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Murugan Y, Patel N, Kumar V, Gandhi R. Mental Health Impacts of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Patients and Household Contacts: A Mixed Methods Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e60412. [PMID: 38883116 PMCID: PMC11179742 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients experience disproportionately worse mental health, with implications for adherence, outcomes, and families. Comprehensive assessments of comorbid depression/anxiety and related factors remain limited. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the prevalence, predictors, and qualitative experiences of depression and anxiety in MDR-TB patients and household contacts. METHODS A sequential explanatory mixed methods study was conducted in Gujarat, India, with 403 smear-positive MDR-TB patients and 403 contacts. The quantitative phase administered structured questionnaires on sociodemographic factors, clinical history, depression/anxiety symptoms, and psychosocial stressors (like stigma and social support). Logistic regression models were used. The qualitative phase included in-depth interviews with 30 purposively sampled patients for thematic content analysis. Results were integrated to contextualize quantitative findings. RESULTS High rates of depression (37.5%, n = 151) and anxiety (45.2%, n = 182) were documented among the MDR-TB patients, significantly greater than household contacts (20.1%, n = 81 and 25.1%, n = 101, respectively). For depression, older age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.03, 95% CI 1.01-4.05), female gender (AOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-6.0), divorced/widowed status (AOR 3.8, 95% CI 1.1-8.0), financial constraints, substance abuse (AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7), greater disease severity (AOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.2), medication side effects (AOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.6), and perceived stigma (AOR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1-5.3) emerged as significant risk factors. For anxiety, significant predictors were less social support (AOR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.86), higher perceived stigma (AOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-6.3), greater disease severity (AOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-4.0), and more medication side effects (AOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.1-5.5). Prominent themes included psychological impacts like depression and anxiety, experiences of stigma and caretaking challenges, and recommendations for comprehensive patient support services. CONCLUSION MDR-TB patients experience a substantially higher dual disease burden of depression and anxiety, elevating the risk for adverse outcomes and transmission. Improving psychosocial support is vital to patient-centric care pathways for vulnerable groups. Mixed methods provide comprehensive evidence to inform integrated physical and mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Murugan
- Family Medicine, Guru Gobind Singh Government Hospital, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Nirmalkumar Patel
- Preventive Medicine, Guru Gobind Singh Government Hospital, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Preventive Medicine, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Rohankumar Gandhi
- Community and Family Medicine, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND
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Naidoo K, Perumal R, Cox H, Mathema B, Loveday M, Ismail N, Omar SV, Georghiou SB, Daftary A, O'Donnell M, Ndjeka N. The epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis-lessons from the South African experience. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024:S1473-3099(24)00144-0. [PMID: 38527475 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) threatens to derail tuberculosis control efforts, particularly in Africa where the disease remains out of control. The dogma that DR-TB epidemics are fueled by unchecked rates of acquired resistance in inadequately treated or non-adherent individuals is no longer valid in most high DR-TB burden settings, where community transmission is now widespread. A large burden of DR-TB in Africa remains undiagnosed due to inadequate access to diagnostic tools that simultaneously detect tuberculosis and screen for resistance. Furthermore, acquisition of drug resistance to new and repurposed drugs, for which diagnostic solutions are not yet available, presents a major challenge for the implementation of novel, all-oral, shortened (6-9 months) treatment. Structural challenges including poverty, stigma, and social distress disrupt engagement in care, promote poor treatment outcomes, and reduce the quality of life for people with DR-TB. We reflect on the lessons learnt from the South African experience in implementing state-of-the-art advances in diagnostic solutions, deploying recent innovations in pharmacotherapeutic approaches for rapid cure, understanding local transmission dynamics and implementing interventions to curtail DR-TB transmission, and in mitigating the catastrophic socioeconomic costs of DR-TB. We also highlight globally relevant and locally responsive research priorities for achieving DR-TB control in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kogieleum Naidoo
- SAMRC-CAPRISA HIV/TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Rubeshan Perumal
- SAMRC-CAPRISA HIV/TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Helen Cox
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barun Mathema
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Marian Loveday
- South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nazir Ismail
- School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shaheed Vally Omar
- Centre for Tuberculosis, National & WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Amrita Daftary
- SAMRC-CAPRISA HIV/TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Global Health and Dahdaleh Institute of Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Max O'Donnell
- SAMRC-CAPRISA HIV/TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Norbert Ndjeka
- TB Control and Management, Republic of South Africa National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
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Sekandi JN, Quach T, Olum R, Nakkonde D, Farist L, Obiekwe R, Zalwango S, Buregyeya E. Stigma and Associated Sex Disparities Among Patients with Tuberculosis in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3794900. [PMID: 38260614 PMCID: PMC10802719 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3794900/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious agent globally. Stigma associated with TB encompassing self-, anticipated-, and public-stigma has significant negative effects on treatment adherence. In Uganda, limited data exist on the prevalence of stigma and its relationship with sex among patients with TB. We evaluate prevalence of three types of stigma and their relationship with the sex of patients undergoing TB treatment. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2020 to March 2021 at selected TB clinics in Kampala, Uganda. Eligible participants were aged 18-65 with confirmed TB and starting their prescribed treatment. We collected data on socio-demographics and used 13 items to capture the self-, anticipated-, and public-stigma from which we composed the dependent variables. The primary independent variable was sex. We employed multivariable logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association between sex and the three stigma types. Additionally, we considered potential confounders such as age, HIV, and employment status. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. Results In this study we enrolled 144 participants with a mean age of 35.8 years (standard deviation = 12). Half of the participants (50%, n=72) were female, 44% had a secondary education, 37.5% were unemployed, and 32.6% were co-infected with HIV. The prevalence of self-stigma was 71.1%, anticipated stigma was 75.7%, and public stigma was 41.7%. Significant factors were associated with self-stigma were female sex (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.35 95% CI: 1.02-5.74) and unemployment (AOR: 2.95 95% CI: 1.16-8.58). HIV-positive status was significantly associated with anticipated stigma (AOR: 3.58 95% CI: 1.38-11.23). However, none of the variables we evaluated showed a significant association with public stigma. Conclusions Our study showed a high prevalence of self, anticipated and public stigma among TB patients. Notably, females and unemployed individuals were at a higher risk of self-stigma, while those with HIV/AIDS and TB were more likely to report anticipated stigma. To combat stigma effectively, interventions should be tailored to cater to sex-specific needs and persons living with HIV. Future research should delve further in determinants of TB-related stigma in high-burden settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet N Sekandi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Trang Quach
- Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ronald Olum
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Leila Farist
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Rochelle Obiekwe
- Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Zalwango
- Kampala Capital City Authority, Department of Public Health Service and Environment, Kampala, Uganda
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Chiang SS, Zeng C, Roman-Sinche B, Altamirano E, Beckhorn CB, Leon-Ostos K, Espinoza-Meza R, Lecca L, Franke MF. Adaptation and validation of a TB stigma scale for adolescents in Lima, Peru. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023; 27:754-760. [PMID: 37749835 PMCID: PMC10519385 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.23.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: TB-related stigma contributes to poor clinical outcomes and reduced wellbeing for affected individuals. Adolescents may be particularly susceptible to TB-related stigma due to their heightened sensitivity to peer acceptance, yet few studies have evaluated TB-related stigma in this group. Without a validated scale, it remains challenging to measure TB-related stigma in adolescents.METHODS: We adapted and validated the Van Rie TB Stigma Scale (VTSS) for adolescents on treatment for rifampicin-susceptible TB in Lima, Peru. The modified stigma scale was administered within a larger survey, which measured other psychosocial factors, including depression, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and social support. Data analysis included factor analysis, internal consistency, and convergent validity.RESULTS: From October 2020 to September 2021, 249 adolescents (individuals aged 10-19 years) completed the survey. Preliminary confirmatory factor analysis led to removal of two items. The final 10-item scale demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.82) and adequate model fit (χ²/df = 2.0; root mean square error of approximation: 0.06; comparative fit index: 0.94; Tucker-Lewis Index: 0.92: standardized root mean square residual: 0.05). Stigma was positively correlated with ACEs (γ = 0.13), depression (γ = 0.39), and suicidal ideation (γ = 0.27), and negatively correlated with social support (γ = -0.19).CONCLUSION: This adolescent TB stigma scale may serve as a practical tool to measure TB-related stigma and evaluate the impact of stigma-reduction interventions in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Chiang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - C Zeng
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - L Lecca
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Socios En Salud - Sucursal Perú, Lima, Perú
| | - M F Franke
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Taylor HA, Dowdy DW, Searle AR, Stennett AL, Dukhanin V, Zwerling AA, Merritt MW. Disadvantage and the Experience of Treatment for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). SSM. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN HEALTH 2022; 2:100042. [PMID: 35252955 PMCID: PMC8896740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Taylor
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - David W Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA
| | - Alexandra R Searle
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA
| | - Andrea L Stennett
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA
| | - Vadim Dukhanin
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Alice A Zwerling
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand, Ottawa ON K1G 5Z3 Canada
| | - Maria W Merritt
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics; and Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA
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Crea TM, Collier KM, Klein EK, Sevalie S, Molleh B, Kabba Y, Kargbo A, Bangura J, Gbettu H, Simms S, O'Leary C, Drury S, Schieffelin JS, Betancourt TS. Social distancing, community stigma, and implications for psychological distress in the aftermath of Ebola virus disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276790. [PMID: 36322544 PMCID: PMC9629629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic resulted in more infections and deaths than all prior outbreaks in the 40-year history of this virus combined. This study examines how experiences of EVD infection, and preventive measures such as social distancing, were linked to experiences of stigma and social exclusion among those reintegrating into their communities. Methods Key informant interviews (n = 42) and focus group discussions (n = 27) were conducted in districts with a high prevalence of EVD and representing geographical and ethnic diversity (n = 228 participants). The final sample was composed of adults (52%) and children (48%) who were EVD-infected (46%) and -affected (42%) individuals, and community leaders (12%). Data were coded using a Grounded Theory approach informed by Thematic Content Analysis, and analyzed using NVivo. Interrater reliability was high, with Cohen’s κ = 0.80 or higher. Findings Participants described two main sources of EVD-related stress: isolation from the community because of social distancing and other prevention measures such as quarantine, and stigma related to infected or affected status. Participants linked experiences of social isolation and stigma to significant distress and feelings of ostracization. These experiences were particularly pronounced among children. Sources of support included community reintegration over time, and formal community efforts to provide education and establish protection bylaws. Interpretation This study found that social distancing and EVD-related stigma were each prominent sources of distress among participants. These results suggest that isolation because of infection, and the enduring stigmatization of infected individuals and their families, demand coordinated responses to prevent and mitigate additional psychosocial harm. Such responses should include close engagement with community leaders to combat misinformation and promote community reintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Crea
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - K Megan Collier
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth K Klein
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Yusuf Kabba
- Sierra Leone Association of Ebola Survivors, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Abdulai Kargbo
- Sierra Leone Association of Ebola Survivors, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Stewart Simms
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clara O'Leary
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stacy Drury
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - John S Schieffelin
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Theresa S Betancourt
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Nuttall C, Fuady A, Nuttall H, Dixit K, Mansyur M, Wingfield T. Interventions pathways to reduce tuberculosis-related stigma: a literature review and conceptual framework. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:101. [PMID: 36138434 PMCID: PMC9502609 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention of tuberculosis (TB)-related stigma is vital to achieving the World Health Organisation's End TB Strategy target of eliminating TB. However, the process and impact evaluation of interventions to reduce TB-stigma are limited. This literature review aimed to examine the quality, design, implementation challenges, and successes of TB-stigma intervention studies and create a novel conceptual framework of pathways to TB-stigma reduction. METHOD We searched relevant articles recorded in four scientific databases from 1999 to 2022, using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, supplemented by the snowball method and complementary grey literature searches. We assessed the quality of studies using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool, then reviewed study characteristics, data on stigma measurement tools used, and interventions implemented, and designed a conceptual framework to illustrate the pathways to TB-stigma reduction in the interventions identified. RESULTS Of 14,259 articles identified, eleven met inclusion criteria, of which three were high quality. TB-stigma reduction interventions consisted mainly of education and psychosocial support targeted predominantly toward three key populations: people with TB, healthcare workers, and the public. No psychosocial interventions for people with TB set TB-stigma reduction as their primary or co-primary aim. Eight studies on healthcare workers and the public reported a decrease in TB-stigma attributed to the interventions. Despite the benefits, the interventions were limited by a dearth of validated stigma measurement tools. Three of eight studies with quantitative stigma measurement questionnaires had not been previously validated among people with TB. No qualitative studies used previously validated methods or tools to qualitatively evaluate stigma. On the basis of these findings, we generated a conceptual framework that mapped the population targeted, interventions delivered, and their potential effects on reducing TB-stigma towards and experienced by people with TB and healthcare workers involved in TB care. CONCLUSIONS Interpretation of the limited evidence on interventions to reduce TB-stigma is hampered by the heterogeneity of stigma measurement tools, intervention design, and outcome measures. Our novel conceptual framework will support mapping of the pathways to impacts of TB-stigma reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nuttall
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ahmad Fuady
- grid.9581.50000000120191471Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, 10310 Jakarta, Indonesia
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- grid.9581.50000000120191471Primary Health Care Research and Innovation Center, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Holly Nuttall
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kritika Dixit
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Social Medicine, Infectious Diseases, and Migration (SIM) Group, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, 10653 Stockholm, Sweden
- Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Lazimpat Road, Lazimpat, Kathmandu, 44600 Nepal
| | - Muchtaruddin Mansyur
- grid.9581.50000000120191471Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, 10310 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tom Wingfield
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Social Medicine, Infectious Diseases, and Migration (SIM) Group, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, 10653 Stockholm, Sweden
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Departments of International Public Health and Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA UK
- grid.513149.bTropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP UK
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Shen R, Zong K, Liu J, Zhang L. Risk Factors for Depression in Tuberculosis Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:847-866. [PMID: 35431546 PMCID: PMC9012238 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s347579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tuberculosis (TB) is a life threatening global infection. However, not only does TB have a high global prevalence, but it is also associated with several comorbidities. Depression is one of the most common and lethal comorbidities of TB patients. Therefore, in order to prevent depression in TB patients more effectively, it is necessary to investigate the factors associated with depression in TB patients by studying the pooled effect of each factor statistically. By concluding the associated factors through statistical analysis, it not only offers accurate guidance for further studies about programs targeted at preventing depression in TB patients, but provides health-care workers useful suggestions and warnings when treating TB patients. Methods We searched the published literatures from PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library to collect studies. The meta-analysis included articles from observational studies, including cross-sectional studies, cohort studies and case control studies that had information about factors associated with depression in tuberculosis patients. When the heterogeneity is defined as significant (I2>50%), a random-effect model with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate risk factors; otherwise, a fixed-effect model was used to combine the effect. A sensitivity test was conducted to examine which one of the studies may have potential bias that can affect the validity and reliability of the result. The funnel plots and Begg's and Egger's statistical tests were performed to assess the publication bias. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the prespecified variables in each group. Results Totally, 25 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were conducted in various countries around the world between 2011 and 2021, representing the situation in the previous ten years. The final associated factors include female gender [OR=1.319, 95% CI=1.132-1.536, p<0.001], poor social support [OR=4.109, 95% CI=1.431-11.799, p<0.01], marriage status [OR=1.362, 95% CI=1.154-1.608, p<0.001], low education level [OR=1.921, 95% CI=1.475-2.503, p<0.001], residence in rural areas [OR=1.408, 95% CI=1.122-1.767, p<0.01], retreatment status [OR=2.515, 95% CI=1.226-5.159, p<0.01], and having perceived stigma[OR=4.131, 95% CI=1.412-12.088, p<0.05]. Conclusion Depression prevention programs targeted at women TB patients are supposed to be carried out. Patients in retreatment status are supposed to be paid more attention of their psychological health by caring about their mental status. More social support is ought to be given to tuberculosis patients to reduce their chance of getting depressed. It is necessary to provide patients with a lower education level with psychological related courses to help them learn about their mental status. For patients living in rural areas, governments are supposed to offer psychotherapy for treatment as well as enhancing living condition. Suitable psychotherapy programs and plans is ought to be studied to eradicate perceived stigma of TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Shen
- Tianjin University of Sports, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keyu Zong
- Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Tianjin University of Sports, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liancheng Zhang
- Tianjin University of Sports, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
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Wademan DT, Hoddinott G, Purchase SE, Seddon JA, Hesseling AC, Garcia-Prats AJ, Reis R, Reynolds LJ. Practical and psychosocial challenges faced by caregivers influence the acceptability of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis preventive therapy for young children. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268560. [PMID: 35834509 PMCID: PMC9282439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant (DR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) are increasingly recognised as a threat to global tuberculosis (TB) control efforts. Identifying people with DR-TB exposure/ infection and providing TB preventive therapy (TPT) is a public health priority. TB guidelines advise the evaluation of household contacts of newly diagnosed TB cases, with the provision of TPT to vulnerable populations, including young children (<5 years). Many children become infected with TB through exposure in their household. Levofloxacin is under evaluation as TPT in children exposed to M. tb strains with resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid (multidrug-resistant TB; MDR-TB). Prior to opening a phase 3 prevention trial in children <5 years exposed to MDR-TB, the pharmacokinetics and safety of a novel formulation of levofloxacin given daily was evaluated as part of a lead-in study. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study of 10 caregivers' experiences of administering this formulation. We explored how the acceptability of levofloxacin as TPT is shaped by the broader impacts of MDR-TB on the overall psychological, social, and financial wellbeing of caregivers, many of whom also had experienced MDR-TB. Caregivers reported that the novel levofloxacin formulation was acceptable. However, caregivers described significant psychosocial challenges in the process of incorporating TPT administration to their children into their daily lives, including financial instability, withdrawal of social support and stigma. When caregivers themselves were sick, these challenges became even more acute. Although new child-friendly formulations can ameliorate some of the pragmatic challenges related to TPT preparation and administration, the overall psychosocial burden on caregivers responsible for administering TPT remains a major determinant of effective MDR-TB prevention in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon T. Wademan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Graeme Hoddinott
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Susan E. Purchase
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - James A. Seddon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anneke C. Hesseling
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anthony J. Garcia-Prats
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ria Reis
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindsey J. Reynolds
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Pivot Collective, Cape Town, South Africa
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