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Choi YJ, Fischer K, Méité A, Koudou BG, Fischer PU, Mitreva M. Distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in lymphatic filariasis. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105188. [PMID: 38848649 PMCID: PMC11200287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is the largest public health program based on mass drug administration (MDA). Despite decades of MDA, ongoing transmission in some countries remains a challenge. To optimise interventions, it is critical to differentiate between recrudescence and new infections. Since adult filariae are inaccessible in humans, deriving a method that relies on the offspring microfilariae (mf) is necessary. METHODS We developed a genome amplification and kinship analysis-based approach using Brugia malayi samples from gerbils, and applied it to analyse Wuchereria bancrofti mf from humans in Côte d'Ivoire. We examined the pre-treatment genetic diversity in 269 mf collected from 18 participants, and further analysed 1-year post-treatment samples of 74 mf from 4 participants. Hemizygosity of the male X-chromosome allowed for direct inference of haplotypes, facilitating robust maternal parentage inference. To enrich parasite DNA from samples contaminated with host DNA, a whole-exome capture panel was created for W. bancrofti. FINDINGS By reconstructing and temporally tracking sibling relationships across pre- and post-treatment samples, we differentiated between new and established maternal families, suggesting reinfection in one participant and recrudescence in three participants. The estimated number of reproductively active adult females ranged between 3 and 11 in the studied participants. Population structure analysis revealed genetically distinct parasites in Côte d'Ivoire compared to samples from other countries. Exome capture identified protein-coding variants with ∼95% genotype concordance rate. INTERPRETATION We have generated resources to facilitate the development of molecular genetic tools that can estimate adult worm burdens and monitor parasite populations, thus providing essential information for the successful implementation of GPELF. FUNDING This work was financially supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (https://www.gatesfoundation.org) under grant OPP1201530 (Co-PIs PUF & Gary J. Weil). B. malayi parasite material was generated with support of the Foundation for Barnes Jewish Hospital (PUF). In addition, the development of computational methods was supported by the National Institutes of Health under grants AI144161 (MM) and AI146353 (MM). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Choi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aboulaye Méité
- Programme National de la Lutte Contre la Schistosomiase, Les Geohelminthiases et la Filariose Lymphatique, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Peter U Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Supali T, Djuardi Y, Sianipar LR, Suryaningtyas NH, Alfian R, Destani Y, Iskandar E, Astuty H, Sugianto N, Fischer PU. Surveillance and Selective Treatment of Brugia malayi Filariasis Eleven Years after Stopping Mass Drug Administration in Belitung District, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:111-116. [PMID: 38011734 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brugia malayi is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Indonesia. Zoophilic B. malayi was endemic in Belitung district, and mass drug administration (MDA) with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole ceased after five annual rounds in 2010. The district passed three transmission assessment surveys (TAS) between 2011 and 2016. As part of the post-TAS3 surveillance of the national LF elimination program, we collected night blood samples for microfilaria (Mf) detection from 1,911 subjects more than 5 years of age in seven villages. A B. malayi Mf prevalence ranging from 1.7% to 5.9% was detected in five villages. Only 2 (5%) of the total 40 Mf-positive subjects were adolescents aged 18 and 19 years old, and 38 (95%) Mf-positive subjects were 21 years and older. Microfilarial densities in infected individuals were mostly low, with 60% of the subjects having Mf densities between 16 and 160 Mf/mL. Triple-drug treatment with ivermectin, DEC, and albendazole (IDA) was given to 36 eligible Mf-positive subjects. Adverse events were mostly mild, and treatment was well tolerated. One year later, 35 of the treated Mf-positive subjects were reexamined, and 33 (94%) had cleared all Mf, while the anti-Bm14 antibody prevalence remained almost unchanged. Results indicate that in B. malayi-endemic areas, post-TAS3 surveillance for Mf in the community may be needed to detect a potential parasite reservoir in adults. Selective treatment with IDA is highly effective in clearing B. malayi Mf and should be used to increase the prospects for LF elimination if MDA is reintroduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniawati Supali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yenny Djuardi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lita Renata Sianipar
- Directorate of Communicable Disease, Prevention, and Control, Indonesia Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nungki Hapsari Suryaningtyas
- Baturaja Unit for Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, South Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Alfian
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yossi Destani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elisa Iskandar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hendri Astuty
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Noviani Sugianto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Peter U Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Choi YJ, Fischer K, Méité A, Koudou BG, Fischer PU, Mitreva M. Distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in lymphatic filariasis: a genomics-based approach for monitoring worm burden. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.05.23297155. [PMID: 37986785 PMCID: PMC10659506 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.05.23297155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Background The Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis is the largest public health program based on mass drug administration (MDA). Despite decades of MDA, ongoing transmission in some countries remains a challenge. To optimize interventions, it is essential to differentiate between recrudescence (poor drug response and persistent infection) and new infections (ongoing transmission). Since adult filariae are inaccessible in humans, an approach that relies on genotyping the offspring microfilariae (mf) is required. Methods We utilized Brugia malayi adults and mf obtained from gerbils with a known pedigree to develop and validate our whole-genome amplification and kinship analysis approach. We then sequenced the genomes of Wuchereria bancrofti mf from infected humans from Côte d'Ivoire (CDI), characterized the population genetic diversity, and made inferences about the adult breeders. We developed a whole-exome capture panel for W. bancrofti to enrich parasite nuclear DNA from lower-quality samples contaminated with host DNA. Results We established a robust analysis pipeline using B. malayi adult and mf. We estimated the pre-treatment genetic diversity in W. bancrofti from 269 mf collected from 18 individuals, and further analyzed 1-year post-treatment samples of 74 mf from 4 individuals. By reconstructing and temporally tracking sibling relationships across pre- and post-treatment samples, we differentiated between new and established maternal families, suggesting reinfection in one subject and recrudescence in three subjects. Estimated reproductively active adult females ranged between 3 and 9 in the studied subjects. Hemizygosity of the male X-chromosome allowed for direct inference of haplotypes, facilitating robust maternal parentage inference, even when the genetic diversity was low. Population structure analysis revealed genetically distinct parasites among our CDI samples. Sequence composition and variant analysis of whole-exome libraries showed that the hybridization capture approach can effectively enrich parasite nuclear DNA and identify protein-coding variants with ∼95% genotype concordance rate. Conclusions We have generated resources to facilitate development of field-deployable genotyping tools that can estimate worm burdens and monitor parasite populations. These tools are essential for the success of lymphatic filariasis MDA programs. With further expansion of the databases to include geographically diverse samples, we will be able to spatially track parasite movement associated with host/vector migration.
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Williams T, Karim MJ, Uddin S, Jahan S, Asm SM, Forbes SP, Hooper A, Taylor MJ, Kelly-Hope LA. Socio-economic and environmental factors associated with high lymphatic filariasis morbidity prevalence distribution in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011457. [PMID: 37432968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a vector-borne parasitic disease which affects 70 million people worldwide and causes life-long disabilities. In Bangladesh, there are an estimated 44,000 people suffering from clinical conditions such as lymphoedema and hydrocoele, with the greatest burden in the northern Rangpur division. To better understand the factors associated with this distribution, this study examined socio-economic and environmental factors at division, district, and sub-district levels. METHODOLOGY A retrospective ecological study was conducted using key socio-economic (nutrition, poverty, employment, education, house infrastructure) and environmental (temperature, precipitation, elevation, waterway) factors. Characteristics at division level were summarised. Bivariate analysis using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was conducted at district and sub-district levels, and negative binomial regression analyses were conducted across high endemic sub-districts (n = 132). Maps were produced of high endemic sub-districts to visually illustrate the socio-economic and environmental factors found to be significant. RESULTS The highest proportion of rural population (86.8%), poverty (42.0%), tube well water (85.4%), and primary employment in agriculture (67.7%) was found in Rangpur division. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient at district and sub-district level show that LF morbidity prevalence was significantly (p<0.05) positively correlated with households without electricity (district rs = 0.818; sub-district rs = 0.559), households with tube well water (sub-district rs = 0.291), households without toilet (district rs = 0.504; sub-district rs = 0.40), mean annual precipitation (district rs = 0.695; sub-district rs = 0.503), mean precipitation of wettest quarter (district rs = 0.707; sub-district rs = 0.528), and significantly negatively correlated with severely stunted children (district rs = -0.723; sub-district rs = -0.370), mean annual temperature (district rs = -0.633.; sub-district rs = 0.353) and mean temperature (wettest quarter) ((district rs = -0.598; sub-district rs = 0.316) Negative binomial regression analyses at sub-district level found severely stunted children (p = <0.001), rural population (p = 0.002), poverty headcount (p = 0.001), primary employment in agriculture (p = 0.018), households without toilet (p = <0.001), households without electricity (p = 0.002) and mean temperature (wettest quarter) (p = 0.045) to be significant. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the value of using available data to identify key drivers associated with high LF morbidity prevalence, which may help national LF programmes better identify populations at risk and implement timely and targeted public health messages and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Williams
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Jahirul Karim
- Filariasis Elimination and STH Control Programme, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shihab Uddin
- Pedodontics Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Jahan
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (CIPRB)
| | - Sultan Mahmood Asm
- Filariasis Elimination and STH Control Programme, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shaun P Forbes
- Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Anna Hooper
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Kelly-Hope
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Weiss PS, Michael E, Richards FO. Simulating a Transmission Assessment Survey: An evaluation of current methods used in determining the elimination of the neglected tropical disease, Lymphatic Filariasis. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 102:422-428. [PMID: 33130207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends Transmission Assessment Surveys (TAS) to determine when an evaluation unit (EU) (a designated population survey area) has achieved elimination of transmission of the vector-borne macroparasitic disease Lymphatic Filariasis (LF). These determinations are based on combining data from multiple survey units within an EU; it is unclear how underlying cluster-level variation influences the outcome of the TAS at EU level. We simulate LF infection distribution in an EU and compare three methods for assessing whether LF elimination has occurred based on currently recommended decision thresholds and sampling methods. METHODS We simulate an EU divided into clusters of varying size and disease prevalence. We produce 1000 samples according to LF TAS examples and WHO guidelines and compare three decision-making approaches: lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) (recommended by WHO), one-sided interval estimate (CI), and nth order statistic (MAX). Summary statistics demonstrating the "pass" rate for the EU under different disease transmission conditions are generated using a versatile SAS® macro. RESULTS As the prevalence of LF decreases, the LQAS and CI approaches produce increased likelihood of a pass outcome for an EU while some cluster units may still have a high likelihood of transmission. The MAX provides an alternative that increases the likelihood of determining a pass only once the whole area has a low likelihood of transmission. LQAS and CI approaches designed to estimate the LF prevalence in the EU miss hotspots that will continue to transmit infection while the MAX approach focuses on identifying clusters with high risk of transmission. CONCLUSIONS The current TAS methodology has a flaw that may result in false predictions of LF transmission interruption throughout an EU. Modifying the TAS methodology to address results from extreme clusters rather than being based on mean prevalence over an EU will result in greater success for global elimination of LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Weiss
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Edwin Michael
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Burgert-Brucker CR, Zoerhoff KL, Headland M, Shoemaker EA, Stelmach R, Karim MJ, Batcho W, Bougouma C, Bougma R, Benjamin Didier B, Georges N, Marfo B, Lemoine JF, Pangaribuan HU, Wijayanti E, Coulibaly YI, Doumbia SS, Rimal P, Salissou AB, Bah Y, Mwingira U, Nshala A, Muheki E, Shott J, Yevstigneyeva V, Ndayishimye E, Baker M, Kraemer J, Brady M. Risk factors associated with failing pre-transmission assessment surveys (pre-TAS) in lymphatic filariasis elimination programs: Results of a multi-country analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008301. [PMID: 32479495 PMCID: PMC7289444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem requires a minimum of five effective rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) and demonstrating low prevalence in subsequent assessments. The first assessments recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are sentinel and spot-check sites-referred to as pre-transmission assessment surveys (pre-TAS)-in each implementation unit after MDA. If pre-TAS shows that prevalence in each site has been lowered to less than 1% microfilaremia or less than 2% antigenemia, the implementation unit conducts a TAS to determine whether MDA can be stopped. Failure to pass pre-TAS means that further rounds of MDA are required. This study aims to understand factors influencing pre-TAS results using existing programmatic data from 554 implementation units, of which 74 (13%) failed, in 13 countries. Secondary data analysis was completed using existing data from Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Haiti, Indonesia, Mali, Nepal, Niger, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. Additional covariate data were obtained from spatial raster data sets. Bivariate analysis and multilinear regression were performed to establish potential relationships between variables and the pre-TAS result. Higher baseline prevalence and lower elevation were significant in the regression model. Variables statistically significantly associated with failure (p-value ≤0.05) in the bivariate analyses included baseline prevalence at or above 5% or 10%, use of Filariasis Test Strips (FTS), primary vector of Culex, treatment with diethylcarbamazine-albendazole, higher elevation, higher population density, higher enhanced vegetation index (EVI), higher annual rainfall, and 6 or more rounds of MDA. This paper reports for the first time factors associated with pre-TAS results from a multi-country analysis. This information can help countries more effectively forecast program activities, such as the potential need for more rounds of MDA, and prioritize resources to ensure adequate coverage of all persons in areas at highest risk of failing pre-TAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn L. Zoerhoff
- Global Health Division, RTI International, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Maureen Headland
- Global Health Division, RTI International, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Global Health, Population, and Nutrition, FHI 360, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Shoemaker
- Global Health Division, RTI International, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rachel Stelmach
- Global Health Division, RTI International, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Wilfrid Batcho
- National Control Program of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Clarisse Bougouma
- Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Roland Bougma
- Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Biholong Benjamin Didier
- National Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis Control Program, Ministry of Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Nko'Ayissi Georges
- National Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis Control Program, Ministry of Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin Marfo
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Eksi Wijayanti
- National Institute Health Research & Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly
- Filariasis Unit, International Center of Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Salif Seriba Doumbia
- Filariasis Unit, International Center of Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Pradip Rimal
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Service, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Yukaba Bah
- National Neglected Tropical Disease Program, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Upendo Mwingira
- Neglected Tropical Disease Control Programme, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Andreas Nshala
- IMA World Health/Tanzania NTD Control Programme, Uppsala University, & TIBA Fellow, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Edridah Muheki
- Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Shott
- Division of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Office of Infectious Diseases, Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Violetta Yevstigneyeva
- Division of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Office of Infectious Diseases, Bureau for Global Health, USAID, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Egide Ndayishimye
- Global Health, Population, and Nutrition, FHI 360, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Margaret Baker
- Global Health Division, RTI International, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - John Kraemer
- Global Health Division, RTI International, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Molly Brady
- Global Health Division, RTI International, Washington, DC, United States of America
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