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Montaner-Angoiti E, Llobat L. Is leishmaniasis the new emerging zoonosis in the world? Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1777-1799. [PMID: 37438495 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is a genus of parasitic protozoa that causes a disease called leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female sandflies. There are several different species of Leishmania that can cause various forms of the disease, and the symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on species of Leishmania involved and the immune response of the host. Leishmania parasites have a variety of reservoirs, including humans, domestic animals, horses, rodents, wild animals, birds, and reptiles. Leishmaniasis is endemic of 90 countries, mainly in South American, East and West Africa, Mediterranean region, Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia. In recent years, cases have been detected in other countries, and it is already an infection present throughout the world. The increase in temperatures due to climate change makes it possible for sandflies to appear in countries with traditionally colder regions, and the easy movement of people and animals today, facilitate the appearance of Leishmania species in new countries. These data mean that leishmaniasis will probably become an emerging zoonosis and a public health problem in the coming years, which we must consider controlling it from a One Health point of view. This review summarizes the prevalence of Leishmania spp. around the world and the current knowledge regarding the animals that could be reservoirs of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Montaner-Angoiti
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lola Llobat
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Sobotyk C, Baldissera FG, Rodrigues Junior LC, Romão PRT, de Oliveira JS, Dornelles GL, de Andrade CM, Maciel RM, Danesi CC, de Padua Ferreira RV, Bellini MH, de Avila Botton S, Vogel FSF, Sangioni LA. Zinc and Manganese Imbalances in BALB/c Mice Experimentally Infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Acta Parasitol 2023:10.1007/s11686-023-00666-1. [PMID: 36884141 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical progression of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection depends on multiple factors, including immunological status of the host and their genotypic interaction. Several immunological processes depend directly on minerals for an efficient performance. Therefore, this study used an experimental model to investigate the alterations of trace metals in L. amazonensis infection associate with clinical outcome, parasite load, and histopathological lesions, and the effect of CD4 + T cells depletion on these parameters. METHODS A total of 28 BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups: 1-non-infected; 2-treated with anti-CD4 antibody; 3-infected with L. amazonensis; and 4-treated with anti-CD4 antibody and infected with L. amazonensis. After 24 weeks post-infection, levels of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), Cu, and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy using tissue samples of the spleen, liver, and kidneys. Additionally, parasite burdens were determined in the infected footpad (inoculation site) and samples of inguinal lymph node, spleen, liver, and kidneys were submitted to histopathological analysis. RESULTS Despite no significant difference was observed between groups 3 and 4, L. amazonensis-infected mice had a significant reduction of Zn (65.68-68.32%) and Mn (65.98 to 82.17%) levels. Presence of L. amazonensis amastigotes was also detected in the inguinal lymph node, spleen, and liver samples in all infected animals. CONCLUSION The results showed that significant alterations in micro-elements levels occur in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with L. amazonensis and may increase the susceptibility of individuals to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sobotyk
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, PPGMV, UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Giesel Baldissera
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Rodrigues Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sorraila de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Dornelles
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Marinho Maciel
- Departamento de Patologia, UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Vicente de Padua Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular do Câncer, Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Bellini
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular do Câncer, Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, PPGMV, UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, PPGMV, UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Luis Antonio Sangioni
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, PPGMV, UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
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Garay AFG, Fraenkel S, Diaz JJAR, Recalde ODS, Gómez MCV, Riquelme JAM, Arze PV, Centurión GNR, Britos M, Rolón M. Sensitivity comparison for the Leishmania spp. detection in different canine tissues using PCR-HRM. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:S0037-86822022000100341. [PMID: 36542012 PMCID: PMC9757722 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0069-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by a parasite protozoon from the genus Leishmania. Among the molecular techniques applied for detecting these parasites, real-time PCR with High Resolution Melting (PCR-HRM) proved advantageous since it simultaneously determines both the presence and species of the pathogen in one step, through amplification and later analysis of curves generated by melting temperature. METHODS Based on this molecular technique, the goal of this study was to estimate the PCR-HRM sensitivity for Leishmania spp. detection in different canine tissues by evaluating biological samples obtained from popliteal, submandibular, and pre-scapular lymph nodes, from bone marrow and ear pinnae of 28 stray dogs captured in the metropolitan area of Asunción (Paraguay). RESULTS The rk39 immunochromatographic test showed that 25/28 tested dogs (89%) presented antibodies against L. infantum. In 20/25 dogs that tested positive for rk39 (80%), it was possible to detect Leishmania spp. by PCR-HRM and determine that the species corresponded entirely to L. infantum. Regarding the analysis of different tissues, the parasite was detected in all popliteal lymph node samples, followed by high detection in submandibular (at 95%) and pre-scapular lymph nodes (at 90%), bone marrow (at 85%), and ear pinnae (at 85%). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the use of real-time PCR-HRM using the molecular marker hsp70 was a highly sensitive method for simultaneously detecting and identifying Leishmania species in different tissues taken from infected dogs. In addition, the usefulness of ear pinnae as easily accessible tissue for molecular diagnosis was emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Fraenkel
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción, Central, Paraguay
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Arístides Miret Riquelme
- Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, Programa Nacional de Control de Zoonosis y Centro Antirrábico Nacional, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay., Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Medicina Tropical, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Paola Verónica Arze
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción, Central, Paraguay
| | | | - Milena Britos
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción, Central, Paraguay
| | - Miriam Rolón
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción, Central, Paraguay
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Molecular evidence of Leishmania spp. in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) from The Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Veracruz, Mexico. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:295-302. [PMID: 34623556 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) is a platyrrhine primate distributed in southern Mexico, Central America, and part of South America. Two subspecies inhabit Mexico: Ateles geoffroyi vellerosus and Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis, both threatened with extinction. Serological evidence of exposure of spider monkeys to various groups of parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi in México and Leishmania spp. in Brazil has been reported. The genus Leishmania encompasses about 23 species of flagellate protozoa that are transmitted by the bite of females of Phlebotominae sand flies. These parasites cause a zoonotic disease called leishmaniasis, which generates skin, mucocutaneous and/or visceral manifestations. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the presence of Leishmania sp. in spider monkeys from the Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Veracruz, Mexico. Blood samples from 10 free- ranging specimens of A. geoffroyi yucatanensis and 11 specimens in captivity of A. geoffroyi vellerosus were collected and used. The samples were subjected to a conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction test for the identification of a 116 bp fragment of a region from the kinetoplast minicircle of the parasite. Our analyzes showed that 71.4% of the sampled animals had fragment sizes compatible with Leishmania spp. The implications involve the survival of the specimens and the possibility that these primates act as sentinels of the disease. Furthermore, it is the first report suggesting the presence of Leishmania spp. in A. geoffroyi vellerosus and A. geoffroyi yucatanensis in Veracruz, Mexico.
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Ghafari SM, Fotouhi-Ardakani R, Parvizi P. Designing and developing a high-resolution melting technique for accurate identification of Leishmania species by targeting amino acid permease 3 and cytochrome oxidase II genes using real-time PCR and in silico genetic evaluation. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105626. [PMID: 32652055 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination, accurate identification, and reliable techniques are required for accurate identification of Leishmania parasites. High-resolution melting (HRM) is recognized as an authentic and exact method. The main objective of this research was optimizing HRM analysis for detecting and screening Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica and mix infections. Thirty-six DNA samples of Leishmania parasite were prepared and analyzed. Two gene regions of amino acid permease 3 (AAP3) and cytochrome oxidase II (COII) were targeted and six pairs of specific new primers were designed. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to predict DNA temperature resolution for each species and compared with in-vitro results. The genetic diversity of the selected gene regions was analyzed using PCR-sequencing method and DnaSP 5.10.01 software. They were submitted in GenBank (KU680818- KU680821 and KY041643- KY041649). The haplotype diversity for both AAP3 and COII genes was 96% and 87%, respectively. Tajima's D index was 0.65 for AAP3 and 0.36 for COII. CLC Genomics Workbench 11 software predictions were significant and close to these findings. The designed primers could be able to identify at least two Leishmania species. Temperature variations in HRM technique separated Iranian Leishmania parasites of L. major, L. tropica and mix infections. The target genes and our modified HRM method proved this technique could be useful in both clinical and experimental settings. Also, it can be effective for detecting Leishmania parasites in different hosts such as humans, reservoir hosts and vectors. Indeed, HRM can be used as a technique in Leishmania identification as well as for ecological and epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Maryam Ghafari
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Fotouhi-Ardakani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Molecular identification of Leishmania in free-ranging black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105534. [PMID: 32450135 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitological surveys of non-human primates provides an important opportunity to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics and emergence risk of anthropozoonoses such as leishmaniasis, which affect human populations in several regions accross South America. Our study area, in northeastern Argentina, can be considered a southern marginal region for the presence of leishmaniases and includes the habitat of black and gold howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya. To evaluate if A. caraya serve as potential hosts in the Leishmania cycle, we used molecular methods to examine infection by Leishmania spp. in 109 howler monkeys of different ages captured between July and August 2010. External ear tissue samples were subjected to PCR amplification for the Leishmania ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) and a RFLP assay with the Hae III restriction enzyme, and finally confirmed by sequencing. Nine howler monkeys (8.3%) were infected with Le. braziliensis (2.8%), Le. amazonensis (2.8%) and/or Le. infantum (3.7%). The results also suggest a case of co-infection between Le. braziliensis and Le. amazonensis. Further, we report the first observation of Le. amazonensis in the northeastern region of Argentina. The detection of Leishmania spp. in free-ranging howler monkeys gives rise to questions about the actual prevalence of the parasite in the wild, as well as if the number of infected wild monkeys detected may present a risk of leishmaniasis emergence in surronding human populations. Anyway, the presence of Leishmania spp. in A. caraya suggests the possible importance of these monkeys in the sylvatic and periurban transmission.
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Differentiation of Leishmania ( L.) infantum, Leishmania ( L.) amazonensis and Leishmania ( L.) mexicana Using Sequential qPCR Assays and High-Resolution Melt Analysis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060818. [PMID: 32486117 PMCID: PMC7355826 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania protozoa are the etiological agents of visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In specific geographical regions, such as Latin America, several Leishmania species are endemic and simultaneously present; therefore, a diagnostic method for species discrimination is warranted. In this attempt, many qPCR-based assays have been developed. Recently, we have shown that L. (L.) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis can be distinguished through the comparison of the Cq values from two qPCR assays (qPCR-ML and qPCR-ama), designed to amplify kDNA minicircle subclasses more represented in L. (L.) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis, respectively. This paper describes the application of this approach to L. (L.) mexicana and introduces a new qPCR-ITS1 assay followed by high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis to differentiate this species from L. (L.) amazonensis. We show that L. (L.) mexicana can be distinguished from L. (L.) infantum using the same approach we had previously validated for L. (L.) amazonensis. Moreover, it was also possible to reliably discriminate L. (L.) mexicana from L. (L.) amazonensis by using qPCR-ITS1 followed by an HRM analysis. Therefore, a diagnostic algorithm based on sequential qPCR assays coupled with HRM analysis was established to identify/differentiate L. (L.) infantum, L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (L.) mexicana and Viannia subgenus. These findings update and extend previous data published by our research group, providing an additional diagnostic tool in endemic areas with co-existing species.
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