1
|
Gordon CA, Shield JM, Bradbury RS, Muhi S, Page W, Judd JA, Lee R, Biggs BA, Ross K, Kurscheid J, Gray DJ, McManus DP. HTLV-I and Strongyloides in Australia: The worm lurking beneath. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 111:119-201. [PMID: 33482974 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis and HTLV-I (human T-lymphotropic virus-1) are important infections that are endemic in many countries around the world with an estimated 370 million infected with Strongyloides stercoralis alone, and 5-10 million with HTVL-I. Co-infections with these pathogens are associated with significant morbidity and can be fatal. HTLV-I infects T-cells thus causing dysregulation of the immune system which has been linked to dissemination and hyperinfection of S. stercoralis leading to bacterial sepsis which can result in death. Both of these pathogens are endemic in Australia primarily in remote communities in Queensland, the Northern Territory, and Western Australia. Other cases in Australia have occurred in immigrants and refugees, returned travellers, and Australian Defence Force personnel. HTLV-I infection is lifelong with no known cure. Strongyloidiasis is a long-term chronic disease that can remain latent for decades, as shown by infections diagnosed in prisoners of war from World War II and the Vietnam War testing positive decades after they returned from these conflicts. This review aims to shed light on concomitant infections of HTLV-I with S. stercoralis primarily in Australia but in the global context as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jennifer M Shield
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard S Bradbury
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Berwick, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Muhi
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy Page
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenni A Judd
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia; Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Rogan Lee
- Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Beverley-Ann Biggs
- Department of Medicine, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirstin Ross
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Johanna Kurscheid
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pintado Maury I, Neves D, Pereira A. Recurrent meningitis associated to Strongyloides hyperinfection. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2019; 37:683-684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
3
|
De Souza JN, Soares BNRR, Goes LL, Lima CDS, Barreto NMPV, Jacobina BS, Gonçalves N, Teixeira MCA, Galvão-Castro B, Grassi MFR, Soares NM. Case Report: Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfection in a Patient with HTLV-1: An Infection with Filariform and Rhabditiform Larvae, Eggs, and Free-Living Adult Females Output. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1583-1586. [PMID: 30277207 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is the main etiological agent of human strongyloidiasis. Severe strongyloidiasis is commonly associated to alcoholism, corticostereoid use, and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) coinfection. Herein, we report a case of a 13-year-old boy coinfected with S. stercoralis and HTLV-1, excreting several parasitic forms in the stool. The parasitological examination of his feces showed a large amount of filariform (about 3,000 larvae per gram of feces) and rhabditiform larvae (about 2,000 larvae per gram of feces). In addition, free-living adult females (about 50 parasites per gram of feces) and eggs (about 60 eggs per gram of feces) were detected. The main laboratory findings pointed to high immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels (228 UI/mL) and eosinophila (11.6%). The patient was treated with three courses of ivermectin (200 µg/kg twice, 2 weeks apart), achieving the parasitological cure. An increase of about 19 times in interleucin (IL)-17 level was observed following the parasitological cure, in addition to a decrease in the white blood cell, eosinophil counts, and IgE levels. This is the first case report, to our knowledge, in which an S. stercoralis adult free-living female was described in human feces and where an increase in IL-17 levels after Strongyloides treatment in a HTLV-1 coinfected individual was observed. This finding raises the need for further studies about IL-17 immunomodulation in S. stercoralis and HTLV-1 coinfected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luana Leandro Goes
- Laboratório de Saúde Pública (LASP), Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Beatriz Soares Jacobina
- Centro Integrativo e Multidisciplinar de Atendimento ao Portador de HTLV da, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (CHTLV/EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Noilson Gonçalves
- Centro Integrativo e Multidisciplinar de Atendimento ao Portador de HTLV da, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (CHTLV/EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo Galvão-Castro
- Centro Integrativo e Multidisciplinar de Atendimento ao Portador de HTLV da, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (CHTLV/EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Centro Integrativo e Multidisciplinar de Atendimento ao Portador de HTLV da, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (CHTLV/EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Neci Matos Soares
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schein F, Fouillet L, Lutz MF, Daguenet E, Botelho-Nevers E, Cornillon J. Recurrent Enterococcus faecalis meningitis in a patient presenting with Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome during HTLV-1-induced T-cell lymphoma. Med Mal Infect 2018; 48:428-430. [PMID: 29884325 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2018.04.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Schein
- Département d'hématologie clinique, institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, 108 bis, avenue A.-Raimond, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - L Fouillet
- Département d'hématologie clinique, institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, 108 bis, avenue A.-Raimond, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - M F Lutz
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 108, avenue Albert-Raimond, 42271 St-Priest, France
| | - E Daguenet
- Département d'hématologie clinique, institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, 108 bis, avenue A.-Raimond, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - E Botelho-Nevers
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 108, avenue Albert-Raimond, 42271 St-Priest, France
| | - J Cornillon
- Département d'hématologie clinique, institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, 108 bis, avenue A.-Raimond, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dahal S, Lederman J, Berman J, Viseroi M, Jesmajian S. A Case of Bacteremia and Meningitis Associated with Piperacillin-Tazobactam Nonsusceptible, Ceftriaxone Susceptible Escherichia coli during Strongyloides Hyperinfection in an Immunocompromised Host. Case Rep Infect Dis 2017; 2017:8634717. [PMID: 29359054 PMCID: PMC5735602 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8634717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is an emerging parasitic infection with intriguing epidemiology, presentation, and clinical management. We report a case of hyperinfection syndrome complicated by E. coli bacteremia and meningitis with one of the isolates showing a unique resistance pattern recently being recognized. This report describes the aspect of invasive bacterial infections in strongyloidiasis and highlights the unique susceptibility pattern of the E. coli isolate and the extreme caution required during the antibiotic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dahal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New Rochelle, NY 10801, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lederman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New Rochelle, NY 10801, USA
| | - Jesse Berman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New Rochelle, NY 10801, USA
| | - Marius Viseroi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New Rochelle, NY 10801, USA
| | - Stephen Jesmajian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New Rochelle, NY 10801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zammarchi L, Vellere I, Stella L, Bartalesi F, Strohmeyer M, Bartoloni A. Spectrum and burden of neglected tropical diseases observed in an infectious and tropical diseases unit in Florence, Italy (2000-2015). Intern Emerg Med 2017; 12:467-477. [PMID: 28054225 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-016-1597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of acute and chronic conditions with distinct characteristics that thrive mainly among the poorest populations, almost exclusively in tropical countries. To evaluate the relevance and impact of NTDs in a temperate area, the number and features of patients diagnosed with NTDs at the Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (ITDU), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy between 2000 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Overall 289 NTD cases were diagnosed in 283 subjects accounting for 2.4% of all patients accessing the center: 96 dengue, 62 schistosomiasis, 36 strongyloidiasis, 22 cystic echinococcosis, 19 Chagas disease, 14 leishmaniasis, 11 chikungunya, 10 cysticercosis, 6 soil-transmitted helminthiasis, 6 lymphatic filariasis, 3 trachoma, 2 onchocerciasis, and 2 leprosy. There was one fatal case of disseminated strongyloidiasis. According to the type of exposure, 145 (50.2%) NTDs were diagnosed in immigrants, 121 (41.9%) in travelers, 18 (6.3%) were autochthonous infections, while in 5 cases (1.7%), the type of exposure was unknown. The number of patients seen at the ITDU with a diagnosis of NTD increased over time (from 29 in 2000-2005 to 81 in 2006-2010, to 173 in 2011-2015). Late diagnosis and mismanagement before coming to the center were common features in several cases. Considering the increasing incidence and possible misdiagnosis of NTDs in non-endemic countries, to raise awareness about NTDs among health care providers seems to be of primary concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
- SOD Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Iacopo Vellere
- Scuola di Scienze della Salute Umana, Corso di Studio in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Stella
- Scuola di Scienze della Salute Umana, Corso di Studio in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Bartalesi
- SOD Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Marianne Strohmeyer
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
- SOD Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Castelli F, Sulis G. Migration and infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:283-289. [PMID: 28336382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases still represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality among foreign-born individuals. The rising migration flows towards Europe throughout the last few years are raising renewed concerns about management issues and the potential associated risk for the native population. AIMS To discuss the health implications and challenges related to the four phases of migration, from first arrival to stable resettlement. SOURCES Scientific literature and relevant statistical reports. CONTENT Although infectious diseases are not a health priority at first arrival, a syndromic screening to identify the most common communicable conditions (pulmonary tuberculosis above all) should be promptly conducted. Reception centres where asylum seekers are gathered after arrival may be crowded, so favouring epidemic outbreaks, sometimes caused by incomplete vaccine coverage for preventable diseases. After resettlement, the prevalence of some chronic infections such as human immunodeficiency virus, viral hepatitis or tuberculosis largely reflects the epidemiological pattern in the country of origin, with poor living conditions being an additional driver. Once resettled, migrants usually travel back to their country of origin without seeking pre-travel advice, which results in a high incidence of malaria and other infections. IMPLICATIONS Although infectious diseases among migrants are known to have a negligible impact on European epidemiology, screening programmes need to be implemented and adapted to the different stages of the migratory process to better understand the trends and set priorities for action. Appropriate access to care regardless of the legal status is crucial to improve the health status and prevent the spread of contagious conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Castelli
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy; UNESCO Chair 'Training and empowering human resources for health development in resource-limited countries', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - G Sulis
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili General Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prieto-Pérez L, Pérez-Tanoira R, Cabello-Úbeda A, Petkova-Saiz E, Górgolas-Hernández-Mora M. Geohelmintos. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 34:384-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|