Recent Progress in the Development of Disinfectants from Scallop Shell-Derived Calcium Oxide for Clinical and Daily Use

Sequential Approach for Water Purification Using Seashell-Derived Calcium Oxide through Disinfection and Flocculation with Polyphosphate for Chemical Pollutant Removal

Safe water supply is usually inadequate in areas without water treatment plants and even in a city under emergency conditions due to a disaster, even though safe water is essential for drinking and other various purposes. The purification of surface water from a river, lake, or pond requires disinfection and removal of chemical pollutants. In this study, we report a water purification strategy using seashell-derived calcium oxide (CaO) via disinfection and subsequent flocculation with polyphosphate for chemical pollutant removal. Seashell-derived CaO at a concentration (2 g L-1) higher than its saturation concentration caused the >99.999% inactivation of bacteria, mainly due to the alkalinity of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) produced by hydration. After the disinfection, the addition of sodium polyphosphate at 2 g L-1 allowed for the flocculation of CaO/Ca(OH)2 particles with adsorbing chemical pollutants, such as Congo red, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and polychlorinated biphenyls, for removing these pollutants; purified water was obtained through filtration. Although this purified water was initially highly alkaline (pH ∼ 12.5), its pH decreased into a weak alkaline region (pH ∼ 9) during exposure to ambient air by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air with the precipitating calcium carbonate. The advantages of this water purification strategy include the fact that the saturation of CaO/Ca(OH)2 potentially serves as a visual indicator of disinfection, that the flocculation by polyphosphate removes excessive CaO/Ca(OH)2 as well as chemical pollutants, and that the high pH and Ca2+ concentrations in the resulting purified water are readily decreased. Our findings suggest the usability of seashell-derived material-polymer assemblies for water purification, especially under emergency conditions due to disasters.

Biofilm Degradation by Seashell-Derived Calcium Hydroxide and Hydrogen Peroxide

Microbial cells and self-produced extracellular polymeric substances assembled to form biofilms that are difficult to remove from surfaces, causing problems in various fields. Seashell-derived calcium hydroxide, a sustainable inorganic material, has shown high bactericidal activity even for biofilms due to its alkalinity. However, its biofilm removal efficacy is relatively low. Herein, we report a biofilm degradation strategy that includes two environmentally friendly reagents: seashell-derived calcium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide. A biofilm model of Escherichia coli was prepared in vitro, treated with calcium hydroxide-hydrogen peroxide solutions, and semi-quantified by the crystal violet stain method. The treatment significantly improved biofilm removal efficacy compared with treatments by calcium hydroxide alone and hydrogen peroxide alone. The mechanism was elucidated from calcium hydroxide-hydrogen peroxide solutions, which suggested that perhydroxyl anion and hydroxyl radical generated from hydrogen peroxide, as well as the alkalinity of calcium hydroxide, enhanced biofilm degradation. This study showed that concurrent use of other reagents, such as hydrogen peroxide, is a promising strategy for improving the biofilm degradation activity of seashell-derived calcium hydroxide and will contribute to developing efficient biofilm removal methods.