Comparison of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy regimens for treatment of peritoneal-metastasized colorectal cancer

Nephrotoxicity Associated with Cytoreductive Surgery Combined with Cisplatin-Based Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Malignant Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Cisplatin is employed in hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) for peritoneal surface malignancies (PSMs). The main concern regarding intraperitoneal cisplatin administration is nephrotoxicity. Numerous reports in this context are available. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess cisplatin-based HIPEC-related nephrotoxicity (CHRN). Methods: A systematic literature review on CHRN after CRS for the treatment of PSMs was performed. The literature search was carried out using Medline, Cochrane, and Embase. The last day of the search was 23 October 2023. PRISMA guidelines were used. A meta-analysis was then conducted. The main endpoint was the incidence of acute and chronic renal impairment after CHRN. Secondary endpoints included the potential impact of several clinical variables on the primary endpoint and a critical appraisal of the different renal impairment scales employed. Results: Our study included 26 articles with a total sample of 1473 patients. The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) was 18.6% (95% CI: 13.6-25%, range of true effects 3-59%). For chronic kidney disease, it was 7% (95% CI: 3-15.3%, range of true effects 1-53%). The variables that statistically influenced these results were the scale used to measure renal insufficiency, the use of nephroprotective agents, and the presence of pre-existing renal disease. Conclusions: The reported incidence of renal impairment following cisplatin-based HIPEC is highly variable. The incidence of renal failure obtained in this meta-analysis should be used as a reference for subsequent reports on this topic. Further prospective studies are warranted to establish optimal and standardized management.

2022 Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International Consensus on HIPEC Regimens for Peritoneal Malignancies: Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

Selected patients with peritoneal metastases of colorectal cancer (PM-CRC) can benefit from potentially curative cytoreductive surgery (CRS) ± hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), with a median overall survival (OS) of more than 40 months.

OBJECTIVE

The aims of this evidence-based consensus were to define the indications for HIPEC, to select the preferred HIPEC regimens, and to define research priorities regarding the use of HIPEC for PM-CRC.

METHODS

The consensus steering committee elaborated and formulated pertinent clinical questions according to the PICO (patient, intervention, comparator, outcome) method and assessed the evidence according to the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Standardized evidence tables were presented to an international expert panel to reach a consensus (4-point, weak and strong positive/negative) on HIPEC regimens and research priorities through a two-round Delphi process. The consensus was defined as ≥ 50% agreement for the 4-point consensus grading or ≥ 70% for either of the two combinations.

RESULTS

Evidence was weak or very weak for 9/10 clinical questions. In total, 70/90 eligible panelists replied to both Delphi rounds (78%), with a consensus for 10/10 questions on HIPEC regimens. There was strong negative consensus concerning the short duration, high-dose oxaliplatin (OX) protocol (55.7%), and a weak positive vote (53.8-64.3%) in favor of mitomycin-C (MMC)-based HIPEC (preferred choice: Dutch protocol: 35 mg/m2, 90 min, three fractions), both for primary cytoreduction and recurrence. Determining the role of HIPEC after CRS was considered the most important research question, regarded as essential by 85.7% of the panelists. Furthermore, over 90% of experts suggest performing HIPEC after primary and secondary CRS for recurrence > 1 year after the index surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the available evidence, despite the negative results of PRODIGE 7, HIPEC could be conditionally recommended to patients with PM-CRC after CRS. While more preclinical and clinical data are eagerly awaited to harmonize the procedure further, the MMC-based Dutch protocol remains the preferred regimen after primary and secondary CRS.

A Multicenter Phase 1 Trial Evaluating Nanoliposomal Irinotecan for Heated Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Combined with Cytoreductive Surgery for Patients with Peritoneal Surface Disease

BACKGROUND

Nanoliposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) is a promising novel hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) agent given its enhanced efficacy against gastrointestinal tumors, safety profile, thermo-synergy, and heat stability. This report describes the first in-human phase 1 clinical trial of nal-IRI during cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and HIPEC.

METHODS

Patients with peritoneal surface disease (PSD) from appendiceal and colorectal neoplasms were enrolled in a 3 + 3 dose-escalation trial using nal-IRI (70-280 mg/m²) during HIPEC for 30 min at 41 ± 1 °C. The primary outcome was safety. The secondary outcomes were pharmacokinetics (PK) and disease-free survival. Adverse events (AEs) categorized as grade 2 or higher were recorded. The serious AEs (SAEs) were mortality, grade ≥ 3 AEs, and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Irinotecan and active metabolite SN38 were measured in plasma and peritoneal washings.

RESULTS

The study enrolled 18 patients, who received nal-IRI during HIPEC at 70 mg/m² (n = 3), 140 mg/m² (n = 6), 210 mg/m² (n = 3), and 280 mg/m² (n = 6). No DLT or mortality occurred. The overall morbidity for CRS/HIPEC was 39% (n = 7). Although one patient experienced neutropenia, no AE (n = 131) or SAE (n = 3) was definitively attributable to nal-IRI. At 280 mg/m², plasma irinotecan and SN38 measurements showed maximum concentrations of 0.4 ± 0.6 µg/mL and 3.0 ± 2.4 ng/mL, a median time to maximum concentration of 24.5 and 26 h, and areas under the curve of 22.6 h*µg/mL and 168 h*ng/mL, respectively. At the 6-month follow-up visit, 83% (n = 15) of the patients remained disease-free.

CONCLUSIONS

In this phase 1 HIPEC trial (NCT04088786), nal-IRI was observed to be safe, and PK profiling showed low systemic absorption overall. These data support future studies testing the efficacy of nal-IRI in CRS/HIPEC.

Age alone is not a barrier to efficacy of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for colorectal peritoneal metastases: analysis of 1138 patients from the UK and Ireland Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases Registry

BACKGROUND

The management of colorectal peritoneal metastases continues to be a challenge but recent evidence suggests cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) can improve survival. Uncertainty about the relationship between age and tumour biology makes patient selection challenging particularly when reported procedure related morbidity is high and impact on survival outcomes unknown. The UK and Ireland Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases Registry was reviewed to assess the influence of age on efficacy of CRS and HIPEC.

METHODS

A review of outcomes from the UK and Ireland Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases Registry was performed. Data from 2000 to 2021 were included from five centres in the UK and Ireland, and the cohort were sub-divided into three age groups; <45 years, 45-65 years and >65 years old. Primarily, we examined post-operative morbidity and survival outcomes across the three age groups. In addition, we examined the impact that the completeness of cytoreduction, nodal status, or adverse pathological features had on long-term survival.

RESULTS

During the study period, 1138 CPM patients underwent CRS HIPEC. 202 patients(17.8%) were <45 years, 549 patients(48.2%) aged 45-65 years and 387 patients(34%) >65 years. Overall, median length of surgery (CRS and HIPEC), median PCI score and rate of HIPEC administration was similar in all three groups, as was overall rates of major morbidity and/or mortality. Complete cytoreduction rates (CC0) were similar across the three cohorts; 77%, 80.6% and 81%, respectively. Median overall survival for all patients was 38 months following complete cytoreduction.

CONCLUSION

Age did not appear to influence morbidity or long-term survival following CRS and HIPEC. When complete cytoreduction is achieved survival outcomes are good. The addition of HIPEC can be performed safely and may reduce local recurrence within the peritoneum.

Current Trends in Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) for Peritoneal Disease from Appendiceal and Colorectal Malignancies

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a poor prognostic factor for all malignancies. This extent of metastatic disease progression remains difficult to treat with systemic therapies due to poor peritoneal vascularization resulting in limited drug delivery and penetration into tissues. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) are surgical interventions that directly target peritoneal tumors and have improved outcomes for PC resulting from appendiceal and colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite these radical therapies, long-term survival remains infrequent, and recurrence is common. The reasons for these outcomes are multifactorial and signal the need for the continued development of novel therapeutics, techniques, and approaches to improve outcomes for these patients. Here, we review landmark historical studies that serve as the foundation for current recommendations, recent discoveries, clinical trials, active research, and areas of future interest in CRS/HIPEC to treat PC originating from appendiceal and colorectal malignancies.

Postoperative bleeding and venous thromboembolism in colorectal cancer patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has improved survival for selected patients with peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer. Previous studies report conflicting rates of postoperative bleeding and venous thromboembolism (VTE) after CRS + HIPEC. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the literature and to estimate the overall 30-day incidence of postoperative bleeding and the overall 90-day incidence of VTE after CRS + HIPEC.

METHODS

Studies were identified in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science on 29 April 2021. Data were extracted for a qualitative synthesis and to estimate an overall mean incidence in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Fourteen studies with a total of 3268 patients were included in the systematic review. Postoperative bleeding incidence rates within 30 days ranged from 1.7 to 8.3% with an overall 30-day postoperative bleeding incidence with [95% CI] at 4.2 [2.6;6.2]%. VTE incidence rates within 90 days ranged from 0.2 to 13.6% with an overall 90-day VTE incidence with [95% CI] at 2.7 [1;5.2]% after CRS + HIPEC.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review and meta-analysis indicate a low risk for postoperative bleeding within 30 days and VTE within 90 days after CRS + HIPEC for peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer.

Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal metastasis of non-primary origin

PURPOSE

The objective of this study was to analyze the role of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy that has developed in the treatment of patients with peritoneal metastasis of non-primary origin.

METHODS

Patients who underwent treatment for secondary gastrointestinal and ovarian malignancies over a 20-year period were reviewed. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier product limit method and the log-rank test was used to assess differences between subgroups.

RESULTS

The study included 293 patients. The most common histology was ovarian cancer (56.3%). Median PCI was 16 and CC0-1 resection was obtained in 88.1% of cases. Grade III and IV complications occurred in 12 patients (4.1%) and 47 patients (16%), respectively. The 30- and 60-day mortality rate was 1.3% (4 patients) and 2.4% (7 patients). Five-year OS was 21.7%, 73.6%, 42.1%, and 0 for colorectal, appendiceal, ovarian, and gastric cancer (p =  < 0.0001), respectively, whereas 5-year DFS was 12.4%, 48.4%, 24.3%, and 0 (p =  < 0.0001), respectively. Survival outcomes were significantly higher for CC0 in each subgroup of patients.

CONCLUSION

Despite being a complex procedure, cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy should be considered a safe treatment with acceptable postoperative morbidity and mortality rates, if performed in high-volume centers. Good survival outcomes have been increasingly obtained in selected patients with peritoneal metastasis of non-primary origin.

Preclinical In Vivo-Models to Investigate HIPEC; Current Methodologies and Challenges

Simple Summary

Efficacy of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) depends on patient selection, tumor type, delivery technique, and treatment parameters such as temperature, carrier solution, type of drug, dosage, volume, and treatment duration. Preclinical research offers a powerful tool to investigate the impact of these parameters and to assists in designing potentially more effective treatment protocols and clinical trials. This study aims to review the objectives, methods, and clinical relevance of in vivo preclinical HIPEC studies found in the literature. In total, 60 articles were included in this study. The selected articles were screened on the HIPEC parameters. Recommendations are provided and possible pitfalls are discussed on the choice of type of animal and tumor model per stratified parameters and study goal. The guidelines presented in this paper can improve the clinical relevance and impact of future in vivo HIPEC experiments.

Abstract

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a treatment modality for patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM) of various origins which aims for cure in combination with cytoreductive surgery (CRS). Efficacy of CRS-HIPEC depends on patient selection, tumor type, delivery technique, and treatment parameters such as temperature, carrier solution, type of drug, dosage, volume, and treatment duration. Preclinical research offers a powerful tool to investigate the impact of these parameters and to assist in designing potentially more effective treatment protocols and clinical trials. The different methodologies for peritoneal disease and HIPEC are variable. This study aims to review the objectives, methods, and clinical relevance of in vivo preclinical HIPEC studies found in the literature. In this review, recommendations are provided and possible pitfalls are discussed on the choice of type of animal and tumor model per stratified parameters and study goal. The guidelines presented in this paper can improve the clinical relevance and impact of future in vivo HIPEC experiments.