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Zakaria M, Matta J, Honjol Y, Schupbach D, Mwale F, Harvey E, Merle G. Decoding Cold Therapy Mechanisms of Enhanced Bone Repair through Sensory Receptors and Molecular Pathways. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2045. [PMID: 39335558 PMCID: PMC11429201 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Applying cold to a bone injury can aid healing, though its mechanisms are complex. This study investigates how cold therapy impacts bone repair to optimize healing. Cold was applied to a rodent bone model, with the physiological responses analyzed. Vasoconstriction was mediated by an increase in the transient receptor protein channels (TRPs), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1; p = 0.012), and transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8; p < 0.001), within cortical defects, enhancing the sensory response and blood flow regulation. Cold exposure also elevated hypoxia (p < 0.01) and vascular endothelial growth factor expression (VEGF; p < 0.001), promoting angiogenesis, vital for bone regeneration. The increased expression of osteogenic proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1α; p = 0.039) and RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3; p < 0.008) suggests that the reparative processes have been stimulated. Enhanced osteoblast differentiation and the presence of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at day 5 (three-fold, p = 0.021) and 10 (two-fold, p < 0.001) were observed, along with increased osteocalcin (OCN) at day 10 (two-fold, p = 0.019), indicating the presence of mature osteoblasts capable of mineralization. These findings highlight cold therapy's multifaceted effects on bone repair, offering insights for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zakaria
- Surgical and Interventional Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada; (M.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.H.); (D.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Justin Matta
- Surgical and Interventional Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada; (M.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.H.); (D.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Yazan Honjol
- Surgical and Interventional Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada; (M.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.H.); (D.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Drew Schupbach
- Surgical and Interventional Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada; (M.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.H.); (D.S.); (E.H.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Fackson Mwale
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Lady Davies Institute Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote-St. Catherine Road, Room 602, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada;
| | - Edward Harvey
- Surgical and Interventional Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada; (M.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.H.); (D.S.); (E.H.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Geraldine Merle
- Surgical and Interventional Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada; (M.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.H.); (D.S.); (E.H.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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