Risk Factors for Epidemic Cholera in Lusaka, Zambia-2017

The Chronic Cholera Situation in Africa: Why Are African Countries Unable to Tame the Well-Known Lion?

Seven years to the Global Taskforce on Cholera Control's target of reducing cholera cases and deaths by 90% by 2030, Africa continues to experience a high incidence of the disease. In the last 20 years, more than 2.6 million cases and 60 000 deaths of the disease have been recorded, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Case Fatality Ratio remains consistently above the WHO-recommended 1% with a yearly average of 2.2%. Between 1 January 2022 and 16 July 2023, fourteen African countries reported 213 443 cases and 3951 deaths (CFR, 1.9%) of the disease. In this perspective article, based on available literature and the authors' field experiences in Africa, we discuss the underlying reasons for the sustained transmission of the disease. We posit that in addition to the well-known risk factors for the disease, the chronic cholera situation in Africa is due to the poor socioeconomic development status, weak household and community resilience, low literacy levels, weak capacity of African countries to implement the 2005 International Health Regulation and the pervasively weak health system on the continent. Stemming this tide requires good leadership, partnership, political commitment, and equity in access to health services, water, and sanitation. Therefore, we recommend that African governments and stakeholders recognize and approach cholera prevention and control from the long-term development lens and leverage the current cholera emergency preparedness and response efforts on the continent to strengthen the affected countries' health, water, and sanitation systems. We call on international organizations such as WHO and the Africa Centres for Diseases Control to support African governments in scaling up research and innovations aimed at better characterizing the epidemiology of cholera and developing evidence-based, context-specific, and innovative strategies for its prevention and control. These recommendations require long-term multisectoral and multidisciplinary approaches.

Update on Environmental and Host Factors Impacting the Risk of Vibrio cholerae Infection

Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a diarrheal disease that kills tens of thousands of people each year. Cholera is transmitted primarily by the ingestion of drinking water contaminated with fecal matter, and a safe water supply remains out of reach in many areas of the world. In this Review, we discuss host and environmental factors that impact the susceptibility to V. cholerae infection and the severity of disease.