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Khazaei M, Khosravi M, Mazaheri S, Mazdeh M, Ghiasian M, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. The effect of atorvastatin on the common carotid artery intima-media thickness in patients with ischemic stroke. Acta Clin Croat 2021; 59:223-226. [PMID: 33456108 PMCID: PMC7808223 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2020.59.02.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Occlusion of the initial segment of internal carotid artery is the most common reason for vascular events in the brain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one-year treatment with atorvastatin on intima-media thickness (IMT) of carotid arteries as a measure of atherosclerosis in stroke patients. In this prospective interventional study, 44 patients with ischemic stroke were investigated. Patients were treated with atorvastatin 40 mg once a day for one year. IMT of carotid arteries was measured by extracranial Doppler ultrasonography in the distal part of the common carotid artery at the beginning of the study, at 6 months and one year of treatment with atorvastatin. The IMT of both right and left carotid arteries decreased after 6- and 12-month atorvastatin treatment. Based on the results of this study, long-term administration of atorvastatin was associated with reduction in carotid artery IMT in patients with ischemic stroke. Such a decrease in IMT may prevent subsequent stroke or cardiovascular events in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mozhdeh Khosravi
- 1Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahir Mazaheri
- 1Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdokht Mazdeh
- 1Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghiasian
- 1Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- 1Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- 1Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 2Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; 3Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Seo WW, Jo SH, Kim SE, Han SH, Lee KY, Her SH, Lee MH, Cho SS, Baek SH. Clinical impact of statin therapy on vasospastic angina: data from a Korea nation-wide cohort study. Heart Vessels 2020; 35:1051-1059. [PMID: 32152732 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-020-01579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of statin therapy on reducing adverse cardiovascular events in vasospastic angina (VSA) has been inconsistent. Therefore, we investigated the association between statin therapy and adverse cardiovascular events in a large, prospective VSA cohort. The Variant Angina Korea registry consecutively enrolled 2960 patients suspected VSA. Among them, we included 1713 patients who were diagnosed with VSA based on coronary provocation test. We divided the patients into the statin (n = 744) and no-statin group (n = 914) according to the medication prescribed at discharge. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac death, acute coronary syndrome, and new-onset life-threatening arrhythmia during a 3-year follow-up period. The primary outcome occurred in 32 patients (4.3%) in the statin and 28 patients (3.1%) in the no-statin group. In Kaplan-Meier analysis before and after propensity score matching, there was no significant difference in the cumulative incidence of primary outcomes between both groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the focal type of VSA was independent predictor of primary outcomes, but statin therapy was not. Furthermore, the lack of benefit of statin therapy for primary outcomes was consistently observed across the statin intensity and spasm characteristics. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that statin therapy did not reduce adverse cardiovascular events in patients with VSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Woo Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Jo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 896, Pyeongchon-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 431-070, South Korea.
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kwan Yong Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Her
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang Seoul Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Seek Cho
- Department of Epidemiology and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sang Hong Baek
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Park SJ, Park H, Kang D, Park TK, Park J, Cho J, Chung CR, Jeon K, Guallar E, Cho J, Suh GY, Yang JH. Association of statin therapy with clinical outcomes in patients with vasospastic angina: Data from Korean health insurance review and assessment service. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210498. [PMID: 30699150 PMCID: PMC6353127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence for the clinical benefit of statin therapy in patients with vasospastic angina (VSA). We investigated the association of statin therapy with clinical outcomes in relatively large populations with clinically suspected VSA from a nationwide population-based database. Data were collected from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment database records of 4,099 patients that were in an intensive care unit with VSA between January 1, 2008 and May 31, 2015. We divided the patients into a statin group (n = 1,795) and a non-statin group (n = 2,304). The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac arrest and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The median follow-up duration was 3.8 years (interquartile range: 2.2 to 5.8 years). Cardiac arrest or AMI occurred in 120 patients (5.2%) in the statin group, and 97 patients (5.4%) in the non-statin group (P = 0.976). With inverse probability of treatment weighting, there was no significant difference in the rate of cardiac arrest or AMI between the two groups (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76–1.30; P = 0.937), or even between the non-statin group and high-intensity statin group (adjusted HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.69–1.70; P = 0.75). The beneficial association of statin use with the primary outcome was consistently lacking across the various comorbidity types. Statin therapy was not associated with reduced cardiac arrest or AMI in patients with VSA, regardless of statin intensity. Prospective, randomized trials will be needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jin Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejeong Park
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbee Kang
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Kyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyeong Park
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joongbum Cho
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Ryang Chung
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongman Jeon
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juhee Cho
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gee Young Suh
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Wada S, Koga M, Toyoda K, Minematsu K, Yasaka M, Nagai Y, Aoki S, Nezu T, Hosomi N, Kagimura T, Origasa H, Kamiyama K, Suzuki R, Ohtsuki T, Maruyama H, Kitagawa K, Uchiyama S, Matsumoto M. Factors Associated with Intima-Media Complex Thickness of the Common Carotid Artery in Japanese Noncardioembolic Stroke Patients with Hyperlipidemia: The J-STARS Echo Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:359-373. [PMID: 29118311 PMCID: PMC5906189 DOI: 10.5551/jat.41533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: There may be ethnic differences in carotid atherosclerosis and its contributing factors between Asian and other populations. The purpose of this study was to examine intima-media complex thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery and associated clinical factors in Japanese stroke patients with hyperlipidemia from a cohort of the Japan Statin Treatment Against Recurrent Stroke Echo Study. Methods: Patients with hyperlipidemia, not on statins, who developed noncardioembolic ischemic stroke were included in this study. Mean IMT and maximum IMT of the distal wall of the common carotid artery were centrally measured using carotid ultrasonography. Significant factors related to mean IMT and maximum IMT were examined using multivariable analysis. Results: In 793 studied patients, mean IMT was 0.89 ± 0.15 mm and maximum IMT was 1.19 ± 0.32 mm. Age (per 10 years, parameter estimate = 0.044, p < 0.001), smoking (0.022, p = 0.004), category of blood pressure (0.022, p = 0.006), HDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dl, −0.009, p = 0.008), and diabetes mellitus (0.033, p = 0.010) were independently associated with mean IMT. Age (per 10 years, 0.076, p < 0.001), smoking (0.053, p = 0.001), HDL cholesterol (−0.016, p = 0.036), and diabetes mellitus (0.084, p = 0.002) were independently associated with maximum IMT. Conclusion: Baseline mean and maximum values of carotid IMT in Japanese noncardioembolic stroke patients with hyperlipidemia were 0.89 ± 0.15 mm and 1.19 ± 0.32 mm, respectively, which were similar to those previously reported from Western countries. Age, smoking, hypertension, HDL cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus were associated with mean IMT, and those, except for hypertension, were associated with maximum IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Wada
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Division of Stroke Care Unit, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Kazuo Minematsu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Masahiro Yasaka
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center
| | - Yoji Nagai
- Center for Clinical Research, Kobe University Hospital
| | - Shiro Aoki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Tomohisa Nezu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Naohisa Hosomi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Tatsuo Kagimura
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Translational Research Informatics Center
| | - Hideki Origasa
- Division of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science
| | - Kenji Kamiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Nakamura Memorial Hospital
| | - Rieko Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Kyorin University Hospital
| | - Toshiho Ohtsuki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences.,Stroke Center, Kinki University
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Kazuo Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | - Shinichiro Uchiyama
- Clinical Research Center, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center
| | - Masayasu Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences.,Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO) Hoshigaoka Medical Center
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Oh MS, Yang JH, Lee DH, Park TK, Song YB, Hahn JY, Choi JH, Lee SH, Gwon HC, Choi SH. Impact of statin therapy on long-term clinical outcomes of vasospastic angina without significant stenosis: A propensity-score matched analysis. Int J Cardiol 2016; 223:791-796. [PMID: 27573612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available on the efficacy of statin therapy for secondary prevention in patients with vasospastic angina (VSA). We investigated the association of statin therapy with long-term clinical outcomes in VSA patients without significant coronary artery disease. METHODS From January 2003 to June 2014, we enrolled a total of 804 patients with VSA proven by an ergonovine provocation test without significant (≥70% diameter stenosis) coronary artery disease. We classified patients into a statin group (n=330) and a no-statin group (n=474) according to the use of statin. Primary outcome were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and any revascularization. RESULTS Median follow-up duration was 4.5years (interquartile range: 2.0 to 7.3years). MACE occurred in 14 patients (4.2%) in the statin group, and 21 patients (4.4%) in the no-statin group. There were no differences between the two groups (p=0.97). After 1:1 propensity-score matching (281 pairs), MACE (statin versus [vs.] no-statin; 3.2% vs. 4.3%, hazard ratio [HR]; 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.34-1.89, p=0.60) and readmission due to chest pain (17.1% vs. 17.4%, HR; 1.08, 95% CI; 0.72-1.06, p=0.72) were not statistically different between the two groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that statin therapy could not improve long-term clinical outcomes in VSA patients without significant coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Oh
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Kyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Song
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yong Hahn
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Gwon
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyuk Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Vlachopoulos C, Xaplanteris P, Aboyans V, Brodmann M, Cífková R, Cosentino F, De Carlo M, Gallino A, Landmesser U, Laurent S, Lekakis J, Mikhailidis DP, Naka KK, Protogerou AD, Rizzoni D, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Van Bortel L, Weber T, Yamashina A, Zimlichman R, Boutouyrie P, Cockcroft J, O'Rourke M, Park JB, Schillaci G, Sillesen H, Townsend RR. The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:507-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Takase B, Nagata M, Hattori H, Tanaka Y, Ishihara M. Combined therapeutic effect of probucol and cilostazol on endothelial function in patients with silent cerebral lacunar infarcts and hypercholesterolemia: a preliminary study. Med Princ Pract 2014; 23:59-65. [PMID: 24216721 PMCID: PMC5586847 DOI: 10.1159/000355825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the efficacy of combined therapy with probucol and cilostazol on endothelial function in silent lacunar cerebral infarcts (SLCI) and mild hypercholesterolemia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-induced vasodilatation (NMD) were measured before and after 4 weeks of combined therapy with probucol (500 mg/day) and cilostazol (200 mg/day) in 34 patients with a mean age of 72 ± 7 years (range 57-80 years) with SLCI, mild hypercholesterolemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >100 mg/dl) and impaired endothelial function (FMD <6%). Patients were randomly allocated to one of the following two treatment groups: (1) aspirin (100 mg/day) with behavioral modifications, such as diet and/or exercise therapy (A group or control group, n = 17), and (2) probucol and cilostazol treatment (PC group, n = 17), also with behavioral modifications. RESULTS Although the baseline FMD was not different between the two treatment arms (2.7 ± 1.5 vs. 2.6 ± 1.5%, n.s.), the posttreatment FMD was significantly improved in the PC group (from 2.7 ± 1.5 to 3.5 ± 1.7%, p < 0.05) but not in the A group (from 2.6 ± 1.5 to 2.9 ± 1.4%, n.s.). No differences were observed between baseline and posttreatment NMD in either group. The effects of treatments on lipid profiles were more profound in the PC group. CONCLUSION Combined treatment with probucol and cilostazol resulted in subacute improvement in FMD/endothelial function in patients with SLCI with mild hypercholesterolemia. This combination therapy has the potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events via improvements in endothelial function and lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonpei Takase
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
- *Bonpei Takase, MD, 3−2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513 (Japan), E-Mail
| | | | - Hidemi Hattori
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishihara
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Kim JY. Statins in Variant Angina. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2013; 21:56-7. [PMID: 23837114 PMCID: PMC3701779 DOI: 10.4250/jcu.2013.21.2.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Young Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
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