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Ngnindji-Youdje Y, Lontsi-Demano M, Diarra AZ, Makaila AM, Tchuinkam T, Berenger JM, Parola P. Morphological, molecular, and MALDI-TOF MS identification of bed bugs and associated Wolbachia species from Cameroon. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107086. [PMID: 38036023 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
After vanishing from the public eye for more than 50 years, bed bugs have resurged to become one of the most widely discussed and heavily researched insect pests in the world. This study presents the basic information of infestations of tropical bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), in Cameroon. A total of 248 immature stage and adult bed bug specimens were collected from households and a travel agency in Yaoundé and Douala, Cameroon. The ability of MALDI-TOF MS to identify bed bugs was tested using heads for adults and cephalothoraxes for immature stages. Microorganism screening was performed by qPCR and confirmed by regular PCR and sequencing. Based on morphometrical criteria, four stages of immature bed bugs are represented. Of the 248 bed bug specimens morphologically identified as Cimex hemipterus, 246 (77 males, 65 females and 104 immature specimens) were submitted to MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Of the 222 adults and immature specimens tested, 122 (59.9 %) produced good quality MALDI-TOF MS spectra (35 adults and 87 immature specimens). Blind testing allowed species level identification of 98.21 % of adult and immature C. hemipterus. Among the bacteria tested, only Wolbachia DNA was found in 12/246 (4.8 %) bed bugs. More surveys in the country are warranted to assess the true level of bed bug infestations, in order to take appropriate action for their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Ngnindji-Youdje
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire MInstitut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France; Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Faculty of Sciences of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Michel Lontsi-Demano
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Faculty of Sciences of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire MInstitut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Ahmat Mahamat Makaila
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Faculty of Sciences of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit for Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Faculty of Sciences of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Michel Berenger
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire MInstitut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire MInstitut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France.
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Diarra AZ, Kelly P, Davoust B, Parola P. Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans and Animals in West Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:1276. [PMID: 38003741 PMCID: PMC10675719 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are a significant group of arthropod vectors that transmit a large variety of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases worldwide. Ticks are the second biggest transmitters of vector-borne diseases, behind mosquitoes. However, in West Africa, there is often only limited knowledge of tick-borne diseases. With the scarcity of appropriate diagnostic services, the prevalence of tick-borne diseases is generally underestimated in humans. In this review, we provide an update on tick-borne pathogens reported in people, animals and ticks in West Africa by microscopic, immunological and molecular methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. The selection criteria included all studies conducted in West Africa reporting the presence of Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii, Theileria, Babesia, Hepatozoon and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viruses in humans, animals or ticks. Our intention is to raise awareness of tick-borne diseases amongst human and animal health workers in West Africa, and also physicians working with tourists who have travelled to the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Zan Diarra
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
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Mangombi-Pambou JB, Granjon L, Flirden F, Kane M, Niang Y, Davoust B, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Molecular Survey of Rodent-Borne Infectious Agents in the Ferlo Region, Senegal. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1107. [PMID: 37239466 PMCID: PMC10218615 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens are responsible for most infectious diseases in humans, with rodents being important reservoir hosts for many of these microorganisms. Rodents, thus, pose a significant threat to public health. Previous studies in Senegal have shown that rodents harbour a diversity of microorganisms, including human pathogens. Our study aimed to monitor the prevalence of infectious agents in outdoor rodents, which can be the cause of epidemics. We screened 125 rodents (both native and expanding) from the Ferlo region, around Widou Thiengoly, for different microorganisms. Analysis, performed on rodent spleens, detected bacteria from the Anaplasmataceae family (20%), Borrelia spp. (10%), Bartonella spp. (24%) and Piroplasmida (2.4%). Prevalences were similar between native and the expanding (Gerbillus nigeriae) species, which has recently colonised the region. We identified Borrelia crocidurae, the agent responsible for tick-borne relapsing fever, which is endemic in Senegal. We also identified two other not-yet-described bacteria of the genera Bartonella and Ehrlichia that were previously reported in Senegalese rodents. Additionally, we found a potential new species, provisionally referred to here as Candidatus Anaplasma ferloense. This study highlights the diversity of infectious agents circulating in rodent populations and the importance of describing potential new species and evaluating their pathogenicity and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joa Braïthe Mangombi-Pambou
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon;
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.F.); (B.D.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Laurent Granjon
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Fabien Flirden
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.F.); (B.D.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Mamadou Kane
- BIOPASS, CBGP-IRD, ISRA, UCAD, CIRAD, Campus de Bel-Air, Dakar 1386, Senegal; (M.K.)
| | - Youssoupha Niang
- BIOPASS, CBGP-IRD, ISRA, UCAD, CIRAD, Campus de Bel-Air, Dakar 1386, Senegal; (M.K.)
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.F.); (B.D.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.F.); (B.D.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
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El Hadji Ibrahima N, Diatta G, Adama Zan D, Bassene H, Sokhna C, Parola P. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction from Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests to Detect Borrelia crocidurae, the Agent of Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever, in Febrile Patients in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:968-976. [PMID: 36913922 PMCID: PMC10160891 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In endemic malaria areas, Plasmodium is currently diagnosed mainly through the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). However, in Senegal, many causes of fever remain unknown. Tick-borne relapsing fever, an often-neglected public health problem, is the main cause of consultation for acute febrile illness after malaria and flu in rural areas. Our objective was to test the feasibility of extracting and amplifying DNA fragments by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) from malaria-negative RDTs for Plasmodium falciparum (malaria Neg RDTs P.f) to detect Borrelia spp. and other bacteria. Between January and December 2019, malaria Neg RDTs P.f were collected on a quarterly basis in 12 health facilities in four regions of Senegal. The DNA extracted from the malaria Neg RDTs P.f was tested using qPCR and the results were confirmed by standard PCR and sequencing. Only Borrelia crocidurae DNA was detected in 7.22% (159/2,202) of RDTs. The prevalence of B. crocidurae DNA was higher in July (16.47%, 43/261) and August (11.21%, 50/446). The annual prevalence was 9.2% (47/512) and 5.0% (12/241) in Ngayokhem and Nema-Nding, respectively, health facilities in the Fatick region. Our study confirms that B. crocidurae infection is a frequent cause of fever in Senegal, with a high prevalence of cases in health facilities in the regions of Fatick and Kaffrine. Malaria Neg RDTs P.f are potentially a good source of pathogen sampling for the molecular identification of other causes of fever of unknown origin, even in the most remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndiaye El Hadji Ibrahima
- Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), APHM, SSA, Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- VITROME, IRD UMR 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Georges Diatta
- VITROME, IRD UMR 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Diarra Adama Zan
- Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), APHM, SSA, Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Bassene
- VITROME, IRD UMR 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- VITROME, IRD UMR 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), APHM, SSA, Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Sevestre J, Lemrabott MAO, Bérenger JM, Zan Diarra A, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A, Parola P. Detection of Arthropod-Borne Bacteria and Assessment of MALDI-TOF MS for the Identification of Field-Collected Immature Bed Bugs from Mauritania. INSECTS 2023; 14:69. [PMID: 36661997 PMCID: PMC9864073 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human infestations by bed bugs have upsurged globally in recent decades, including in African countries, where recent reports pointed out an increase in infestation. Sympatric dwelling has been described for two species of bed bug parasitizing humans: Cimex hemipterus (the tropical bed bug) and C. lectularius. Identification of these two species is based on morphological characteristics, and gene sequencing, and may also rely on Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The present work aimed to assess whether MALDI-TOF MS was applicable for species level identification of immature stages of Cimex. Arthropods were collected in domestic settings in Nouakchott, Mauritania. Identification used morphological keys and MALDI-TOF MS identification was assessed for immature stages. Quantitative PCR and sequencing assays were used to detect arthropod-associated bacteria in each specimen. A total of 92 arthropods were collected, all morphologically identified as C. hemipterus (32 males, 14 females and 45 immature stages). A total of 35/45 specimens produced good quality MALDI-TOF MS spectra. Analysis allowed species level identification of all immature C. hemipterus after their spectra were entered into our in-house MALDI-TOF MS arthropod spectra database. Molecular screening allowed detection of Wolbachia DNA in each specimen. These results suggested that MALDI-TOF MS is a reliable tool for species level identification of Cimex specimens, including immature specimens. Future studies should assess this approach on larger panels of immature specimens for different Cimex species and focus on the precise staging of their different immature developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Sevestre
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania
| | - Jean-Michel Bérenger
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania
| | - Philippe Parola
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
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Ouarti B, Sall M, Ndiaye EHI, Diatta G, Zan Diarra A, Berenger JM, Sokhna C, Granjon L, Le Fur J, Parola P. Pathogen Detection in Ornithodoros sonrai Ticks and Invasive House Mice Mus musculus domesticus in Senegal. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122367. [PMID: 36557620 PMCID: PMC9786131 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornithodoros sonrai (O. sonrai) ticks are the only known vectors of Borrelia crocidurae, an agent of tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) borreliosis. Rodents serve as principal natural reservoirs for Borrelia. Our research objective was to detect TBRF Borrelia and other zoonotic bacterial infections in ticks and in house mice Mus musculus domesticus, an invasive species currently expanding in rural northern Senegal. Real-time and conventional PCR were utilized for detecting Borrelia and other bacterial taxa. The analyses were performed on 253 specimens of O. sonrai and 150 samples of brain and spleen tissue from rodents. Borrelia crocidurae was found in one O. sonrai tick and 18 Mus musculus domesticus samples, with prevalences of 0.39 percent and 12 percent, respectively, as well as Ehrlichia sp. in one Mus musculus domesticus. Further, we were able to detect the presence of a potentially infectious novel species belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family for the first time in O. sonrai ticks. More attention should be paid to the house mouse and O. sonrai ticks, as they can be potential hosts for novel species of pathogenic bacteria in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Ouarti
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Moussa Sall
- UFR des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, Section Informatique, University Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis 32000, Senegal
| | - El Hadji Ibrahima Ndiaye
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), VITROME IRD 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD, Hann, Dakar 1386, Senegal
| | - Georges Diatta
- Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), VITROME IRD 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD, Hann, Dakar 1386, Senegal
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Michel Berenger
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), VITROME IRD 257, Campus International IRD-UCAD, Hann, Dakar 1386, Senegal
| | - Laurent Granjon
- Centre de Biologie Pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut de Recherche Pour Développement, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institut Agro Montpellier, University Montpellier, Lez CEDEX, 34988 Montferrier, France
| | - Jean Le Fur
- Centre de Biologie Pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut de Recherche Pour Développement, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institut Agro Montpellier, University Montpellier, Lez CEDEX, 34988 Montferrier, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-13-73-24-01; Fax: +33-(0)4-13-73-24-02
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Onyiche TE, Labruna MB, Saito TB. Unraveling the epidemiological relationship between ticks and rickettsial infection in Africa. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.952024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne rickettsioses are emerging and re-emerging diseases of public health concern caused by over 30 species of Rickettsia. Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods with over 700 species of Ixodid ticks known worldwide. The escalating geographical dispersal of tick vectors and concomitant increase in the incidences of tick-borne diseases have fueled interest in the ecology of tick-borne pathogens. This review focuses on aspects of the Rickettsia pathogen, including biology, taxonomy, phylogeny, genetic diversity, epidemiology of the disease, and the role of vertebrate host in the perpetuation of rickettsioses in Africa. Our review also highlights some of the species of Rickettsia that are responsible for disease, the role of tick vectors (both hard and soft ticks) and the species of Rickettsia associated with diverse tick species across the continent. Additionally, this article emphasizes the evolutionary perspective of rickettsiae perpetuation and the possible role of amplifying vertebrate host and other small mammals, domestic animals and wildlife in the epidemiology of Rickettsia species. We also specifically, discussed the role of avian population in the epidemiology of SFG rickettsiae. Furthermore, we highlighted tick-borne rickettsioses among travelers due to African tick-bite fever (ATBF) and the challenges to surveillance of rickettsial infection, and research on rickettsiology in Africa. Our review canvasses the need for more rickettsiologists of African origin based within the continent to further research towards understanding the biology, characterization, and species distribution, including the competent tick vectors involved in their transmission of rickettsiae across the continent in collaboration with established researchers in western countries. We further highlighted the need for proper funding to encourage research despite competing demands for resources across the various sectors. We finalize by discussing the similarities between rickettsial diseases around the world and which steps need to be taken to help foster our understanding on the eco-epidemiology of rickettsioses by bridging the gap between the growing epidemiological data and the molecular characterization of Rickettsia species.
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Ndiaye EHI, Diatta G, Diarra AZ, Berenger JM, Bassene H, Mediannikov O, Bouganali C, Sokhna C, Parola P. Morphological, Molecular and MALDI-TOF MS Identification of Bedbugs and Associated Wolbachia Species in Rural Senegal. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1019-1032. [PMID: 35286393 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs are known to carry several microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of bed bug infestation in two rural areas of Senegal and determine the species present in the population. A screening was conducted to detect some arthropod associated pathogenic bacteria in bed bugs and to evaluate the prevalence of endosymbiont carriage. One survey took place in 17 villages in Niakhar and two surveys in Dielmo and Ndiop and surroundings area in the same 20 villages. Bed bugs collected were identified morphologically and by MALDI-TOF MS tools. Microorganisms screening was performed by qPCR and confirmed by sequencing. During the survey in the Niakhar region, only one household 1/255 (0.4%) in the village of Ngayokhem was found infested by bed bugs. In a monitoring survey of the surroundings of Dielmo and Ndiop area, high prevalence was found during the two rounds of surveys in 65/314 (21%) in 16/20 villages (January-March) and 93/351 (26%) in 19/20 villages (December). All bed bugs were morphologically identified as the species Cimex hemipterus, of which 285/1,637 (17%) were randomly selected for MALDI-TOF MS analysis and bacteria screening. Among the Bacteria tested only Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria, Rickettsiales, Rickettsiaceae) DNA was found in 248/276 (90%) of the bedbugs. We briefly describe a high level of non-generalized bed bug infestation in rural Senegal and the diversity of Wolbachia strains carried by C. hemipterus. This study opens perspectives for raising household awareness of bed bug infestations and possibilities for appropriate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hadji Ibrahima Ndiaye
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Georges Diatta
- VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Michel Berenger
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Bassene
- VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Cheikh Sokhna
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Pillay A, Manyangadze T, Mukaratirwa S. Prevalence of Rickettsia africae in tick vectors collected from mammalian hosts in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101960. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Krügel M, Król N, Kempf VAJ, Pfeffer M, Obiegala A. Emerging rodent-associated Bartonella: a threat for human health? Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:113. [PMID: 35361285 PMCID: PMC8969336 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Species of the genus Bartonella are facultative intracellular alphaproteobacteria with zoonotic potential. Bartonella infections in humans range from mild with unspecific symptoms to life threatening, and can be transmitted via arthropod vectors or through direct contact with infected hosts, although the latter mode of transmission is rare. Among the small mammals that harbour Bartonella spp., rodents are the most speciose group and harbour the highest diversity of these parasites. Human–rodent interactions are not unlikely as many rodent species live in proximity to humans. However, a surprisingly low number of clinical cases of bartonellosis related to rodent-associated Bartonella spp. have thus far been recorded in humans. Methods The main purpose of this review is to determine explanatory factors for this unexpected finding, by taking a closer look at published clinical cases of bartonellosis connected with rodent-associated Bartonella species, some of which have been newly described in recent years. Thus, another focus of this review are these recently proposed species. Conclusions Worldwide, only 24 cases of bartonellosis caused by rodent-associated bartonellae have been reported in humans. Possible reasons for this low number of cases in comparison to the high prevalences of Bartonella in small mammal species are (i) a lack of awareness amongst physicians of Bartonella infections in humans in general, and especially those caused by rodent-associated bartonellae; and (ii) a frequent lack of the sophisticated equipment required for the confirmation of Bartonella infections in laboratories that undertake routine diagnostic testing. As regards recently described Bartonella spp., there are presently 14 rodent-associated Candidatus taxa. In contrast to species which have been taxonomically classified, there is no official process for the review of proposed Candidatus species and their names before they are published. This had led to the use of malformed names that are not based on the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Researchers are thus encouraged to propose Candidatus names to the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes for approval before publishing them, and only to propose new species of Bartonella when the relevant datasets allow them to be clearly differentiated from known species and subspecies. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05162-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krügel
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nina Król
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volkhard A J Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,National Consiliary Laboratory for Bartonella, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Pfeffer
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Obiegala
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Aouadi N, Benkacimi L, Zan Diarra A, Laroche M, Bérenger JM, Bitam I, Parola P. Microorganisms associated with the North African hedgehog Atelerix algirus and its parasitizing arthropods in Algeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 80:101726. [PMID: 34933167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehogs are small mammals. They are potential reservoirs of various zoonotic agents. This study was conducted in Bouira, a north-central region of Algeria. A total of 21 Atelerix algirus corpses were picked up on roadsides and gardens. Hedgehog kidneys, spleens and ectoparasites were collected. Twelve hedgehogs were infested with ectoparasites, including Archaeopsylla erinacei, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. and Haemaphysalis erinacei. Hedgehog organs and randomly selected arthropods were screened for microorganisms using molecular methods. Coxiella burnetii was detected in kidneys, spleens, A. erinacei, Hae. erinacei and Rh. sanguineus s.l. Leptospira interrogans was detected in kidneys. Rickettsia felis and Rickettsia massiliae were detected respectively in A. erinacei and in Rh. sanguineus s.l. DNA of an uncultivated Rickettsia spp. was found in Hae. erinacei. Wolbachia spp. DNA was detected in fleas. The DNA of potential new Bartonella and Ehrlichia species were found respectively in fleas and ticks. This study highlights the presence of DNA from a broad range of microorganisms in hedgehogs and their ectoparasites that may be responsible for zoonoses in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Aouadi
- Laboratoire de Valorisation et Conservation des Ressources Biologiques (VALCOR), Faculté des Sciences, Université M'Hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Linda Benkacimi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Maureen Laroche
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Bérenger
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Idir Bitam
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; École Supérieure en Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agroalimentaires (ESSAIA), El Harrach, Alger, Algeria
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Ouarti B, Hamzaoui BE, Stanko M, Laroche M, Mediannikov O, Parola P, Sekeyová Z. Detection of Rickettsia raoultii in Dermacentor reticulatus and Haemaphysalis inermis ticks in Slovakia. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTicks are vector arthropods responsible for the transmission of several pathogenic agents that affect both human and animal health worldwide. In this study our objective was to analyse, using molecular tools, the bacterial community of Dermacentor reticulatus and Haemaphysalis inermis ticks collected in south-eastern Slovakia. Using real-time PCR, we identified the presence of Rickettsia spp. DNA at levels of 14/59 (23.72 %) and 29/173 (16.76 %) in D. reticulatus and H. inermis, respectively. In addition, using standard PCR and sequencing, we identified the presence of Rickettsia raoultii DNA in 13 ticks belonging to the two investigated species. Rickettsia raoultii blast results revealed an average identification percentage of 99.62 %. Following the results of this molecular study there is a possibility that D. reticulatus and H. inermis play a potential role in the transmission of R. raoultii. To prove the possibility of validity of this hypothesis, we suggest performing experimental models in future studies. Our results can serve as preliminary data for future transmission models.
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Davoust B, Watier-Grillot S, Roqueplo C, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Detection of zoonotic pathogens in animals performed at the University Hospital Institute Méditerranée Infection (Marseille - France). One Health 2021; 12:100210. [PMID: 33437857 PMCID: PMC7786111 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
At the University Hospital Institute Méditerranée Infection (IHU, Marseille, France), for almost thirty years, veterinarians have been carrying out epidemiological investigations, together with doctors, on animals living near human cases of zoonoses, on the one hand, and on the other hand, transverse and longitudinal epidemiological surveillance studies on animals which are reservoirs, vectors or sentinels of potentially zoonotic infections,. This article presents the methods adopted and the results obtained from these studies. They have been the subject of 76 peer-reviewed publications relating to wild animals (37 publications) and/or domestic animals (48 publications). These studies were often carried out in the field with veterinarians from the French army's health service (39 publications). They were at the origin of the detection of some thirty zoonotic pathogens in the laboratories of the IHU (64 publications) and/or other French laboratories (18 publications). Our approach is an original embodiment of the "One Health" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- French military health service, Animal epidemiology expert group, Tours, France
| | - Stéphanie Watier-Grillot
- French military health service, Animal epidemiology expert group, Tours, France
- French army center for epidemiology and public health, Marseille, France
| | - Cédric Roqueplo
- French military health service, Animal epidemiology expert group, Tours, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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