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Kapsetaki SE, Cisneros LH, Maley CC. Cell-in-cell phenomena across the tree of life. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7535. [PMID: 38553457 PMCID: PMC10980697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells in obligately multicellular organisms by definition have aligned fitness interests, minimum conflict, and cannot reproduce independently. However, some cells eat other cells within the same body, sometimes called cell cannibalism. Such cell-in-cell events have not been thoroughly discussed in the framework of major transitions to multicellularity. We performed a systematic screening of 508 articles, from which we chose 115 relevant articles in a search for cell-in-cell events across the tree of life, the age of cell-in-cell-related genes, and whether cell-in-cell events are associated with normal multicellular development or cancer. Cell-in-cell events are found across the tree of life, from some unicellular to many multicellular organisms, including non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissue. Additionally, out of the 38 cell-in-cell-related genes found in the literature, 14 genes were over 2.2 billion years old, i.e., older than the common ancestor of some facultatively multicellular taxa. All of this suggests that cell-in-cell events may have originated before the origins of obligate multicellularity. Thus, our results show that cell-in-cell events exist in obligate multicellular organisms, but are not a defining feature of them. The idea of eradicating cell-in-cell events from obligate multicellular organisms as a way of treating cancer, without considering that cell-in-cell events are also part of normal development, should be abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania E Kapsetaki
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Luis H Cisneros
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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2
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Ruz-Maldonado I, Gonzalez JT, Zhang H, Sun J, Bort A, Kabir I, Kibbey RG, Suárez Y, Greif DM, Fernández-Hernando C. Heterogeneity of hepatocyte dynamics restores liver architecture after chemical, physical or viral damage. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1247. [PMID: 38341404 PMCID: PMC10858916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Midlobular hepatocytes are proposed to be the most plastic hepatic cell, providing a reservoir for hepatocyte proliferation during homeostasis and regeneration. However, other mechanisms beyond hyperplasia have been little explored and the contribution of other hepatocyte subpopulations to regeneration has been controversial. Thus, re-examining hepatocyte dynamics during regeneration is critical for cell therapy and treatment of liver diseases. Using a mouse model of hepatocyte- and non-hepatocyte- multicolor lineage tracing, we demonstrate that midlobular hepatocytes also undergo hypertrophy in response to chemical, physical, and viral insults. Our study shows that this subpopulation also combats liver impairment after infection with coronavirus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pericentral hepatocytes also expand in number and size during the repair process and Galectin-9-CD44 pathway may be critical for driving these processes. Notably, we also identified that transdifferentiation and cell fusion during regeneration after severe injury contribute to recover hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ruz-Maldonado
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology) and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - John T Gonzalez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hanming Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan Sun
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Alicia Bort
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Inamul Kabir
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Richard G Kibbey
- Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology) and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Daniel M Greif
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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3
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Jahnavi S, Garg V, Vasandan AB, SundarRaj S, Kumar A, Prasanna S J. Lineage reprogramming of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells to immune modulatory i-Heps. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 149:106256. [PMID: 35772664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell derived-hepatocytes depict fetal -hepatocyte characteristics/maturity and are immunogenic limiting their applications. Attempts have been made to derive hepatocytes from mesenchymal stem cells using developmental cocktails, epigenetic modulators and small molecules. However, achieving a stable terminally differentiated functional state had been a challenge. Inefficient hepatic differentiation could be due to lineage restrictions set during development. Hence a novel lineage reprogramming approach has been utilized to confer competence to adipose-mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) to efficiently respond to hepatogenic cues and achieve a stable functional hepatic state. Lineage reprogramming involved co-transduction of ADMSCs with hepatic endoderm pioneer Transcription factor (TF)-FOXA2, HHEX-a homeobox gene and HNF4α-master TF indispensable for hepatic state maintenance. Lineage priming was evidenced by endogenous HFN4α promoter demethylation and robust responsiveness to minimal hepatic maturation cues. Induced hepatocytes (i-Heps) exhibited mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and terminal hepatic signatures. Functional characterisation of i-Heps for hepatic drug detoxification systems, xenobiotic uptake/clearance, metabolic status and hepatotropic virus entry validated acquisition of stable hepatic state and junctional maturity Exhaustive analysis of MSC memory in i-Heps indicated loss of MSC-immunophenotype and terminal differentiation to osteogenic/adipogenic lineages. Importantly, i-Heps suppressed phytohemagglutinin-induced T-cell blasts, inhibited allogenic mixed-lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) and secreted immunomodulatory- indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in T-cell blast co-cultures akin to native ADMSCs. In a nutshell, the present study identifies a novel cocktail of TFs that reprogram ADMSCs to stable hepatic state. i-Heps exhibit adult hepatocyte functional maturity with robust immune-modulatory abilities rendering suitability for rigorous drug testing, hepatocyte-pathogen interaction studies and transplantation in allogenic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Jahnavi
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, MAHE, Bangalore, India
| | - Vaishali Garg
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, MAHE, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Swathi SundarRaj
- Principal Scientist, Stempeutics Research Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | - Anujith Kumar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, MAHE, Bangalore, India
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Extraembryonic Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Liver Diseases: A Critical Revision of Promising Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071074. [PMID: 35406638 PMCID: PMC8997603 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disorders have been increasing globally in recent years. These diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates and impose high care costs on the health system. Acute liver failure, chronic and congenital liver diseases, as well as hepatocellular carcinoma have been limitedly treated by whole organ transplantation so far. But novel treatments for liver disorders using cell-based approaches have emerged in recent years. Extra-embryonic tissues, including umbilical cord, amnion membrane, and chorion plate, contain multipotent stem cells. The pre-sent manuscript discusses potential application of extraembryonic mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, focusing on the management of liver diseases. Extra-embryonic MSC are characterized by robust and constitutive anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties, indicating as therapeutic agents for inflammatory conditions such as liver fibrosis or advanced cirrhosis, as well as chronic inflammatory settings or deranged immune responses.
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Sladky VC, Eichin F, Reiberger T, Villunger A. Polyploidy control in hepatic health and disease. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1177-1191. [PMID: 34228992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A balanced increase in DNA content (ploidy) is observed in some human cell types, including bone-resorbing osteoclasts, platelet-producing megakaryocytes, cardiomyocytes or hepatocytes. The impact of increased hepatocyte ploidy on normal physiology and diverse liver pathologies is still poorly understood. Recent findings suggest swift genetic adaptation to hepatotoxic stress and the protection from malignant transformation as beneficial effects. Herein, we discuss the molecular mechanisms regulating hepatocyte polyploidisation and its implication for different liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. We report on centrosomes' role in limiting polyploidy by activating the p53 signalling network (via the PIDDosome multiprotein complex) and we discuss the role of this pathway in liver disease. Increased hepatocyte ploidy is a hallmark of hepatic inflammation and may play a protective role against liver cancer. Our evolving understanding of hepatocyte ploidy is discussed from the perspective of its potential clinical application for risk stratification, prognosis, and novel therapeutic strategies in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina C Sladky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Felix Eichin
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), 1090 Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), 1090 Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Zhang L, Ma XJN, Fei YY, Han HT, Xu J, Cheng L, Li X. Stem cell therapy in liver regeneration: Focus on mesenchymal stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108004. [PMID: 34597754 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver has the ability to repair itself after injury; however, a variety of pathological changes in the liver can affect its ability to regenerate, and this could lead to liver failure. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a good source of cells for regenerative medicine, as they regulate liver regeneration through different mechanisms, and their efficacy has been demonstrated by many animal experiments and clinical studies. Induced pluripotent stem cells, another good source of MSCs, have also made great progress in the establishment of organoids, such as liver disease models, and in drug screening. Owing to the recent developments in MSCs and induced pluripotent stem cells, combined with emerging technologies including graphene, nano-biomaterials, and gene editing, precision medicine and individualized clinical treatment may be realized in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing-Nan Ma
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Fei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Heng-Tong Han
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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7
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Cell-Based Regeneration and Treatment of Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910276. [PMID: 34638617 PMCID: PMC8508969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver, in combination with a functional biliary system, is responsible for maintaining a great number of vital body functions. However, acute and chronic liver diseases may lead to irreversible liver damage and, ultimately, liver failure. At the moment, the best curative option for patients suffering from end-stage liver disease is liver transplantation. However, the number of donor livers required by far surpasses the supply, leading to a significant organ shortage. Cellular therapies play an increasing role in the restoration of organ function and can be integrated into organ transplantation protocols. Different types and sources of stem cells are considered for this purpose, but highly specific immune cells are also the focus of attention when developing individualized therapies. In-depth knowledge of the underlying mechanisms governing cell differentiation and engraftment is crucial for clinical implementation. Additionally, novel technologies such as ex vivo machine perfusion and recent developments in tissue engineering may hold promising potential for the implementation of cell-based therapies to restore proper organ function.
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8
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Song Y, Zhao Y, Deng Z, Zhao R, Huang Q. Stress-Induced Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells: Unique Way of Formation and Non-Negligible Characteristics. Front Oncol 2021; 11:724781. [PMID: 34527590 PMCID: PMC8435787 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.724781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy is a conserved mechanism in cell development and stress responses. Multiple stresses of treatment, including radiation and chemotherapy drugs, can induce the polyploidization of tumor cells. Through endoreplication or cell fusion, diploid tumor cells convert into giant tumor cells with single large nuclei or multiple small nucleuses. Some of the stress-induced colossal cells, which were previously thought to be senescent and have no ability to proliferate, can escape the fate of death by a special way. They can remain alive at least before producing progeny cells through asymmetric cell division, a depolyploidization way named neosis. Those large and danger cells are recognized as polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs). Such cells are under suspicion of being highly related to tumor recurrence and metastasis after treatment and can bring new targets for cancer therapy. However, differences in formation mechanisms between PGCCs and well-accepted polyploid cancer cells are largely unknown. In this review, the methods used in different studies to induce polyploid cells are summarized, and several mechanisms of polyploidization are demonstrated. Besides, we discuss some characteristics related to the poor prognosis caused by PGCCs in order to provide readers with a more comprehensive understanding of these huge cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucui Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruyi Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Cell-cell fusions and cell-in-cell phenomena in healthy cells and cancer: Lessons from protists and invertebrates. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 81:96-105. [PMID: 33713795 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we analyze two special routes of the multinucleated cells' formation - the fusion of mononuclear cells and the formation of cell-in-cell structures - in the healthy tissues and in tumorigenesis. There are many theories of tumorigenesis based on the phenomenon of emergence of the hybrid cancer cells. We consider the phenomena, which are rarely mentioned in those theories: namely, cellularization of syncytium or coenocytes, and the reversible or irreversible somatogamy. The latter includes the short-term and the long-term vegetative (somatic) cells' fusions in the life cycles of unicellular organisms. The somatogamy and multinuclearity have repeatedly and independently emerged in various groups of unicellular eukaryotes. These phenomena are among dominant survival and biodiversity sustaining strategies in protists and we admit that they can likely play an analogous role in cancer cells.
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10
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Cancer cells employ an evolutionarily conserved polyploidization program to resist therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 81:145-159. [PMID: 33276091 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Unusually large cancer cells with abnormal nuclei have been documented in the cancer literature since 1858. For more than 100 years, they have been generally disregarded as irreversibly senescent or dying cells, too morphologically misshapen and chromatin too disorganized to be functional. Cell enlargement, accompanied by whole genome doubling or more, is observed across organisms, often associated with mitigation strategies against environmental change, severe stress, or the lack of nutrients. Our comparison of the mechanisms for polyploidization in other organisms and non-transformed tissues suggest that cancer cells draw from a conserved program for their survival, utilizing whole genome doubling and pausing proliferation to survive stress. These polyaneuploid cancer cells (PACCs) are the source of therapeutic resistance, responsible for cancer recurrence and, ultimately, cancer lethality.
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Brukman NG, Uygur B, Podbilewicz B, Chernomordik LV. How cells fuse. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1436-1451. [PMID: 30936162 PMCID: PMC6504885 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brukman et al. review cell–cell fusion mechanisms, focusing on the identity of the fusogens that mediate these processes and the regulation of their activities. Cell–cell fusion remains the least understood type of membrane fusion process. However, the last few years have brought about major advances in understanding fusion between gametes, myoblasts, macrophages, trophoblasts, epithelial, cancer, and other cells in normal development and in diseases. While different cell fusion processes appear to proceed via similar membrane rearrangements, proteins that have been identified as necessary and sufficient for cell fusion (fusogens) use diverse mechanisms. Some fusions are controlled by a single fusogen; other fusions depend on several proteins that either work together throughout the fusion pathway or drive distinct stages. Furthermore, some fusions require fusogens to be present on both fusing membranes, and in other fusions, fusogens have to be on only one of the membranes. Remarkably, some of the proteins that fuse cells also sculpt single cells, repair neurons, promote scission of endocytic vesicles, and seal phagosomes. In this review, we discuss the properties and diversity of the known proteins mediating cell–cell fusion and highlight their different working mechanisms in various contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G Brukman
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Berna Uygur
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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12
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Myerson D, Parkin RK. Donor-derived hepatocytes in human hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: evidence of fusion. Virchows Arch 2018; 474:365-374. [PMID: 30539318 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-2497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution of hepatocytes by hematopoietic stem cells-a phenomenon which occurs in rodents under highly selective conditions-results from infrequent fusion between incoming myelomonocytes and host hepatocytes, with subsequent proliferation. Human hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients have been little studied, with some support for transdifferentiation (direct differentiation). We studied routinely obtained autopsy liver tissue of four female hematopoietic cell transplant recipients with male donors, using a highly specific conjoint immunohistochemistry in situ hybridization light microscopic technique. Hepatocyte nuclei were identified by cytokeratin (Cam5.2) staining and evaluated for X and Y chromosome content. Over 1.6 million hepatocytes were assessed for rare instances of donor origin, revealing a Y chromosome in 67. Mixed tetraploids (XXXY) and their nuclear truncation products (XXY, XY, Y) were directly demonstrated, with no detection of the male tetraploids (XXYY) that may result from transdifferentiation with subsequent tetraploidization, nor their unique truncation products (XYY, YY), implicating fusion as the mechanism. To determine whether it is the sole mechanism, we modeled the chromosome distribution based on the same probability of detection of each X chromosome, deriving parameters of sensitivity and female tetraploidy by best fit. We then hypothesized that the distribution of Y chromosome-containing cells could be predicted by a similar model. After modification to account for "clumpy" Y chromosomes, the observed results were in accord with the predicted results (p = 0.6). These results suggest that all the Y-containing cells, including apparent XY cells, derive from mixed tetraploids, consistent with fusion as the sole mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Myerson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Rachael K Parkin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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