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Bonilla AA, Pineda V, Calzada JE, Saldaña A, Laurenti MD, Goya S, Abrego L, González K. Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of Leishmania RNA Virus in Leishmania ( Viannia) spp. Isolates from Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Endemic Areas in Panama. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1317. [PMID: 39065086 PMCID: PMC11279101 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) spp. can harbor a double-stranded RNA virus known as Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV-1), whose presence has been reported in nine countries across the Americas and seven Leishmania species. Here, we studied 100 Leishmania (Viannia) isolates from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis collected from different endemic areas in Panama from 2016 to 2022. We identified L. (V.) panamensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis/guyanensis hybrid, and L. (V.) panamensis sp.1. (genetic variant). LRV-1 was detected by RT-PCR in 9% of L. (Viannia) isolates (eight cases in L. (V.) panamensis, and one in L. (V.) guyanensis). Phylogenetic analysis based on sequencing data classified all LRV-1 isolates within genotype A, suggesting that LRV phylogenetic proximity is closely aligned with geographical distribution or to the phylogenetic proximity of the Leishmania host in the case of the L. (V.) panamensis and L. (V.) guyanensis in Panama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Assair Bonilla
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Parasitológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama 3366, Panama;
| | - Vanessa Pineda
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto de Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama 0816-02593, Panama; (V.P.); (J.E.C.)
| | - José Eduardo Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto de Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama 0816-02593, Panama; (V.P.); (J.E.C.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá, Panama 3366, Panama
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama 3366, Panama;
| | - Marcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil;
| | - Stephanie Goya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Leyda Abrego
- Departamento de Investigación en Virología y Biotecnología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama 0816-02593, Panama
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama 3366, Panama
| | - Kadir González
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto de Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama 0816-02593, Panama; (V.P.); (J.E.C.)
- Departamento de Microbiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama 3366, Panama
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Heeren S, Maes I, Sanders M, Lye LF, Adaui V, Arevalo J, Llanos-Cuentas A, Garcia L, Lemey P, Beverley SM, Cotton JA, Dujardin JC, Van den Broeck F. Diversity and dissemination of viruses in pathogenic protozoa. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8343. [PMID: 38102141 PMCID: PMC10724245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth and play a significant role in the evolution of many organisms and ecosystems. In pathogenic protozoa, the presence of viruses has been linked to an increased risk of treatment failure and severe clinical outcome. Here, we studied the molecular epidemiology of the zoonotic disease cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru and Bolivia through a joint evolutionary analysis of Leishmania braziliensis and their dsRNA Leishmania virus 1. We show that parasite populations circulate in tropical rainforests and are associated with single viral lineages that appear in low prevalence. In contrast, groups of hybrid parasites are geographically and ecologically more dispersed and associated with an increased prevalence, diversity and spread of viruses. Our results suggest that parasite gene flow and hybridization increased the frequency of parasite-virus symbioses, a process that may change the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senne Heeren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse Maes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vanessa Adaui
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Arevalo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Lineth Garcia
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédicas e Investigación Social, Universidad Mayor de San Simon, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James A Cotton
- Welcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Comparative Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Frederik Van den Broeck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Rosales-Chilama M, Y. Oviedo M, K. Quintero Y, L. Fernández O, Gómez MA. Leishmania RNA Virus Is Not Detected in All Species of the Leishmania Viannia Subgenus: The Case of L. (V.) panamensis in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:555-560. [PMID: 36716739 PMCID: PMC9978567 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2002] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiotic Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) has been associated with severity and clinical manifestations of American tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by species of the Leishmania (Viannia) subgenus. Between and within Leishmania species, and among endemic countries, the prevalence of LRV is highly variable. The LRV virus has not been detected in L. (V.) panamensis, the second-most prevalent species in Central America and Colombia. However, no systematic screening of LRV has been conducted in L. (V.) panamensis, and thus it is still controversial whether this virus is truly absent from the species. We sought to determine the prevalence of LRV1 in L. (V.) panamensis clinical strains isolated from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), from different geographic areas of Colombia. We analyzed 219 clinical strains; 78% were L. (V.) panamensis, 18% were L. (V.) braziliensis, and 4% were L. (V.) guyanensis. Screening for LRV1 was performed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The LRV1 was detected in 18% (7 of 40) of L. (V) braziliensis strains, and was not detected in any of the L. (V.) guyanensis or L. (V.) panamensis strains. The LRV1-positive L. (V). braziliensis strains came from the Amazon Basin. Of the seven LRV1-positive strains, two were isolated from patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and the remaining from patients with CL. Our results confirm the absence of LRV1 in L. (V.) panamensis in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rosales-Chilama
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Monica Y. Oviedo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
| | - Yury K. Quintero
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Olga L. Fernández
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - María Adelaida Gómez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Shita EY, Semegn EN, Wubetu GY, Abitew AM, Andualem BG, Alemneh MG. Prevalence of Leishmania RNA virus in Leishmania parasites in patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010427. [PMID: 35675332 PMCID: PMC9236231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by different protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) was identified as the first Leishmania infecting virus in 1998. Different studies showed the presence and role of the LRV in Leishmania parasites causing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there is limited data on the pooled prevalence of LRV in Leishmania parasites causing CL. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the pooled prevalence of LRV in Leishmania parasite isolates and/or lesion biopsies in patients with CL from the available literature globally. Methodology We retrieved the studies from different electronic databases. The studies were screened and identified based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We excluded studies exclusively done in experimental animals and in vitro studies. The review was conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines. The meta-analysis was performed with Stata software version 14 with metan command. The forest plot with random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval. Inverse variance index (I2) was used to assess the heterogeneity among the included articles. Principal findings A total of 1215 samples from 25 studies were included. Of these, 40.1% (487/1215) were positive for LRV. The overall pooled prevalence of LRV globally was 37.22% (95% CI: 27.54% - 46.90%). The pooled prevalence of LRV in the New World (NW) and Old World (OW) regions was 34.18% and 45.77%, respectively. Leishmania guyanensis, L. braziliensis, L. major, and L. tropica were the most studied species for the detection of LRV. The prevalence of LRV from Leishmania isolates and lesion biopsies was 42.9% (349/813) and 34.3% (138/402), respectively. Conclusion This systematic study revealed that there is high prevalence of LRV in Leishmania parasites isolated from patients with CL. More comprehensive studies would be required to investigate the presence of the LRV in other Leishmania species such as L. aethiopica to fully understand the role of LRV in different clinical manifestations and disease pathology presented in CL patients. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is among the most neglected tropical diseases affecting a significant proportion of the world population, impacting mostly on the poorest communities. CL can present as localized, mucocutaneous or diffuse cutaneous. There are various reports on the prevalence of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in Leishmania parasites and/or lesion biopsies in patients with CL from both the Old World and New World regions. However, there is scarcity of comprehensive knowledge on the pooled prevalence of the virus in Leishmania parasites causing human CL. We searched different electronic databases and Google Scholar for published articles aimed to determine the presence of LRV in Leishmania parasites and/or lesion biopsies in patients with CL globally. The retrieved articles were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion parameters. Data was extracted based on the PRISMA guideline by reviewing the selected articles. Systematic review and meta-analysis would be one way to improve the level of evidence by providing pooled prevalence of the individual single studies regarding the presence of LRV in Leishmania parasites and/or lesion biopsies. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that a large proportion of the Leishmania parasites causing human CL harbour the endosymbiotic LRV. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of the virus in the clinical presentation of CL, as a potential target of treatment and vaccine development especially in Old World Leishmania parasites like L. aethiopica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalew Yizengaw Shita
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Endalkachew Nibret Semegn
- Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abaineh Munshea Abitew
- Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mekuanint Geta Alemneh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Center for innovative Drug development and Therapeutic trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Valencia BM, Lau R, Kariyawasam R, Jara M, Ramos AP, Chantry M, Lana JT, Boggild AK, Llanos-Cuentas A. Leishmania RNA virus-1 is similarly detected among metastatic and non-metastatic phenotypes in a prospective cohort of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010162. [PMID: 35089930 PMCID: PMC8827429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is an endemic and neglected disease of South America. Here, mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) disproportionately affects up to 20% of subjects with current or previous localised cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL). Preclinical and clinical reports have implicated the Leishmania RNA virus-1 (LRV1) as a possible determinant of progression to ML and other severe manifestations such as extensive cutaneous and mucosal disease and treatment failure and relapse. However, these associations were not consistently found in other observational studies and are exclusively based on cross-sectional designs. In the present study, 56 subjects with confirmed ATL were assessed and followed out for 24-months post-treatment. Lesion biopsy specimens were processed for molecular detection and quantification of Leishmania parasites, species identification, and LRV1 detection. Among individuals presenting LRV1 positive lesions, 40% harboured metastatic phenotypes; comparatively 58.1% of patients with LRV1 negative lesions harboured metastatic phenotypes (p = 0.299). We found treatment failure (p = 0.575) and frequency of severe metastatic phenotypes (p = 0.667) to be similarly independent of the LRV1. Parasite loads did not differ according to the LRV1 status (p = 0.330), nor did Leishmanin skin induration size (p = 0.907) or histopathologic patterns (p = 0.780). This study did not find clinical, parasitological, or immunological evidence supporting the hypothesis that LRV1 is a significant determinant of the pathobiology of ATL. The Leishmania RNA virus-1 (LRV1) has been implicated as a possible modulator agent in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis. In-vivo and in-vitro studies have depicted specific mechanisms of how LRV1 could lead to metastasis. Clinical studies and epidemiological evidence have both supported and rejected the hypothesis that LRV1 is a relevant determinant of progression, treatment failure and clinical severity of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL). This lack of consistency between preclinical and clinical reports requires further longitudinal studies to clarify the role of LRV1 in ATL. Due to the complex nature of ATL, as other frequent human diseases, these studies should tackle multiple determinants of pathogenicity, including LRV1 status, parasite features, immune status, and prevalent comorbidities affecting individuals in endemic settings. Also, critical methodological aspects allowing for the reliable identification and quantification of LRV1 should be guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Mark Valencia
- Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel Lau
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Marlene Jara
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ana Pilar Ramos
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Justin T. Lana
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea K. Boggild
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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