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Walters HA, Welter BH, Knight EW, Villano MA, Keramati CA, Morris MT, Temesvari LA. Hypothetical proteins play a role in stage conversion, virulence, and the stress response in the Entamoeba species. Exp Parasitol 2022; 243:108410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Singh SS, Mansuri MS, Naiyer S, Kaur D, Agrahari M, Srinivasan S, Jhingan GD, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Multi-omics analysis to characterize molecular adaptation of Entamoeba histolytica during serum stress. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2200148. [PMID: 36066285 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is responsible for dysentery and extraintestinal disease in humans. To establish successful infection, it must generate adaptive response against stress due to host defense mechanisms. We have developed a robust proteomics workflow by combining miniaturized sample preparation, low flow-rate chromatography, and ultra-high sensitivity mass spectrometry, achieving increased proteome coverage, and further integrated proteomics and RNA-seq data to decipher regulation at translational and transcriptional levels. Label-free quantitative proteomics led to identification of 2344 proteins, an improvement over the maximum number identified in E. histolytica proteomic studies. In serum-starved cells, 127 proteins were differentially abundant and were associated with functions including antioxidant activity, cytoskeleton, translation, catalysis, and transport. The virulence factor, Gal/GalNAc-inhibitable lectin subunits, was significantly altered. Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic data revealed that only 30% genes were coordinately regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels. Some highly expressed transcripts did not change in protein abundance. Conversely, genes with no transcriptional change showed enhanced protein abundance, indicating post-transcriptional regulation. This multi-omics approach enables more refined gene expression analysis to understand the adaptive response of E. histolytica during growth stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Shekhar Singh
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mohammad Shahid Mansuri
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sarah Naiyer
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Devinder Kaur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mridula Agrahari
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Vproteomics, Valerian Chem Private Limited, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Alok Bhattacharya
- Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, India
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Azmi N, Othman N. Entamoeba histolytica: Proteomics Bioinformatics Reveal Predictive Functions and Protein-Protein Interactions of Differentially Abundant Membrane and Cytosolic Proteins. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11060376. [PMID: 34063994 PMCID: PMC8224062 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica and ranked second for parasitic diseases causing death after malaria. E. histolytica membrane and cytosolic proteins play important roles in the pathogenesis. Our previous study had shown several cytosolic proteins were found in the membrane fraction. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the differential abundance of membrane and cytosolic proteins in membrane versus cytosolic fractions and analyze their predicted functions and interaction. Previous LC-ESI-MS/MS data were analyzed by PERSEUS software for the differentially abundant proteins, then they were classified into their functional annotations and the protein networks were summarized using PantherDB and STRiNG, respectively. The results showed 24 (44.4%) out of the 54 proteins that increased in abundance were membrane proteins and 30 were cytosolic proteins. Meanwhile, 45 cytosolic proteins were found to decrease in abundance. Functional analysis showed differential abundance proteins involved in the molecular function, biological process, and cellular component with 18.88%, 33.04% and, 48.07%, respectively. The STRiNG server predicted that the decreased abundance proteins had more protein-protein network interactions compared to increased abundance proteins. Overall, this study has confirmed the presence of the differentially abundant membrane and cytosolic proteins and provided the predictive functions and interactions between them.
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Guillen N. Signals and signal transduction pathways in Entamoeba histolytica during the life cycle and when interacting with bacteria or human cells. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:901-915. [PMID: 33249684 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis in humans. This ameba parasite resides as a commensal in the intestine where it shares intestinal resources with the bacterial microbiome. In the intestinal ecosystem, the ameba encysts and eventually develops disease by invading the tissues. E. histolytica possesses cell surface receptors for the proper sensing of signals involved in encystation or sustaining parasite interaction with bacteria and human cells. Among those receptors are the Gal/GalNAc lectin, G protein-coupled receptors, and transmembrane kinases. In addition there are recently discovered, promising proteins, including orthologs of Toll-type receptors and β trefoil lectins. These proteins trigger a wide variety of signal transduction pathways; however, most of the players involved in the signaling pathways evoked in this parasite are unknown. This review provides an overview of amoebic receptors and their role in encystation, adherence to bacteria or human cells, as well as the reported intracellular signal transduction processes that they can trigger. This knowledge is essential for understanding the lifestyle of E. histolytica and its cytopathic effect on bacteria and human cells that are responsible for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS-ERL9195, Paris, France
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Marchat LA, Hernández-de la Cruz ON, Ramírez-Moreno E, Silva-Cázares MB, López-Camarillo C. Proteomics approaches to understand cell biology and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica protozoan parasite. J Proteomics 2020; 226:103897. [PMID: 32652218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the primitive eukaryotic parasite responsible of human amoebiasis, a disease characterized by bloody intestinal diarrhea and invasive extraintestinal illness. The knowledge of the complete genome sequence of virulent E. histolytica and related non-pathogenic species allowed the development of novel genome-wide methodological approaches including protein expression profiling and cellular proteomics in the so called post-genomic era. Proteomics studies have greatly increased our understanding of the cell biology of this ancient parasite. This review summarizes the current works concerning proteomics studies on cell biology, life cycle, virulence and pathogenesis, novel therapies, and protein expression regulation mechanisms in E. histolytica parasite. Also, we discuss the use of proteomics data for the development of novel therapies, the identification of potential disease biomarkers and differential diagnosis between species. SIGNIFICANCE: Entamoeba histolytica is the unicellular protozoan parasite responsible of human amoebiasis, a serious disease with worldwide distribution characterized by bloody intestinal diarrhea and invasive extraintestinal illness including peritonitis and liver, pulmonary and brain abscesses. The post-genomic era allowed the development of proteomic studies including protein expression profiling and cellular proteomics. These proteomics studies have greatly increased our understanding on cell biology, life cycle (cyst-trophozoite conversion), virulence, pathogenesis, novel therapies, and protein expression regulation mechanisms in E. histolytica. Importantly, proteomics has revealed the identity of proteins related to novel therapies, and the identification of potential disease biomarkers and proteins with use in diagnosis between species. Hopefully in the coming years, and through the use of more sophisticated omics tools, including deep proteomics, a more complete set of proteins involved in the aforementioned cellular processes can be obtained to understand the biology of this ancient eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A Marchat
- Programa en Biomedicina Molecular y Red de Biotecnología, ENMH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, México.
| | | | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Programa en Biomedicina Molecular y Red de Biotecnología, ENMH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, México
| | - Macrina B Silva-Cázares
- Doctorado Institucional en Ingeniería y Ciencias de Materiales, Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, CDMX, México.
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Reyes-López M, Piña-Vázquez C, Pérez-Salazar E, de la Garza M. Endocytosis, signal transduction and proteolytic cleaving of human holotransferrin in Entamoeba histolytica. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:959-967. [PMID: 32822678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a parasitic infection of the human large intestine caused by Entamoeba histolytica; this disease mainly affects people from developing countries. To survive, this primitive protozoan has a high demand for iron, and it uses host iron proteins upon invasion. Transferrin (Tf) is a plasma iron-binding protein that transports and delivers iron to all cells. Iron-loaded Tf (holoTf) in humans can support the proliferation of amoebae in vitro by binding to an amoebic TfR (EhTfR), and amoebae endocytose it inside clathrin-coated vesicles. In this study, it was found that EhTfR phosphorylation is required for human holoTf endocytosis by E. histolytica. Once this complex is endocytosed, human holoTf could be degraded with a nutritional purpose by cysteine proteases. HoloTf endocytosis initiates the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathways, which induce cell proliferation with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3 K) and Ca2+ involvement. In the first minutes after holoTf is endocytosed, several proteins are phosphorylated including transketolase, enolase, L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase and phosphoglucomutase, which control carbohydrate metabolism, and heat shock protein-70. The study of these proteins and their signal transduction pathways could be useful for developing future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Reyes-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ave. IPN 2508, Col. Zacatenco, CdMx 07360, Mexico
| | - Carolina Piña-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ave. IPN 2508, Col. Zacatenco, CdMx 07360, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Salazar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ave. IPN 2508, Col. Zacatenco, CdMx 07360, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ave. IPN 2508, Col. Zacatenco, CdMx 07360, Mexico.
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Ramírez-Toloza G, Aguilar-Guzmán L, Valck C, Ferreira VP, Ferreira A. The Interactions of Parasite Calreticulin With Initial Complement Components: Consequences in Immunity and Virulence. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1561. [PMID: 32793217 PMCID: PMC7391170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its capacity to increase a physiologic inflammatory response, to stimulate phagocytosis, to promote cell lysis and to enhance pathogen immunogenicity, the complement system is a crucial component of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, many infectious agents resist the activation of this system by expressing or secreting proteins with a role as complement regulatory, mainly inhibitory, proteins. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, a reemerging microbial ailment, possesses several virulence factors with capacity to inhibit complement at different stages of activation. T. cruzi calreticulin (TcCalr) is a highly-conserved, endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperone that the parasite translocates to the extracellular environment, where it exerts a variety of functions. Among these functions, TcCalr binds C1, MBL and ficolins, thus inhibiting the classical and lectin pathways of complement at their earliest stages of activation. Moreover, the TcCalr/C1 interaction also mediates infectivity by mimicking a strategy used by apoptotic cells for their removal. More recently, it has been determined that these Calr strategies are also used by a variety of other parasites. In addition, as reviewed elsewhere, TcCalr inhibits angiogenesis, promotes wound healing and reduces tumor growth. Complement C1 is also involved in some of these properties. Knowledge on the role of virulence factors, such as TcCalr, and their interactions with complement components in host-parasite interactions, may lead toward the description of new anti-parasite therapies and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Aguilar-Guzmán
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Valck
- Department of Immunology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Arturo Ferreira
- Department of Immunology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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