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Survey of malaria vectors on the Cambodia, Thailand and China-Laos Borders. Malar J 2022; 21:399. [PMID: 36585690 PMCID: PMC9801360 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04418-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus are the major vectors of malaria transmission in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). The malaria burden in this region has decreased significantly in recent years as all GMS countries progress towards malaria elimination. It is necessary to investigate the Anopheles diversity and abundance status and assess the Plasmodium infection rates to understand the malaria transmission potential of these vector species in GMS countries to guide the development of up-to-date vector control strategies and interventions. METHODS A survey of mosquitoes was conducted in Stung Treng, Sainyabuli and Phongsaly Provinces on the Cambodia-Laos, Thailand-Laos and China-Laos borders, respectively. Mosquito collection was done by overnight trapping at sentinel sites in each province. After morphological identification, the 18S rRNA-based nested-PCR was performed to detect malaria parasites in the captured Anopheles mosquitoes. RESULTS A total of 18 965 mosquitoes comprising of 35 species of 2 subgenera (Subgenus Anopheles and Subgenus Cellia) and 4 tribes (Tribes Culicini, Aedini, Armigerini and Mansoniini) were captured. Tribe Culicini accounted for 85.66% of captures, followed by Subgenus Anopheles (8.15%). Anopheles sinensis dominated the Subgenus Anopheles by 99.81%. Plasmodium-infection was found in 25 out of the 1 683 individual or pooled samples of Anopheles. Among the 25 positive samples, 19, 5 and 1 were collected from Loum, Pangkhom and Siem Pang village, respectively. Eight Anopheles species were found infected with Plasmodium, i.e., An. sinensis, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles vagus, An. minimus, Anopheles annularis, Anopheles philippinensis, Anopheles tessellatus and An. dirus. The infection rates of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and mixture of Plasmodium parasite species were 0.12% (2/1 683), 1.31% (22/1 683) and 0.06% (1/1 683), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this survey re-confirmed that multiple Anopheles species carry malaria parasites in the international border areas of the GMS countries. Anopheles sinensis dominated the Anopheles collections and as carriers of malaria parasites, therefore may play a significant role in malaria transmission. More extensive investigations of malaria vectors are required to reveal the detailed vector biology, ecology, behaviour, and genetics in GMS regions in order to assist with the planning and implementation of improved malaria control strategies.
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Fuehrer HP, Campino S, Sutherland CJ. The primate malaria parasites Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium ovale spp.: genomic insights into distribution, dispersal and host transitions. Malar J 2022; 21:138. [PMID: 35505317 PMCID: PMC9066925 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During the twentieth century, there was an explosion in understanding of the malaria parasites infecting humans and wild primates. This was built on three main data sources: from detailed descriptive morphology, from observational histories of induced infections in captive primates, syphilis patients, prison inmates and volunteers, and from clinical and epidemiological studies in the field. All three were wholly dependent on parasitological information from blood-film microscopy, and The Primate Malarias” by Coatney and colleagues (1971) provides an overview of this knowledge available at that time. Here, 50 years on, a perspective from the third decade of the twenty-first century is presented on two pairs of primate malaria parasite species. Included is a near-exhaustive summary of the recent and current geographical distribution for each of these four species, and of the underlying molecular and genomic evidence for each. The important role of host transitions in the radiation of Plasmodium spp. is discussed, as are any implications for the desired elimination of all malaria species in human populations. Two important questions are posed, requiring further work on these often ignored taxa. Is Plasmodium brasilianum, circulating among wild simian hosts in the Americas, a distinct species from Plasmodium malariae? Can new insights into the genomic differences between Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri be linked to any important differences in parasite morphology, cell biology or clinical and epidemiological features?
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Dahal P, Khanal B, Rai K, Kattel V, Yadav S, Bhattarai NR. Challenges in Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria in a Low-Resource Country at Tertiary Care in Eastern Nepal: A Comparative Study of Conventional vs. Molecular Methodologies. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:3811318. [PMID: 34992661 PMCID: PMC8727160 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3811318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For ongoing malaria elimination programmes, available methods such as microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) cannot detect all malaria cases in acute febrile illness. These methods are entirely dependent on the course of infection, parasite load, and skilled technical resources. Our study objectives were to estimate the performance of light microscopy and a RDT as well as real-time PCR for the detection of the Plasmodium parasite. Altogether, 52 blood samples collected from patients with acute febrile illness were tested by microscopy, RDT, and real-time PCR. The results were compared in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Microscopy detected the malaria parasite in 5.8% of the blood samples whereas 13.5% were detected by the RDT and 27% by real-time PCR. Considering real-time PCR as the gold standard method, microscopy had a sensitivity of 21.4% and a specificity of 100%, and the RDT had a sensitivity of 28.6% and a specificity of 92.1%. Microscopy together with the RDT successfully detected malaria positive cases in blood samples of Ct value below 20, but both were unable to detect malaria cases between 26-40 Ct value ranges amplified by real-time PCR. Despite various diagnostic tools being available, microscopy still remains the method of choice for diagnosis, while the RDT is user-friendly when applied at the point of care. However, our preliminary results emphasize the need to implement the test with higher sensitivity and specificity in the context of a malaria elimination programme. Such programmes can be a crucial opportunity to understand the species prevalent in a low-endemic region. However, these results should be further verified with a large cohort study to document the submicroscopic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Dahal
- Department of Microbiology, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Basudha Khanal
- Department of Microbiology, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Keshav Rai
- Department of Microbiology, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Vivek Kattel
- Department of Internal Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Satish Yadav
- Department of Pediatrics, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Narayan Raj Bhattarai
- Department of Microbiology, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Sandfort M, Vantaux A, Kim S, Obadia T, Pepey A, Gardais S, Khim N, Lek D, White M, Robinson LJ, Witkowski B, Mueller I. Forest malaria in Cambodia: the occupational and spatial clustering of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection risk in a cross-sectional survey in Mondulkiri province, Cambodia. Malar J 2020; 19:413. [PMID: 33213471 PMCID: PMC7678315 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background After a marked reduction in malaria burden in Cambodia over the last decades, case numbers increased again in 2017–2018. In light of the national goal of malaria elimination by 2025, remaining pockets of high risk need to be well defined and strategies well-tailored to identify and target the persisting burden cost-effectively. This study presents species-specific prevalence estimates and risk stratification for a remote area in Cambodia. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 17 villages in the high-incidence province Mondulkiri in the dry season (December 2017 to April 2018). 4200 randomly selected participants (2–80 years old) were tested for Plasmodium infection by PCR. Risk of infection was associated with questionnaire-derived covariates and spatially stratified based on household GPS coordinates. Results The prevalence of PCR-detectable Plasmodium infection was 8.3% (349/4200) and was more than twice as high for Plasmodium vivax (6.4%, 268) than for Plasmodium falciparum (3.0%, 125, p < 0.001). 97.8% (262/268) of P. vivax and 92.8% (116/125, p < 0.05) of P. falciparum infections were neither accompanied by symptoms at the time of the interview nor detected by microscopy or RDT. Recent travels to forest sites (aOR 2.17, p < 0.01) and forest work (aOR 2.88, p < 0.001) were particularly strong risk factors and risk profiles for both species were similar. Large village-level differences in prevalence of Plasmodium infection were observed, ranging from 0.6% outside the forest to 40.4% inside. Residing in villages at the forest fringe or inside the forest compared to outside was associated with risk of infection (aOR 2.14 and 12.47, p < 0.001). Villages inside the forest formed spatial hotspots of infection despite adjustment for the other risk factors. Conclusions Persisting pockets of high malaria risk were detected in forested areas and in sub-populations engaging in forest-related activities. High levels of asymptomatic infections suggest the need of better case detection plans and the predominance of P. vivax the implementation of radical cure. In villages inside the forest, within-village exposure was indicated in addition to risk due to forest activities. Village-level stratification of targeted interventions based on forest proximity could render the elimination efforts more cost-effective and successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Sandfort
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France.
| | - Amélie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Saorin Kim
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Thomas Obadia
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Pepey
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Soazic Gardais
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nimol Khim
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dysoley Lek
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,School of Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Michael White
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Population Health & Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Population Health & Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Population Health & Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Mahale P, Warke R, Ramaiya M, Balasubramanian D, Shetty S, Mankeshwar R, Chowdhary A. Assessment of efficacy of palm polymerase chain reaction with microscopy, rapid diagnostic test and conventional polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of malaria. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37:192-197. [PMID: 31745018 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_19_169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Sensitive, specific, rapid and cost-effective technique for malaria diagnosis is need of the hour. Microscopy has been the gold standard for malaria diagnosis, but its interpersonnel variability and lack of sensitivity make it subjective test. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) has proven to be sensitive technique, but costly and time-consuming. Considering these factors, we have compared microscopy and cPCR with newly derives ultra-fast, portable PCR machine called Palm PCR. Materials and Methods Palm PCR is arranged with three heat blocks precisely made for three stages of PCR cycles with 34 min for 1100 bp Plasmodium genus outer primer to amplify and 10 min each for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax inner primers of 120 bp and 205 bp, respectively. A total of 191 suspected samples were processed and evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results The area under ROC curve analysis for Palm PCR with reference standard microscopy for P. falciparum, P. vivax and Plasmodium was 0.8969, 0.9121 and 0.9116, respectively, and with reference standard cPCR was 1.0 for all of them. ROC curve area close of suggests that Palm PCR can be as significant as cPCR in malaria diagnosis. In fact, ultra-rapid amplification with same precision makes Palm PCR better technique than cPCR. Conclusion Palm PCR is sensitive, rapid and works on battery with simple laboratory facility requirements. Portable electrophoresis and transilluminator combined with Palm PCR could be implemented as an important diagnostic tool in resource-limited and rural areas. Similar studies with wider parameters in rural areas will help us evaluate and maybe establish Palm PCR as PCR platform of choice for such specific set-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Mahale
- Department of Zoonosis, Haffkine Institute for Training, Research and Testing, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajas Warke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mira Ramaiya
- Department of Zoonosis, Haffkine Institute for Training, Research and Testing, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepa Balasubramanian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suvin Shetty
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dr. L. H. Hiranandani Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ranjit Mankeshwar
- Department of Communal Diseases, Grant Medical College, Sir J. J. Group of Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhay Chowdhary
- Department of Zoonosis, Haffkine Institute for Training, Research and Testing, Mumbai; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, D. Y. Patil University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Mfuh KO, Achonduh-Atijegbe OA, Bekindaka ON, Esemu LF, Mbakop CD, Gandhi K, Leke RGF, Taylor DW, Nerurkar VR. A comparison of thick-film microscopy, rapid diagnostic test, and polymerase chain reaction for accurate diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2019; 18:73. [PMID: 30866947 PMCID: PMC6416847 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate diagnosis of malaria is important for effective disease management and control. In Cameroon, presumptive clinical diagnosis, thick-film microscopy (TFM), and rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) are commonly used to diagnose cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, these methods lack sensitivity to detect low parasitaemia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), on the other hand, enhances the detection of sub-microscopic parasitaemia making it a much-needed tool for epidemiological surveys, mass screening, and the assessment of interventions for malaria elimination. Therefore, this study sought to determine the frequency of cases missed by traditional methods that are detected by PCR. Methods Blood samples, collected from 551 febrile Cameroonian patients between February 2014 and February 2015, were tested for P. falciparum by microscopy, RDT and PCR. The hospital records of participants were reviewed to obtain data on the clinical diagnosis made by the health care worker. Results The prevalence of malaria by microscopy, RDT and PCR was 31%, 45%, and 54%, respectively. However, of the 92% of participants diagnosed as having clinical cases of malaria by the health care worker, 38% were malaria-negative by PCR. PCR detected 23% and 12% more malaria infections than microscopy and RDT, respectively. A total of 128 (23%) individuals had sub-microscopic infections in the study population. The sensitivity of microscopy, RDT, and clinical diagnosis was 57%, 78% and 100%; the specificity was 99%, 94%, and 17%; the positive predictive values were 99%, 94%, and 59%; the negative predictive values were 66%, 78%, and 100%, respectively. Thus, 41% of the participants clinically diagnosed as having malaria had fever caused by other pathogens. Conclusions Malaria diagnostic methods, such as TFM and RDT missed 12–23% of malaria cases detected by PCR. Therefore, traditional diagnostic approaches (TFM, RDT and clinical diagnosis) are not adequate when accurate epidemiological data are needed for monitoring malaria control and elimination interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji O Mfuh
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Livo F Esemu
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Calixt D Mbakop
- National Medical Research Institute (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Krupa Gandhi
- Biostatistics Core Facility Department of Complementary & Integrative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Rose G F Leke
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Diane W Taylor
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Vivek R Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA. .,Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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Hetzel MW, Pulford J, Ura Y, Jamea-Maiasa S, Tandrapah A, Tarongka N, Lorry L, Robinson LJ, Lilley K, Makita L, Siba PM, Mueller I. Insecticide-treated nets and malaria prevalence, Papua New Guinea, 2008-2014. Bull World Health Organ 2017; 95:695-705B. [PMID: 29147042 PMCID: PMC5689189 DOI: 10.2471/blt.16.189902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate changes in malaria prevalence in Papua New Guinea after the distribution of long-lasting Insecticide-treated nets, starting in 2004, and the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy in 2011. Methods Two malaria surveys were conducted in 2010–2011 and 2013–2014. They included 77 and 92 randomly selected villages, respectively. In each village, all members of 30 randomly selected households gave blood samples and were assessed for malaria infection by light microscopy. In addition, data were obtained from a malaria survey performed in 2008–2009. Results The prevalence of malaria below 1600 m in altitude decreased from 11.1% (95% confidence interval, CI: 8.5–14.3) in 2008–2009 to 5.1% (95% CI 3.6–7.4) in 2010–2011 and 0.9% (95% CI 0.6–1.5) in 2013–2014. Prevalence decreased with altitude. Plasmodium falciparum was more common than P. vivax overall, but not everywhere, and initially the prevalence of P. vivax infection decreased more slowly than P. falciparum infection. Malaria infections were clustered in households. In contrast to findings in 2008–2009, no significant association between net use and prevalence was found in the later two surveys. The prevalence of both fever and splenomegaly also decreased but their association with malaria infection became stronger. Conclusion Large-scale insecticide-treated net distribution was associated with an unprecedented decline in malaria prevalence throughout Papua New Guinea, including epidemic-prone highland areas. The decline was accompanied by broader health benefits, such as decreased morbidity. Better clinical management of nonmalarial fever and research into residual malaria transmission are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel W Hetzel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
| | - Justin Pulford
- International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yangta Ura
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Sharon Jamea-Maiasa
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Anthony Tandrapah
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Nandao Tarongka
- Deceased, formerly, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Lina Lorry
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ken Lilley
- Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Australia
| | - Leo Makita
- National Department of Health, Waigani, Papua New Guinea
| | - Peter M Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
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Grossman T, Schwartz E, Vainer J, Agmon V, Glazer Y, Goldmann D, Marva E. Contribution of real-time PCR to Plasmodium species identification and to clinical decisions: a nationwide study in a non-endemic setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:671-675. [PMID: 27966198 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment choice for patients with malaria in Israeli hospitals is based on microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Here, we demonstrate the cumulative value of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in optimizing the treatment of malaria. Between January 2009 and December 2015, 451 samples from 357 patients were tested in our laboratory using a real-time PCR assay. Hospital laboratory results (without real-time PCR) were compared to those obtained in our laboratory. A total of 307 patients had a malaria-positive laboratory finding in the hospital. Out of those, 288 were confirmed positive and 19 negative using real-time PCR. Two negative hospital results were found to be positive by real-time PCR. More specifically, of 153 cases positive for Plasmodium falciparum by real-time PCR, only 138 (90%) had been correctly identified at the hospitals. Similarly, 66 (67%) of 99 cases positive for P. vivax, 2 (11%) of 18 cases positive for P. ovale, and 3 (30%) of 10 cases positive for P. malariae had been correctly identified. Of 10 cases of mixed infection, only one had been identified as such at the hospital. Thus, real-time PCR was required for correct identification in 81 (28%) out of 290 positive cases. In 52 (18%) of those, there was an erroneous categorization of relapsing versus non-relapsing parasites. In a nationwide study, we found that the use of real-time PCR is definitely beneficial and may change the decision regarding the choice of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grossman
- Reference Parasitology Laboratory, Central Laboratories, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - E Schwartz
- Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - J Vainer
- Reference Parasitology Laboratory, Central Laboratories, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - V Agmon
- Reference Parasitology Laboratory, Central Laboratories, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Glazer
- Epidemiological Division, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - D Goldmann
- Epidemiological Division, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E Marva
- Reference Parasitology Laboratory, Central Laboratories, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
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Siv S, Roca-Feltrer A, Vinjamuri SB, Bouth DM, Lek D, Rashid MA, By NP, Popovici J, Huy R, Menard D. Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Cambodia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:97-107. [PMID: 27708187 PMCID: PMC5201228 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cambodian National Strategic Plan for Elimination of Malaria aims to move step by step toward elimination of malaria across Cambodia with an initial focus on Plasmodium falciparum malaria before achieving elimination of all forms of malaria, including Plasmodium vivax in 2025. The emergence of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum in western Cambodia over the last decade has drawn global attention to support the ultimate goal of P. falciparum elimination, whereas the control of P. vivax lags much behind, making the 2025 target gradually less achievable unless greater attention is given to P. vivax elimination in the country. The following review presents in detail the past and current situation regarding P. vivax malaria, activities of the National Malaria Control Program, and interventional measures applied. Constraints and obstacles that can jeopardize our efforts to eliminate this parasite species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovannaroth Siv
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Seshu Babu Vinjamuri
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Denis Mey Bouth
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dysoley Lek
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Ngau Peng By
- Malaria Consortium Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jean Popovici
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia (IPC), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Didier Menard
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia (IPC), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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