1
|
Wang W, Chen L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Dong D, Zhu J, Fu W, Liu T. Adipose-derived stem cells enriched with therapeutic mRNA TGF-β3 and IL-10 synergistically promote scar-less wound healing in preclinical models. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10620. [PMID: 38435824 PMCID: PMC10905533 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing often leads to scar formation, presenting physical and psychological challenges for patients. Advancements in messenger RNA (mRNA) modifications offer a potential solution for pulsatile cytokine delivery to create a favorable wound-healing microenvironment, thereby preventing cutaneous fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) enriched with N 1-methylpseudouridine (m1ψ) modified transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA in promoting scar-free healing in preclinical models. The results demonstrated that the modified mRNA (modRNA)-loaded hADSCs efficiently and temporarily secreted TGF-β3 and IL-10 proteins. In a dorsal injury model, hADSCs loaded with modRNA TGF-β3 and IL-10 exhibited multidimensional therapeutic effects, including improved collagen deposition, extracellular matrix organization, and neovascularization. In vitro experiments confirmed the ability of these cells to markedly inhibit the proliferation and migration of keloid fibroblasts, and reverse the myofibroblast phenotype. Finally, collagen degradation mediated by matrix metalloproteinase upregulation was observed in an ex vivo keloid explant culture model. In conclusion, the synergistic effects of the modRNA TGF-β3, IL-10, and hADSCs hold promise for establishing a scar-free wound-healing microenvironment, representing a robust foundation for the management of wounds in populations susceptible to scar formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic SurgeryHuadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic SurgeryHuadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic SurgeryHuadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic SurgeryHuadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dong Dong
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic SurgeryHuadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic SurgeryHuadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Fu
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic SurgeryHuadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tajali R, Eidi A, Tafti HA, Pazouki A, Kamarul T, Sharifi AM. Transplantation of adipose derived stem cells in diabetes mellitus; limitations and achievements. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:1039-1052. [PMID: 37975135 PMCID: PMC10638327 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease that results from impaired insulin secreting pancreatic β-cells or insulin resistance. Although available medications help control the disease, patients suffer from its complications. Therefore, finding effective therapeutic approaches to treat DM is a priority. Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) based therapy is a promising strategy in various regenerative medicine applications, but its systematic translational use is still somewhat out of reach. This review is aimed at clarifying achievements as well as challenges facing the application of ADSCs for the treatment of DM, with a special focus on the mechanisms involved. Methods Literature searches were carried out on "Scopus", "PubMed" and "Google Scholar" up to September 2022 to find relevant articles in the English language for the scope of this review. Results Recent evidence showed a significant role of ADSC therapies in DM by ameliorating insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, regulating hepatic glucose metabolism, promoting β cell function and regeneration, and functioning as a gene delivery tool. In addition, ADSCs could improve diabetic wound healing by promoting collagen deposition, inhibiting inflammation, and enhancing angiogenesis. Conclusion Overall, this literature review revealed the great clinical implications of ADSCs for translating into the clinical setting for the treatment of diabetes. However, further large-scale and controlled studies are needed to overcome challenges and confirm the safety and optimal therapeutic scheme before daily clinical application. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01280-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raziye Tajali
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Eidi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Ahmadi Tafti
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Pazouki
- Minimally Invasive Surgery research center, IRAN University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- Tissue Engineering Group, (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ali Mohammad Sharifi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Stem cell and regenerative Medicine research center, Iran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Tissue Engineering Group, (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raktoe R, Kwee AKAL, Rietveld M, Marsidi N, Genders R, Quint K, van Doorn R, van Zuijlen P, Ghalbzouri AEL. Mimicking fat grafting of fibrotic scars using 3D-organotypic skin cultures. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1752-1762. [PMID: 37515391 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing of deep burn injuries is often accompanied by severe scarring, such as hypertrophic scar (HTS) formation. In severe burn wounds, where the subcutis is also damaged, the scars adhere to structures underneath, resulting in stiffness of the scar and impaired motion. Over the recent years, a promising solution has emerged: autologous fat grafting, also known as lipofilling. Previous clinical reports have shown that the anti-fibrotic effect has been attributed to the presence of adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSC). In the proposed study, we aim to investigate the effect of fat grafting in 3D organotypic skin cultures mimicking an HTS-like environment. To this end, organotypic skin cultures were embedded with normal skin fibroblasts (NF) or HTS-derived fibroblasts with or without incorporation of human adipose subcutaneous tissue (ADT) and one part was thermally wounded to examine their effect on epithelialization. The developed skin cultures were analysed on morphology and protein level. Analysis revealed that ADT-containing organotypic skin cultures comprise an improved epidermal homeostasis, and a fully formed basement membrane, similar to native human skin (NHS). Furthermore, the addition of ADT significantly reduced myofibroblast presence, which indicates its anti-fibrotic effect. Finally, re-epithelialization measurements showed that ADT reduced re-epithelialization in skin cultures embedded with NFs, whereas HTS-fibroblast-embedded skin cultures showed complete wound closure. In conclusion, we succeeded in developing a 3D organotypic HTS-skin model incorporated with subcutaneous tissue that allows further investigation on the molecular mechanism of fat grafting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Raktoe
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasia K A L Kwee
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Rietveld
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Marsidi
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Genders
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Roosevelt Clinics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Quint
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Roosevelt Clinics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul van Zuijlen
- Burn Centre, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Surgical Centre, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Frommer ML, Langridge BJ, Awad L, Jasionowska S, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Abu-Hanna J, Butler PEM. Single-Cell Analysis of ADSC Interactions with Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells in Scleroderma Skin. Cells 2023; 12:1784. [PMID: 37443817 PMCID: PMC10341100 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) as part of autologous fat grafting have anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects, but the exact mechanisms of action remain unknown. By simulating the interaction of ADSCs with fibroblasts and endothelial cells (EC) from scleroderma (SSc) skin in silico, we aim to unravel these mechanisms. Publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data from the stromal vascular fraction of 3 lean patients and biopsies from the skin of 10 control and 12 patients with SSc were obtained from the GEO and analysed using R and Seurat. Differentially expressed genes were used to compare the fibroblast and EC transcriptome between controls and SSc. GO and KEGG functional enrichment was performed. Ligand-receptor interactions of ADSCs with fibroblasts and ECs were explored with LIANA. Pro-inflammatory and extracellular matrix (ECM) interacting fibroblasts were identified in SSc. Arterial, capillary, venous and lymphatic ECs showed a pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory transcriptome. Most interactions with both cell types were based on ECM proteins. Differential interactions identified included NTN1, VEGFD, MMP2, FGF2, and FNDC5. The ADSC secretome may disrupt vascular and perivascular inflammation hubs in scleroderma by promoting angiogenesis and especially lymphangiogenesis. Key phenomena observed after fat grafting remain unexplained, including modulation of fibroblast behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin L. Frommer
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK; (B.J.L.); (J.A.-H.); (P.E.M.B.)
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Benjamin J. Langridge
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK; (B.J.L.); (J.A.-H.); (P.E.M.B.)
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Laura Awad
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK; (B.J.L.); (J.A.-H.); (P.E.M.B.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Sara Jasionowska
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK; (B.J.L.); (J.A.-H.); (P.E.M.B.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Christopher P. Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - David J. Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Jeries Abu-Hanna
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK; (B.J.L.); (J.A.-H.); (P.E.M.B.)
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Peter E. M. Butler
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK; (B.J.L.); (J.A.-H.); (P.E.M.B.)
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vriend L, van der Lei B, Harmsen MC, van Dongen JA. Adipose Tissue-Derived Components: From Cells to Tissue Glue to Treat Dermal Damage. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030328. [PMID: 36978719 PMCID: PMC10045962 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, adipose tissue transplantation has become an essential treatment modality for tissue (volume) restoration and regeneration. The regenerative application of adipose tissue has only recently proven its usefulness; for example, the method is useful in reducing dermal scarring and accelerating skin-wound healing. The therapeutic effect is ascribed to the tissue stromal vascular fraction (tSVF) in adipose tissue. This consists of stromal cells, the trophic factors they secrete and the extracellular matrix (ECM), which have immune-modulating, pro-angiogenic and anti-fibrotic properties. This concise review focused on dermal regeneration using the following adipose-tissue components: adipose-tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs), their secreted trophic factors (ASCs secretome), and the ECM. The opportunities of using a therapeutically functional scaffold, composed of a decellularized ECM hydrogel loaded with trophic factors of ASCs, to enhance wound healing are explored as well. An ECM-based hydrogel loaded with trophic factors combines all regenerative components of adipose tissue, while averting the possible disadvantages of the therapeutic use of adipose tissue, e.g., the necessity of liposuction procedures with a (small) risk of complications, the impossibility of interpatient use, and the limited storage options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vriend
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 AC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berend van der Lei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 AC Groningen, The Netherlands
- Bergman Clinics, 8443 CG Heerenveen, The Netherlands
- Bergman Clinics, 2289 CM Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Harmsen
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 AC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris A. van Dongen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 AC Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brembilla NC, Vuagnat H, Boehncke WH, Krause KH, Preynat-Seauve O. Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for Chronic Wounds: Scientific Evidence and Roadmap Toward Clinical Practice. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 12:17-25. [PMID: 36571216 PMCID: PMC9887085 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds, ie, non-healing ulcers, have a prevalence of ~1% in the general population. Chronic wounds strongly affect the quality of life and generate considerable medical costs. A fraction of chronic wounds will heal within months of appropriate treatment; however, a significant fraction of patients will develop therapy-refractory chronic wounds, leading to chronic pain, infection, and amputation. Given the paucity of therapeutic options for refractory wounds, cell therapy and in particular the use of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) has emerged as a promising concept. ASC can be used as autologous or allogeneic cells. They can be delivered in suspension or in 3D cultures within scaffolds. ASC can be used without further processing (stromal vascular fraction of the adipose tissue) or can be expanded in vitro. ASC-derived non-cellular components, such as conditioned media or exosomes, have also been investigated. Many in vitro and preclinical studies in animals have demonstrated the ASC efficacy on wounds. ASC efficiency appears to occurs mainly through their regenerative secretome. Hitherto, the majority of clinical trials focused mainly on safety issues. However more recently, a small number of randomized, well-controlled trials provided first convincing evidences for a clinical efficacy of ASC-based chronic wound therapies in humans. This brief review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanism of action, delivery and efficacy of ASC in chronic wound therapy. It also discusses the scientific and pharmaceutical challenges to be solved before ASC-based wound therapy enters clinical reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo C Brembilla
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Vuagnat
- Program for Wounds and Wound Healing, Care Directorate, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Laboratory of Therapy and Stem Cells, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Preynat-Seauve
- Corresponding author: Olivier Preynat-Seauve, PATIM, 1 rue Michel Servet CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. Tel: +41223794139;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jie X, Hu H, Nie B, Zhu L, Jiang H, Liu A. Effects of miR126 Expressing Adipose-Derived Stem Cells on Fat Graft Survival and Angiogenesis. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 47:825-832. [PMID: 36075983 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-03077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat transplantation supported by supplementation with ASCs has become a reliable procedure for treating soft tissue defects. However, the unpredictable survival rates for grafted fat remains a challenge with post-transplantation ischemia causing tissue loss. MiR126, which regulates VEGF signaling, is an endothelial cell-specific miRNA known to play an essential role in angiogenesis. We hypothesized that increased miR126 expression in grafted ASCs may promote fat survival within an autologous fat transfer model. METHODS Rat adipose-derived stem cells were isolated, expanded ex vivo for three passages and then transduced with miR126. We used PCR to verify lentiviral transduction and ELISA to confirm VEGF expression. We then mixed autologous fat tissues from our rat model with transduced ASCs, augmented with a nonsense control or miR126 expression vector. These mixtures were used in the fat grafting procedure, completed via subcutaneous injection at three paravertebral points in each rat. Fat grafts were then harvested on days 4, 7, 14, and 28 post-transplant and evaluated for survival, neovascularization, and protein expression via western blot. RESULTS VEGF expression levels in ASCs, Con-ASCs, and miR126-ASCs were not significantly different. However, miR126-ASCs experienced significantly improved survival on days 7, 14, and 28 when compared with the other groups. These ASCs also presented with the greatest capillary density on days 7, 14, and 28 post-transplantation as well as increased p-ERK and p-AKT expression when compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION This data suggests that miR126 augmentation of ASCs may help to enhance the survival and angiogenic capacity of transplanted fat tissues, and that this augmentation was not dependent on VEGF but rather the activation of the ERK/AKT pathway. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Jie
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Bing Nie
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Lie Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Antang Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 85/86 Wujin Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| |
Collapse
|