Section Endocrinology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Dimitra Micha
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15
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Sharma AK, Shi X, Isales CM, McGee-Lawrence ME. Endogenous Glucocorticoid Signaling in the Regulation of Bone and Marrow Adiposity: Lessons from Metabolism and Cross Talk in Other Tissues. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2019; 17:438-445. [PMID: 31749087 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of adiposity in the bone marrow, known as marrow adipose tissue (MAT), is often associated with musculoskeletal frailty. Glucocorticoids, which are a key component of the biological response to stress, affect both bone and MAT. These molecules signal through receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), but the role of the GR in regulation of MAT is not yet clear from previous studies. The purpose of this review is to establish and determine the role of GR-mediated signaling in marrow adiposity by comparing and contrasting what is known against other energy-storing tissues like adipose tissue, liver, and muscle, to provide better insight into the regulation of MAT during times of metabolic stress (e.g., dietary challenges, aging). RECENT FINDINGS GR-mediated glucocorticoid signaling is critical for proper storage and utilization of lipids in cells such as adipocytes and hepatocytes and proteolysis in muscle, impacting whole-body composition, energy utilization, and homeostasis through a complex network of tissue cross talk between these systems. Loss of GR signaling in bone promotes increased MAT and decreased bone mass. GR-mediated signaling in the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle is critical for whole-body energy and metabolic homeostasis, and both similarities and differences in GR-mediated GC signaling in MAT as compared with these tissues are readily apparent. It is clear that GC-induced pathways work together through these tissues to affect systemic biology, and understanding the role of bone in these patterns of tissue cross talk may lead to a better understanding of MAT-bone biology that improves treatment strategies for frailty-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj K Sharma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xingming Shi
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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16
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Robinson LJ, Blair HC, Barnett JB, Soboloff J. The roles of Orai and Stim in bone health and disease. Cell Calcium 2019; 81:51-58. [PMID: 31201955 PMCID: PMC7181067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Orai and Stim proteins are the mediators of calcium release-activated calcium signaling and are important in the regulation of bone homeostasis and disease. This includes separate regulatory systems controlling mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to form osteoblasts, which make bone, and differentiation and regulation of osteoclasts, which resorb bone. These systems will be described separately, and their integration and relation to other systems, including Orai and Stim in teeth, will be briefly discussed at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown WV 26505, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown WV 26505, United States.
| | - Harry C Blair
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA 15206, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - John B Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown WV 26505, United States
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and the Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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17
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Pierce JL, Ding KH, Xu J, Sharma AK, Yu K, Del Mazo Arbona N, Rodriguez-Santos Z, Bernard P, Bollag WB, Johnson MH, Hamrick MW, Begun DL, Shi XM, Isales CM, McGee-Lawrence ME. The glucocorticoid receptor in osteoprogenitors regulates bone mass and marrow fat. J Endocrinol 2019; 243:JOE-19-0230.R1. [PMID: 31370004 PMCID: PMC6938567 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Excess fat within bone marrow is associated with lower bone density. Metabolic stressors such as chronic caloric restriction (CR) can exacerbate marrow adiposity, and increased glucocorticoid signaling and adrenergic signaling are implicated in this phenotype. The current study tested the role of glucocorticoid signaling in CR-induced stress by conditionally deleting the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in bone marrow osteoprogenitors (Osx1-Cre) of mice subjected to CR and ad libitum diets. Conditional knockout of the GR (GR-CKO) reduced cortical and trabecular bone mass as compared to wildtype (WT) mice under both ad libitum and CR conditions. No interaction was detected between genotype and diet, suggesting that the GR is not required for CR-induced skeletal changes. The lower bone mass in GR-CKO mice, and the further suppression of bone by CR, resulted from suppressed bone formation. Interestingly, treatment with the -adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol mildly but selectively improved metrics of cortical bone mass in GR-CKO mice during CR, suggesting interaction between adrenergic and glucocorticoid signaling pathways that affects cortical bone. GR-CKO mice dramatically increased marrow fat under both ad libitum and CR-fed conditions, and surprisingly propranolol treatment was unable to rescue CR-induced marrow fat in either WT or GR-CKO mice. Additionally, serum corticosterone levels were selectively elevated in GR-CKO mice with CR, suggesting the possibility of bone-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal crosstalk during metabolic stress. This work highlights the complexities of glucocorticoid and β-adrenergic signaling in stress-induced changes in bone mass, and the importance of GR function in suppressing marrow adipogenesis while maintaining healthy bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Pierce
- J Pierce, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, United States
| | - Ke-Hong Ding
- K Ding, Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, United States
| | - Jianrui Xu
- J Xu, Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, United States
| | - Anuj K Sharma
- A Sharma, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, United States
| | - Kanglun Yu
- K Yu, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, United States
| | | | | | - Paul Bernard
- P Bernard, Pediatric Endocrine Specialists of Georgia, Pediatric Endocrine Specialists of Georgia, Duluth, United States
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- W Bollag, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Maribeth H Johnson
- M Johnson, Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, United States
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- M Hamrick, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, United States
| | - Dana L Begun
- D Begun, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Xing M Shi
- X Ming Shi, Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, United States
| | - Carlos M Isales
- C Isales, Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, United States
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18
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Esche J, Shi L, Hartmann MF, Schönau E, Wudy SA, Remer T. Glucocorticoids and Body Fat Inversely Associate With Bone Marrow Density of the Distal Radius in Healthy Youths. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2250-2256. [PMID: 30715368 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Elevated bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is associated with lower bone quality, higher fracture rates, and an unfavorable overall metabolic profile. Apart from age, particularly glucocorticoids (GC), body fat, and diet are discussed to influence BMAT. We hypothesized that already in healthy youths, higher fat intake, higher fat mass index (FMI), and higher GC secretion, still within the normal range, may associate with increased BMAT. DESIGN In a subsample of healthy 6- to 18-year-old participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study, peripheral quantitative CT of the nondominant proximal forearm was used to determine bone marrow density of the distal radius as an inverse surrogate parameter for BMAT. In those participants (n = 172) who had collected two, 24-hour urines within around one year before bone measurement, major urinary GC metabolites were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and summed up to assess daily adrenal GC secretion (ΣC21). Dietary intake was assessed by 3-day weighed dietary records. FMI was anthropometrically calculated. Separate multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the relationships of ΣC21, FMI, and fat intake with BMAT. RESULTS After controlling for confounders, such as age, energy intake, and forearm muscle area, ΣC21 (β = -0.042) and FMI (β = -0.002) showed inverse relationships with bone marrow density (P < 0.05), whereas fat intake did not associate significantly. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that already a moderately elevated GC secretion and higher body fatness during adolescence may adversely impact BMAT, an indicator for long-term bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Esche
- Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lijie Shi
- Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eckhard Schönau
- Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Remer
- Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Dortmund, Germany
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19
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Pierce JL, Begun DL, Westendorf JJ, McGee-Lawrence ME. Defining osteoblast and adipocyte lineages in the bone marrow. Bone 2019; 118:2-7. [PMID: 29782940 PMCID: PMC6240509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a complex endocrine organ that facilitates structural support, protection to vital organs, sites for hematopoiesis, and calcium homeostasis. The bone marrow microenvironment is a heterogeneous niche consisting of multipotent musculoskeletal and hematopoietic progenitors and their derivative terminal cell types. Amongst these progenitors, bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) may differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, and chondrogenic lineages to support musculoskeletal development as well as tissue homeostasis, regeneration and repair during adulthood. With age, the commitment of BMSCs to osteogenesis slows, bone formation decreases, fracture risk rises, and marrow adiposity increases. An unresolved question is whether osteogenesis and adipogenesis are co-regulated in the bone marrow. Osteogenesis and adipogenesis are controlled by specific signaling mechanisms, circulating cytokines, and transcription factors such as Runx2 and Pparγ, respectively. One hypothesis is that adipogenesis is the default pathway if osteogenic stimuli are absent. However, recent work revealed that Runx2 and Osx1-expressing preosteoblasts form lipid droplets under pathological and aging conditions. Histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) and other epigenetic regulators suppress lipid storage in preosteoblasts and/or control marrow adiposity. Establishing a better understanding of fat storage in bone marrow cells, as well as the osteoblast-adipocyte relationship within the bone marrow niche is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying disease- and aging-related marrow fat storage and may lead to the development of new therapeutic targets for "fatty bone" and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pierce
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - D L Begun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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20
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Altieri B, Muscogiuri G, Paschou SA, Vryonidou A, Della Casa S, Pontecorvi A, Fassnacht M, Ronchi CL, Newell-Price J. Adrenocortical incidentalomas and bone: from molecular insights to clinical perspectives. Endocrine 2018; 62:506-516. [PMID: 30073456 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal incidentalomas constitute a common clinical problem with an overall prevalence of around 2-3%, but are more common with advancing age being present in 10% of those aged 70 years. The majority of these lesions are benign adrenocortical adenomas (80%), characterized in 10-40% of the cases by autonomous cortisol hypersecretion, and in 1-10% by aldosterone hypersecretion. Several observational studies have shown that autonomous cortisol and aldosterone hypersecretion are more prevalent than expected in patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis: these patients have accelerated bone loss and an increased incidence of vertebral fractures. In contrast to glucocorticoid action, the effects of aldosterone on bone are less well understood. Recent data, demonstrating a concomitant co-secretion of glucocorticoid metabolites in patients with primary aldosteronism, could explain some of the metabolic abnormalities seen in patients with aldosterone hypersecretion. In clinical practice, patients with unexplained osteoporosis, particularly when associated with other features such as impaired glucose tolerance or hypertension, should be investigated for the possible presence of autonomous cortisol or aldosterone secretion due to an adrenal adenoma. Randomized intervention studies are needed, however, to investigate the optimum interventions for osteoporosis and other co-morbidities in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Altieri
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Medical Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, "Aghia Sophia" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andromachi Vryonidou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Silvia Della Casa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Medical Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Medical Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - John Newell-Price
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
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21
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Saltzman W, Abbott DH, Binkley N, Colman RJ. Maintenance of bone mass despite estrogen depletion in female common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 2018; 81:e22905. [PMID: 30106167 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen depletion leads to bone loss in almost all mammals with frequent regular ovarian cycles. However, subordinate adult female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) undergo socially induced anovulation and hypoestrogenism without clinically apparent adverse skeletal consequences. Thus, we speculated that this non human primate might have evolved a mechanism to avoid estrogen-depletion bone loss. To test this possibility, we performed three experiments in which lumbar-spine (L5-L6) bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: (i) cross-sectionally in 13 long-term ovariectomized animals and 12 age- and weight-matched controls undergoing ovulatory cycles; (ii) longitudinally in 12 animals prior to, 3-4 and 6-7 months following ovariectomy (ovx), and six controls; and (iii) cross-sectionally in nine anovulatory subordinate and nine dominant females. In Experiments 1 and 3, plasma estradiol and estrone concentrations were measured and uterine dimensions were obtained by ultrasound in a subset of animals as a marker of functional estrogen depletion. Estrogen levels, uterine trans-fundus width, and uterine dorso-ventral diameter were lower in ovariectomized and subordinate females than in those undergoing ovulatory cycles. However, no differences were found in L5-L6 BMC or BMD. These results indicate that estrogen depletion, whether surgically or socially induced, is not associated with lower bone mass in female common marmosets. Thus, this species may possess unique adaptations to avoid bone loss associated with estrogen depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Saltzman
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - David H Abbott
- University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Neil Binkley
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ricki J Colman
- University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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22
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Mazziotti G, Frara S, Giustina A. Pituitary Diseases and Bone. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:440-488. [PMID: 29684108 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrinology of bone is a new area of research based on the evidence that pituitary hormones may directly modulate bone remodeling and metabolism. Skeletal fragility associated with high risk of fractures is a common complication of several pituitary diseases such as hypopituitarism, Cushing disease, acromegaly, and hyperprolactinemia. As in other forms of secondary osteoporosis, pituitary diseases generally affect bone quality more than bone quantity, and fractures may occur even in the presence of normal or low-normal bone mineral density as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, making difficult the prediction of fractures in these clinical settings. Treatment of pituitary hormone excess and deficiency generally improves skeletal health, although some patients remain at high risk of fractures, and treatment with bone-active drugs may become mandatory. The aim of this review is to discuss the physiological, pathophysiological, and clinical insights of bone involvement in pituitary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrinology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrinology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Intestinal microbial flora, known as the second gene pool of the human body, play an important role in immune function, nutrient uptake, and various activities of host cells, as well as in human disease. Intestinal microorganisms are involved in a variety of mechanisms that affect bone health. Gut microbes are closely related to genetic variation, and gene regulation plays an important part in the development of bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis. Intestinal microorganisms can disrupt the balance between bone formation and resorption by indirectly stimulating or inhibiting osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In addition, intestinal microorganisms affect bone metabolism by regulating growth factors or altering bone immune status and can also alter the metabolism of serotonin, cortisol, and sex hormones, thereby affecting bone mass in mice. Moreover, probiotics, antibiotics, and diet can change the composition of the intestinal microbial flora, thus affecting bone health and also potentially helping to treat bone disease. Studying the relationship between intestinal flora and osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells may provide a basis for preventing and treating bone diseases. This paper reviews recent advances in the study of the relationship between intestinal microflora and bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Ji'nan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Yanqin Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Ji'nan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
- Address correspondence to:Dr. Jinxiang Han and Dr. Yanqin Lu, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250062, China. E-mail: (JH); (YL)
| | - Yanzhou Wang
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xiuzhi Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Wuqing District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Ji'nan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
- Address correspondence to:Dr. Jinxiang Han and Dr. Yanqin Lu, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Ji'nan 250062, China. E-mail: (JH); (YL)
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24
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The Association between Daytime Napping Characteristics and Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Thai Women without Osteoporosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10016. [PMID: 29968782 PMCID: PMC6030206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28260-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low bone mass is more prevalent with increasing age. Studies have found associations between sleep duration, sleep quality and obstructive sleep apnea and bone mineral density (BMD). However, less is known about the relationship between daytime napping and BMD. We aimed to investigate the association between daytime napping and BMD in elderly Thai women. Demographic data, lifestyle information and sleep characteristics were obtained by interviewing 387 elderly women. Weight and height were measured. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured by radioimmunoassay. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Higher BMI and having type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were correlated with higher lumbar spine 2–4 (L2-4) BMD, while younger age, higher BMI and higher serum 25(OH)D level were correlated with higher femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH) BMD. After adjusting for age, age at menopause, BMI, 25(OH)D level and T2DM, a higher frequency of weekly daytime napping was associated with lower FN and TH BMD but not at L2-4 BMD. Additionally, longer daytime napping duration was negatively associated with BMD at TH. In summary higher frequency and longer duration of daytime napping are associated with lower femoral BMD in elderly women. Mechanisms underlying these associations should be further explored.
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25
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Adhikary S, Choudhary D, Ahmad N, Karvande A, Kumar A, Banala VT, Mishra PR, Trivedi R. Dietary flavonoid kaempferol inhibits glucocorticoid-induced bone loss by promoting osteoblast survival. Nutrition 2018; 53:64-76. [PMID: 29655780 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kaempferol, a dietary flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, has been reported to reverse osteopenic condition in ovariectomized rats. Because kaempferol is endowed with osteogenic activity, the aim of this study was to determine whether it has a beneficial effect on glucocorticoid (GC)-induced bone loss. METHODS Adult female rats were divided into four groups as control (vehicle; distilled water), methylprednisolone (MP; 5 mg•kg•d, subcutaneously), MP + kaempferol (5 mg•kg•d, oral), and MP + human parathyroid 1-34 (30 µg/kg, 5 times/wk, subcutaneously) and treated for 4 wk. To study the antagonizing effect of kaempferol on GC-induced inhibition of fracture healing, drill-hole injury was performed on control and GC-treated rats. An oral dose of kaempferol was given for 14 d to observe the effect on callus formation at the site of injury. After treatment, bones were collected for further analysis. RESULTS GC was associated with a decreased bone mineral density and impaired bone microarchitecture parameters. Consumption of kaempferol induced bone-sparing effects in GC-induced osteopenic condition. Additionally, improved callus formation at site of drill injury in femur diaphysis was observed with kaempferol consumption in animals on GC. Consistent with the in vivo data, kaempferol elicited a higher expression of osteogenic markers in vitro and antagonized the apoptotic effect of dexamethasone on calvarial osteoblasts. CONCLUSION These results suggested that kaempferol reduced GC-induced bone loss and enhanced bone regeneration at fractured site, thus emphasizing the positive role of flavonoids on bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulekha Adhikary
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dharmendra Choudhary
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naseer Ahmad
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirudha Karvande
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Venkatesh Teja Banala
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan Mishra
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritu Trivedi
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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26
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Suarez-Bregua P, Guerreiro PM, Rotllant J. Stress, Glucocorticoids and Bone: A Review From Mammals and Fish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:526. [PMID: 30250453 PMCID: PMC6139303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the final effector products of a neuroendocrine HPA/HPI axis governing energy balance and stress response in vertebrates. From a physiological point of view, basal GC levels are essential for intermediary metabolism and participate in the development and homeostasis of a wide range of body tissues, including the skeleton. Numerous mammalian studies have demonstrated that GC hormones exert a positive role during bone modeling and remodeling as they promote osteoblastogenesis to maintain the bone architecture. Although the pharmacological effect of the so-called stress hormones has been widely reported, the role of endogenous GCs on bone mineral metabolism as result of the endocrine stress response has been largely overlooked across vertebrates. In addition, stress responses are variable depending on the stressor (e.g., starvation, predation, and environmental change), life cycle events (e.g., migration and aging), and differ among vertebrate lineages, which react differently according to their biological, social and cognitive complexity (e.g., mineral demands, physical, and psychological stress). This review intends to summarize the endogenous GCs action on bone metabolism of mammals and fish under a variety of challenging circumstances. Particular emphasis will be given to the regulatory loop between GCs and the parathyroid hormone (PTH) family peptides, and other key regulators of mineral homeostasis and bone remodeling in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Suarez-Bregua
- Institute of Marine Research, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Josep Rotllant
- Institute of Marine Research, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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27
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Tu J, Stoner S, Fromm PD, Wang T, Chen D, Tuckermann J, Cooper MS, Seibel MJ, Zhou H. Endogenous glucocorticoid signaling in chondrocytes attenuates joint inflammation and damage. FASEB J 2017; 32:478-487. [PMID: 28928247 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700659r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that endogenous glucocorticoid signaling in osteoblasts promotes inflammation in murine immune arthritis. The current study determined whether disruption of endogenous glucocorticoid signaling in chondrocytes also modulates the course and severity of arthritis. Tamoxifen-inducible chondrocyte-targeted glucocorticoid receptor-knockout (chGRKO) mice were generated by breeding GRflox/flox mice with tamoxifen-inducible collagen 2a1 Cre (Col2a1-CreERT2) mice. Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) and K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis (STIA) were induced in both chGRKO mice and their Cre-negative GRflox/flox littermates [wild type (WT)]. Arthritis was assessed by measurement of joint swelling and histology of joints collected at d 14. Neutrophil activity and gene expression patterns associated with cartilage damage were also evaluated. In both arthritis models clinical (joint swelling) and histologic indices of inflammatory activity were significantly greater in chGRKO than in WT mice. The STIA model was characterized by early up-regulation of CXCR2/CXCR2 ligand gene expression in ankle tissues, and significant and selective expansion of splenic CXCR2+ neutrophils in chGRKO arthritic compared to WT arthritic mice. At later stages, gene expression of enzymes involved in cartilage degradation was up-regulated in chGRKO but not WT arthritic mice. Therefore, we summarize that chondrocytes actively mitigate local joint inflammation, cartilage degradation and systemic neutrophil activity via a glucocorticoid-dependent pathway.-Tu, J., Stoner, S., Fromm, P. D., Wang, T., Chen, D., Tuckermann, J., Cooper, M. S., Seibel, M. J., Zhou, H. Endogenous glucocorticoid signaling in chondrocytes attenuates joint inflammation and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Tu
- Bone Research Program, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; .,Adrenal Steroid Laboratory, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shihani Stoner
- Bone Research Program, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phillip D Fromm
- Dendritic Cell Research, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tingyu Wang
- Bone Research Program, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and
| | - Mark S Cooper
- Adrenal Steroid Laboratory, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus J Seibel
- Bone Research Program, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; .,Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Bado I, Gugala Z, Fuqua SAW, Zhang XHF. Estrogen receptors in breast and bone: from virtue of remodeling to vileness of metastasis. Oncogene 2017; 36:4527-4537. [PMID: 28368409 PMCID: PMC5552443 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer. High rates of bone colonization in breast cancer, especially in the subtype expressing estrogen receptors (ERs), suggest tissue-specific proclivities for metastatic tumor formation. The mechanisms behind this subtype-specific organ-tropism remains largely elusive. Interestingly, as the major driver of ER+ breast cancer, ERs also have important roles in bone development and homeostasis. Thus, any agents targeting ER will also inevitably affect the microenvironment, which involves the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Yet, how such microenvironmental effects are integrated with direct therapeutic responses of cancer cells remain poorly understood. Recent findings on ER mutations, especially their enrichment in bone metastasis, raised even more provocative questions on the role of ER in cancer-bone interaction. In this review, we evaluate the importance of ERs in bone metastasis and discuss new avenues of investigation for bone metastasis treatment based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bado
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Zbigniew Gugala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Suzanne A. W. Fuqua
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Xiang H.-F. Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
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29
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Wippert PM, Rector M, Kuhn G, Wuertz-Kozak K. Stress and Alterations in Bones: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:96. [PMID: 28507534 PMCID: PMC5410657 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have demonstrated that physical stress (PS) stimulates bone remodeling and affects bone structure and function through complex mechanotransduction mechanisms. Recent research has laid ground to the hypothesis that mental stress (MS) also influences bone biology, eventually leading to osteoporosis and increased bone fracture risk. These effects are likely exerted by modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, resulting in an altered release of growth hormones, glucocorticoids and cytokines, as demonstrated in human and animal studies. Furthermore, molecular cross talk between mental and PS is thought to exist, with either synergistic or preventative effects on bone disease progression depending on the characteristics of the applied stressor. This mini review will explain the emerging concept of MS as an important player in bone adaptation and its potential cross talk with PS by summarizing the current state of knowledge, highlighting newly evolving notions (such as intergenerational transmission of stress and its epigenetic modifications affecting bone) and proposing new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia-Maria Wippert
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Sociology of Health and Physical Activity, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Pia-Maria Wippert,
| | - Michael Rector
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Sociology of Health and Physical Activity, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gisela Kuhn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Sociology of Health and Physical Activity, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Schön Klinik München Harlaching, Munich, Germany
- Spine Center, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Karadeniz F, Ahn BN, Kim JA, Seo Y, Jang MS, Nam KH, Kim M, Lee SH, Kong CS. Phlorotannins suppress adipogenesis in pre-adipocytes while enhancing osteoblastogenesis in pre-osteoblasts. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:2172-82. [PMID: 26202444 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a prevalent bone disease in an aging population, is considered to be closely related to osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis. As a part of an ongoing trend to develop natural substances that attenuate osteoporotic conditions, edible brown algae E. cava and its bioactive constituents were tested for their effects on adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. Following an activity-based isolation, three phlorotannin derivatives, triphlorethol-A (1), eckol (2) and dieckol (3), were isolated. Anti-adipogenesis effect of phlorotannins at the concentration of 20 µM was observed by reduced lipid accumulation and the suppressed expression of adipogenic differentiation markers. In addition, isolated phlorotannins successfully enhanced the osteoblast differentiation as indicated by increased alkaline phosphatase activity along with raised levels of osteoblastogenesis indicators and intracellular calcification at the concentration of 20 µM. In conclusion, E. cava is suggested as a source for functional food ingredients, especially phlorotannin derivatives that can be utilized for extenuating osteoporosis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Karadeniz
- Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, Silla University, Pusan, 617-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Byul-Nim Ahn
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, Silla University, Pusan, 617-736, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University, Pusan, 617-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwan Seo
- Division of Marine Bioscience; Ocean Science & Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Pusan, 606-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Soon Jang
- Food and Safety Research Center, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Pusan, 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Nam
- Food and Safety Research Center, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Pusan, 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihyang Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University, Pusan, 617-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School, Silla University, Pusan, 617-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Suk Kong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University, Pusan, 617-736, Republic of Korea.
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