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Kmetiuk LB, Tirado TC, Biondo LM, Biondo AW, Figueiredo FB. Leishmania spp. in indigenous populations: A mini-review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1033803. [PMID: 36620288 PMCID: PMC9815601 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1033803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, considered a neglected vector-borne disease complex of global concern, has a significant impact on indigenous communities due to daily human and animal exposure in periurban, rural, and naturally preserved areas. This mini-review aims to assess and discuss studies of leishmaniasis in these communities of the New World and Old World, particularly those in the Americas and Asia. Such indigenous communities have been mostly built in poor traditional households with no mosquito-net protection, mostly located in environmentally protected areas, favoring vectors and reservoirs. The presence of leishmaniasis cases surrounding such indigenous areas indicated a high risk of infection, which may have been historically underestimated due to a lack of surveillance, even at present. The absence of studies of indigenous populations in recognized endemic areas may reflect insufficient health services. In conclusion, the persistence of this neglectful scenario may impact tragic outcomes and potential outbreaks in indigenous peoples and surroundings populations worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil,Louise Bach Kmetiuk ✉
| | - Thais Cristina Tirado
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil,Reference Laboratory for Leishmaniasis, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leandro Meneguelli Biondo
- National Institute of the Atlantic Forest (INMA), Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil,Reference Laboratory for Leishmaniasis, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil,*Correspondence: Fabiano Borges Figueiredo ✉
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Srivarasat S, Brownell N, Siriyasatien P, Noppakun N, Asawanonda P, Rattanakorn K, Preativatanyou K, Kumtornrut C. Case Report: Autochthonous Disseminated Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous, and Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in a Patient with HIV/AIDS from Northern Thailand and Literature Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:1196-1202. [PMID: 36375453 PMCID: PMC9768252 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autochthonous leishmaniasis cases have been increasing continuously in Thailand over the years. We report multiple presentations of leishmaniasis in a 47-year-old patient with HIV/AIDS from Chiang Rai Province, northern Thailand. Physical examination showed multiple ulcerated papules, nodules, and plaques in a sporotrichoid distribution. Firm mucosal nodules on the hard palate and nasal opening, hepatosplenomegaly, and bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy were found. Histopathological examination of the biopsies revealed an inflammatory infiltrate containing intramacrophage amastigotes compatible with Leishmania infection. In addition, Leishmania promastigotes were isolated successfully from the palatal biopsy and assigned the code MHOM/TH/2022/CULE6. Using internal transcribed spacer 1 polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis, the causative parasite was identified as Leishmania martiniquensis. A definitive diagnosis of multiform leishmaniasis with disseminated cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral involvement was established. The patient was administered intravenous amphotericin B 1 mg/kg/d for 2 weeks, followed by oral itraconazole 400 mg daily. At the 2-month follow-up, the cutaneous and mucosal lesions had improved significantly. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mucocutaneous involvement caused by L. martiniquensis in an immunocompromised patient with HIV/AIDS. In addition, we provide a literature review of leishmaniasis cases, reported formally in Thailand, resulting from this autochthonous parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Srivarasat
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisa Brownell
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nopadon Noppakun
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pravit Asawanonda
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kanok Preativatanyou
- Center of Excellence in Vector Biology and Vector-Borne Disease, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanat Kumtornrut
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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First Evidence of Co-Circulation of Emerging Leishmania martiniquensis, Leishmania orientalis, and Crithidia sp. in Culicoides Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the Putative Vectors for Autochthonous Transmission in Southern Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110379. [PMID: 36422930 PMCID: PMC9696774 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1996, autochthonous cases of emerging leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis and Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis have been more frequently reported, especially in the northern and southern parts of Thailand. However, the accurate identification of their natural vectors and reservoirs remains unconfirmed. Previous studies have suggested that these emerging parasites might be transmitted by other non-phlebotomine vectors. Herein, we speculated that Culicoides biting midges might act as the competent vectors responsible for autochthonous leishmaniasis in southern Thailand. In this research, 187 non-engorged, parous and gravid Culicoides females and 47 blood-engorged ones were trapped from the residences of two recently diagnosed visceral leishmaniasis patients in Sadao District and the unaffected site in Rattaphum District, Songkhla Province, southern Thailand. Species diversity and abundance of biting midges varied among the trapping sites. Using ITS1-PCR and BLASTn analysis, L. martiniquensis was predominantly detected in several Culicoides species, including C. peregrinus, C. oxystoma, C. mahasarakhamense, and C. huffi from the vicinity of patients’ houses; and in C. fordae and C. fulvus from the unaffected site. L. orientalis was also co-circulated in C. peregrinus and C. oxystoma caught near the second patient’s house. Additionally, Crithidia sp. were also detected using SSU rRNA-PCR across Culicoides spp. Host blood meal analysis of eight different Culicoides species from the unaffected site also revealed that all trapped Culicoides had fed on cows and goats, indicating the possible role of these mammalian species as reservoir hosts. Essentially, this study is the first entomological investigation, revealing the co-circulation of emerging trypanosomatids among several species of Culicoides biting midges and strongly supporting the potential role of this insect group as the main vectors responsible for the epidemiology of autochthonous leishmaniasis in southern Thailand.
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Design of a Chimeric Multi-Epitope Vaccine (CMEV) against Both Leishmania martiniquensis and Leishmania orientalis Parasites Using Immunoinformatic Approaches. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101460. [PMID: 36290364 PMCID: PMC9598663 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan flagellates of the genus Leishmania. Recently, Leishmania martiniquensis and Leishmania orientalis, emerging species of Leishmania, were isolated from patients in Thailand. Development of the vaccine is demanded; however, genetic differences between the two species make it difficult to design a vaccine that is effective for both species. In this study, we applied immuno-informatic approaches to design a chimeric multi-epitope vaccine (CMEV) against both L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis. We identified seven helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, sixteen cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, and eleven B-cell epitopes from sixteen conserved antigenic proteins found in both species. All these epitopes were joined together, and to further enhance immunogenicity, protein and peptides adjuvant were also added at the N-terminal of the molecule by using specific linkers. The candidate CMEV was subsequently analyzed from the perspectives of the antigenicity, allergenicity, and physiochemical properties. The interaction of the designed multi-epitope vaccine and immune receptor (TLR4) of the host were evaluated based on molecular dockings of the predicted 3D structures. Finally, in silico cloning was performed to construct the expression vaccine vector. Docking analysis showed that the vaccine/TLR4 complex took a stable form. Based on the predicted immunogenicity, physicochemical, and structural properties in silico, the vaccine candidate was expected to be appropriately expressed in bacterial expression systems and show the potential to induce a host immune response. This study proposes the experimental validation of the efficacy of the candidate vaccine construct against the two Leishmania.
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Hustedt J, Prasetyo DB, Fiorenzano JM, von Fricken ME, Hertz JC. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and sand fly-borne pathogens in the Greater Mekong Subregion: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:355. [PMID: 36199150 PMCID: PMC9533508 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are proven or suspected vectors of several pathogens of importance, including leishmaniasis, bartonellosis and sand fly fevers. Although sand flies have a worldwide distribution, there has been limited research published on sand flies and sand fly-borne pathogens throughout the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). This review followed the PRISMA guidelines to determine the biodiversity and presence of phlebotomine sand flies and their associated pathogens in the GMS, specifically Cambodia, Thailand, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Malaysia and Vietnam. A total of 1472 records were identified by searching electronic databases, scanning reference lists of articles and consulting experts in the field. After screening of title and abstracts, 178 records remained and were further screened for original data (n = 34), not having regional data (n = 14), duplication of data (n = 4), records not available (n = 4) and no language translation available (n = 2). A total of 120 studies were then included for full review, with 41 studies on sand fly-related disease in humans, 33 studies on sand fly-related disease in animals and 54 entomological studies focused on sand flies (5 papers contained data on > 1 category), with a majority of the overall data from Thailand. There were relatively few studies on each country, with the exception of Thailand, and the studies applied different methods to investigate sand flies and sand fly-borne diseases, impacting the ability to conduct meaningful meta-analysis. The findings suggest that leishmaniasis in humans and the presence of sand fly vectors have been reported across several GMS countries over the past 100 years, with local transmission in humans confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. Additionally, local Mundinia species are likely transmitted by biting midges. Findings from this study provide a framework for future investigations to determine the geographic distribution and risk profiles of leishmaniasis and other associated sand fly-borne disease throughout the GMS. It is recommended that researchers expand surveillance efforts across the GMS, with an emphasis placed on entomological surveys, syndromic and asymptomatic monitoring in both humans and animals and molecular characterization of sand flies and sand fly-borne pathogens, particularly in the understudied countries of Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hustedt
- Vysnova Partners, AXA Tower, 8 Shenton Way, Level 34-01, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Didot Budi Prasetyo
- Entomology Division, Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Two, Sembawang, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jodi M Fiorenzano
- Entomology Division, Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Two, Sembawang, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael E von Fricken
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Hertz
- Entomology Division, Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Two, Sembawang, Singapore, Singapore
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Buatong J, Dvorak V, Thepparat A, Thongkhao K, Koyadun S, Siriyasatien P, Pengsakul T. Phlebotomine Sand Flies in Southern Thailand: Entomological Survey, Identification of Blood Meals and Molecular Detection of Trypanosoma spp. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020197. [PMID: 35206770 PMCID: PMC8879718 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are hematophagous insects, and many species serve as vectors of various human and animal pathogens, including Leishmania and Trypanosoma protozoa. In Thailand, the first case of autochthonous leishmaniasis was reported 62 years ago. At present, the number of human cases is increasing in different regions of the country, but most cases are reported from southern Thailand. Therefore, we studied the potential transmission of Leishmania and Trypanosoma by sand flies in three provinces of southern Thailand, and analyzed blood sources of engorged sand fly females. We detected Trypanosoma sp. DNA in Sergentomyia barraudi, S. indica, S. khawi and Idiophlebotomus asperulus but no Leishmania spp. DNA. Moreover, bloodmeal analysis revealed that Trypanopsoma-positive females of S. barraudi and Sergentomyia sp. fed on dogs and humans, respectively. The results of this study contribute to the knowledge of leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis presence and sand fly feeding behavior in southern Thailand. Abstract An entomological survey at rural and cavernicolous localities in four provinces in southern Thailand provided 155 blood-fed females of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) that were identified based on morphological characters as Idiophlebotomus asperulus (n = 19), Phlebotomus stantoni (n = 4), P. argentipes (n = 3), Sergentomyia anodontis (n = 20), S. barraudi (n = 9), S. hamidi (n = 23), S. hodgsoni (n = 4), S. hodgsoni hodgsoni (n = 32), S. indica (n = 5), S. iyengari (n = 2), S. khawi (n = 17), S. silvatica (n = 11) and Sergentomyia sp. (n = 6). The dominant species in this study was S. hodgsoni hodgsoni, which was collected specifically in a Buddha cave. Screening for DNA of parasitic protozoans revealed eight specimens (5.16%) of four species (S. barraudi, S. indica, S. khawi and Id. asperulus) positive for Trypanosoma sp., while no Leishmania spp. DNA was detected. Blood meals of engorged females were identified by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay on a fragment of cytochrome b (cyt b) gene with a success rate 36%, humans, dogs, and rats being determined as sources of blood. Bloodmeal analysis of two Trypanopsoma-positive females (S. barraudi and Sergentomyia sp.) identified blood from dogs and humans, respectively. Our findings indicate that S. barraudi, S. indica, S. khawi and Id. asperulus may be incriminated in circulation of detected Trypanosoma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirayu Buatong
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Vit Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Arunrat Thepparat
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Hua Mak, Bang Kapi, Bangkok 10240, Thailand;
| | - Kanaphot Thongkhao
- Office of Disease Prevention and Control, Region 11, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80000, Thailand; (K.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Surachart Koyadun
- Office of Disease Prevention and Control, Region 11, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80000, Thailand; (K.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Theerakamol Pengsakul
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-7428-9124
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Charoensakulchai S, Bualert L, Manomat J, Mungthin M, Leelayoova S, Tan-Ariya P, Siripattanapipong S, Naaglor T, Piyaraj P. Risk Factors of Leishmania Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in Trang Province, Southern Thailand: A Study on Three Prevalent Species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1502-1509. [PMID: 32700674 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two main species of Leishmania reported in Thailand, that is, Leishmania siamensis and Leishmania martiniquensis. Moreover, leishmaniasis cases caused by Leishmania donovani complex were also reported. There is still a lack of information concerning risk factors of Leishmania infection in Thailand. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of Leishmania infection caused by these three species among HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV clinic at Trang Hospital, Thailand. Nested PCR and sequencing were performed to detect Leishmania DNA in blood and saliva samples and identify Leishmania species. A standardized questionnaire was used to interview individuals. A total of 526 patients were recruited in this study. Sixty-three (12.0%) were positive for L. siamensis, 24 (4.6%) were positive for L. martiniquensis, and 23 (4.4%) were positive for L. donovani complex. Risk factors of L. siamensis infection included using intravenous drug (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.01, 95% CI: 1.01-4.02). Risk factors of L. martiniquensis infection included female gender (AOR 4.23, 95% CI: 1.52-11.75), using recreational drug (AOR 3.43, 95% CI: 1.00-11.74), and having comorbidities (AOR 4.94, 95% CI: 2.00-12.21). Risk factors of L. donovani complex infection included having opportunistic infection (AOR 4.22, 95% CI: 1.00-17.79), CD4 count 200-500 cells/mm3 (AOR 3.64, 95% CI: 1.14-6.86), and not using insect repellent (AOR 3.04, 95% CI: 1.08-8.58). This study identified the risk factors of Leishmania infection caused by three Leishmania species in Thailand. The data could be useful for disease prevention and control. Further studies on trends of Leishmania infection and preventive measures are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jipada Manomat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peerapan Tan-Ariya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tawee Naaglor
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phunlerd Piyaraj
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
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Padrón Romero M, Acevedo Ribó MM, Ahijado Hormigos FJ, Díaz Crespo F, Cueto Bravo L, Herraiz Corredor C, Fernández Rojo MÁ, Díaz-Tejeiro Izquierdo R. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and Mixed Cryoglobulinemia as a Form of Presentation of Visceral Leishmaniasis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e921445. [PMID: 32459796 PMCID: PMC7274496 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.921445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 69-year-old Final Diagnosis: Leishmaniasis Symptoms: Acute renal failure • purpuric skin lesions Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Bone marrow biopsy • renal biopsy • ultrasonography Specialty: Nephrology
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Phumee A, Jariyapan N, Chusri S, Hortiwakul T, Mouri O, Gay F, Limpanasithikul W, Siriyasatien P. Determination of anti-leishmanial drugs efficacy against Leishmania martiniquensis using a colorimetric assay. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 9:e00143. [PMID: 32300665 PMCID: PMC7153290 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autochthonous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis cases in Thailand have dramatically increased in the recent years. L. martiniquensis infection primarily occurs in immunocompromised patients, especially AIDS patients. In Thailand, amphotericin B is the only drug available for leishmaniasis treatment, and some patients relapse after amphotericin B therapy. Moreover, the efficacy of anti-leishmanial drugs against L. martiniquensis has not been evaluated to date. In this study, we determined the efficacy of various anti-leishmanial drugs against the promastigote and intracellular amastigote stages of L. martiniquensis using a colorimetric assay. Two strains (CU1 and CU1R1) were isolated from leishmaniasis HIV co-infected patient from Songkhla province, southern Thailand. The CU1 strain was isolated from the patient in 2011, and CU1R1 was isolated from the same patient in 2013, when he was diagnosed as relapse leishmaniasis. The third strain (LSCM1) used in this study has been isolated from immunocompetent patient from Lamphun province, northern Thailand. All strains were identified as L. martiniquensis by sequencing of ribosomal RNA ITS-1 and large subunit of RNA polymerase II gene. Bioassays have been conducted both with promastigote and intracellular amastigote stages of the parasite. All L. martiniquensis strains have been tested against amphotericin B, miltefosine and pentamidine to determine the efficacy of the drugs against the parasite by using a PrestoBlue. The efficacy of miltefosine and pentamidine exhibit no significant difference between each stage of L. martiniquensis among all strains. Surprisingly, the promastigote and intracellular amastigote of the CU1R1 isolate, which was isolated from a relapsed patient after amphotericin B treatment, exhibited a two-fold increased inhibitory concentration (IC50) against amphotericin B compared with other strains, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, intracellular amastigotes isolated from CU1R1 exhibited slightly increased susceptibility to amphotericin B compared with the promastigote (p < 0.05). The result of this experiment is a scientific evident to support that in case of relapsed leishmaniasis caused by L. martiniquensis, increasing dosage of amphotericin B is essential. Moreover, this study also determined efficacy of other anti-leishmanial drugs for treatment the leishmaniasis in Thailand in case of these drugs are available in the country and the clinicians should have alternative drugs for treatment leishmaniasis in Thailand apart from amphotericin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchara Phumee
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narissara Jariyapan
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saranyou Chusri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Hortiwakul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Oussama Mouri
- Sorbonne Universite - Faculty of Medicine, AP-HP - Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Frederick Gay
- Sorbonne Universite - Faculty of Medicine, AP-HP - Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Puerta Carretero M, Ortega Díaz M, Corchete Prats E, Roldán Cortés D, Cuevas Tascón G, Martín Navarro JA, Jaldo Rodríguez MT, Medina Zahonero L, Cintra Cabrera M, Ryan Murúa P, Albalate Ramón M, de Sequera Ortiz P, Alcázar Arroyo R. Necrotizing glomerulonephritis in patients with HIV, HCV and visceral leishmaniasis. Nefrologia 2019; 40:481-484. [PMID: 31551119 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayra Ortega Díaz
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
| | | | - David Roldán Cortés
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Ryan Murúa
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
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11
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Srisuton P, Phumee A, Sunantaraporn S, Boonserm R, Sor-Suwan S, Brownell N, Pengsakul T, Siriyasatien P. Detection of Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA in Field-Caught Sand Flies from Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas of Leishmaniasis in Southern Thailand. INSECTS 2019; 10:E238. [PMID: 31382501 PMCID: PMC6722825 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are tiny, hairy, blood-sucking nematoceran insects that feed on a wide range of hosts. They are known as a principal vector of parasites, responsible for human and animal leishmaniasis worldwide. In Thailand, human autochthonous leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis have been reported. However, information on the vectors for Leishmania and Trypanosoma in the country is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to detect Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA in field-caught sand flies from endemic areas (Songkhla and Phatthalung Provinces) and non-endemic area (Chumphon Province) of leishmaniasis. A total of 439 sand flies (220 females and 219 males) were collected. Head and genitalia dissection of female sandflies were done for morphology identification, and the remaining parts of those sand flies were then used for the detection of Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites. The DNA was extracted from individual female sand flies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) anneal, specific to the ITS1 and SSU rRNA gene regions, was used to detect Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA, respectively. The positive PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The results showed that the female sand fly species in this study consisted of Sergentomyia khawi (35.9%); Se. anodontis (23.6%); Phlebotomus betisi (18.6%); Ph. kiangsuensis (9.5%); Ph. asperulus (6.4%); Se. barraudi (2.3%); 0.9% of each Se. indica, Ph. stantoni, and Ph. major major; and 0.5% of each Se. sylvatica and Ph. mascomai. The PCR and sequence analysis were able to detect Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA in sand fly samples, which were identified as L. martiniquensis, 1/220 (0.45%) in Se. khawi, 3/220 (1.36%) of T. noyesi in Se. anodontis, and Ph. asperulus. Fourteen (6.36%) of the unidentified trypanosome species in Se. khawi, Se. indica, Se. anodontis, Ph. asperulus, and Ph. betisi were found in all of the areas of this study. Interestingly, we found a 1/220 (0.45%) co-infection sample of L. martiniquensis and Trypanosoma in Se. khawi from Songkhla Province. These data indicate that several species of sand flies might be potential vectors of Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites in southern Thailand. However, more extensive study for potential vectors using a larger number of sand flies should be conducted to prove whether these sand flies can be natural vectors of leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis in both humans and animals. In addition, our study could be useful for the future study of infection prevention, including effective vector control for leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimpilad Srisuton
- Medical Parasitology Program, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Atchara Phumee
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sakone Sunantaraporn
- Medical Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rungfar Boonserm
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sriwatapron Sor-Suwan
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Narisa Brownell
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Theerakamol Pengsakul
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Alwazzeh MJ, Alhashimalsayed ZH. Visceral Leishmaniasis and Glomerulonephritis: A Case Report. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 7:40-43. [PMID: 30787856 PMCID: PMC6381853 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_166_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia, with a low incidence rate. Clinical presentations of visceral leishmaniasis include recurrent fever, substantial weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly and anemia. However, the clinical features may not be easily evident owing to the involvement of multiple organs. This, in turn, can cause difficulties in establishing the correct diagnosis, and subsequently, in managing the patient. Here, the authors report a case of a 42-year-old male from Jizan, southwestern Saudi Arabia, who presented with impaired renal function. After kidney biopsy, the patient was diagnosed with glomerulonephritis of unknown etiology and treated with mycophenolate and prednisone. After 3 months, the patient developed high fever with hepatomegaly and pancytopenia. Based on the investigations, a possible diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis was considered. Accordingly, he was treated with liposomal amphotericin B, following which his condition improved significantly. This case report discusses the relationship between glomerulonephritis and visceral leishmaniasis and focuses on the potential consequences of glomerulonephritis management without investigating the etiology of the underlying diseases, especially in patients from tropical and subtropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Jabr Alwazzeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaki Hajji Alhashimalsayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
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Jariyapan N, Daroontum T, Jaiwong K, Chanmol W, Intakhan N, Sor-suwan S, Siriyasatien P, Somboon P, Bates MD, Bates PA. Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae), a parasite from Thailand responsible for localised cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:351. [PMID: 29914526 PMCID: PMC6006788 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in Thailand with an unknown incidence or prevalence. Although the number of properly characterized and clinically confirmed cases is about 20, it is suspected that this low number masks a potentially high prevalence, with clinical disease typically manifesting itself against an immunocompromised background, but with a substantial number of subclinical or cured cases of infection. To date leishmaniasis in Thailand has been mainly ascribed to two taxa within the recently erected subgenus Mundinia Shaw, Camargo & Teixeira, 2016, Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis Desbois, Pratlong & Dedet, 2014 and a species that has not been formally described prior to this study. RESULTS A case of simple cutaneous leishmaniasis was diagnosed in a patient from Nan Province, Thailand. Molecular analysis of parasites derived from a biopsy sample revealed this to be a new species of Leishmania Ross, 1908, which has been named as Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis Bates & Jariyapan n. sp. A formal description is provided, and this new taxon supercedes some isolates from the invalid taxon "Leishmania siamensis". A summary of all known cases of leishmaniasis with a corrected species identification is provided. CONCLUSIONS Three species of parasites are now known to cause leishmaniasis is Thailand, L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis n. sp. in the subgenus Mundinia, which contains the type-species Leishmania enriettii Muniz & Medina, 1948, and a single case of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908. This study now enables epidemiological and other investigations into the biology of these unusual parasites to be conducted. It is recommended that the use of the taxonomically invalid name "L. siamensis" should be discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narissara Jariyapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Teerada Daroontum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Wetpisit Chanmol
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nuchpicha Intakhan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sriwatapron Sor-suwan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Michelle D. Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paul A. Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Leelayoova S, Siripattanapipong S, Manomat J, Piyaraj P, Tan-Ariya P, Bualert L, Mungthin M. Leishmaniasis in Thailand: A Review of Causative Agents and Situations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:534-542. [PMID: 28093539 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Before 1999, leishmaniasis was considered an imported disease in Thailand. Since then, autochthonous leishmaniasis was reported in both immmunocompetent and immmunocompromised patients especially in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A new species was identified and named as Leishmania siamensis consisting of two lineages, that is, lineages TR and PG. Analysis of isoenzymes has clarified the more commonly detected L. siamensis lineage PG as Leishmania martiniquensis (MON-229), a species originally reported from the Martinique Island, whereas the L. siamensis lineage TR has been identified as the true novel species, L. siamensis (MON-324). Both cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been found among Thai patients. Disseminated CL and VL could be presented in some reported patients who had HIV/AIDS coinfection. So far, only sporadic cases have been reported; thus, the true prevalence of leishmaniasis should be determined in Thailand among the high-risk populations such as people with HIV/AIDS. A recent survey among animals identified L. martiniquensis DNA in black rats (Rattus rattus) suggesting a potential animal reservoir. In addition, L. martiniquensis DNA was identified in Sergentomyia gemmea and Sergentomyia barraudi, the predominant sandfly species in the affected areas. However, further studies are needed to prove that these sandflies could serve as the vector of leishmaniasis in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jipada Manomat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phunlerd Piyaraj
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peerapan Tan-Ariya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lertwut Bualert
- Department of Medicine, Trang Hospital, Trang Province, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sukantamala J, Sing KW, Jaturas N, Polseela R, Wilson JJ. Unexpected diversity of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in tourist caves in Northern Thailand. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 28:949-955. [PMID: 27759464 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1214728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Certain species of Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are vectors of the protozoa which causes leishmaniasis. Sandflies are found breeding in enclosed places like caves. Thailand is a popular tourist destination, including for ecotourism activities like caving, which increases the risk of contact between tourists and sandflies. Surveillance of sandflies is important for monitoring this risk but identification of species based on morphology is challenged by phenotypic plasticity and cryptic diversity. DNA barcodes have been used for the identification of sandflies in Thailand. We collected sandflies using CDC light trap from four tourist caves in Northern Thailand. Female sandflies were provisionally sorted into 13 morphospecies and 19 unidentified specimens. DNA was extracted from the thorax and legs of sandflies and the DNA barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase I mtDNA amplified and sequenced. The specimens were sorted into 22 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU) based on the 145 DNA barcodes, which is significantly more than the morphospecies. Several of the taxa thought to be present in multiple caves, based on morphospecies sorting, split into cave-specific MOTU which likely represent cryptic species. Several MOTU reported in an earlier study from Wihan Cave, Thailand, were also found in these caves. This supports the use of DNA barcodes to investigate species diversity of sandflies and their useful role in surveillance of sandflies in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedsada Sukantamala
- a Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science , Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand.,b Museum of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Kong-Wah Sing
- b Museum of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,c Ecology and Biodiversity Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Narong Jaturas
- a Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science , Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand.,d Faculty of Medical Science, Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
| | - Raxsina Polseela
- a Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science , Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand.,d Faculty of Medical Science, Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
| | - John-James Wilson
- b Museum of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,c Ecology and Biodiversity Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Sethi S, Fervenza FC, Siddiqui A, Quint PS, Pritt BS. Leishmaniasis-Associated Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis With Massive Complement Deposition. Kidney Int Rep 2016; 1:125-130. [PMID: 29142921 PMCID: PMC5678859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Sethi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fernando C Fervenza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Patrick S Quint
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bobbi S Pritt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Siriyasatien P, Chusri S, Kraivichian K, Jariyapan N, Hortiwakul T, Silpapojakul K, Pym AM, Phumee A. Early detection of novel Leishmania species DNA in the saliva of two HIV-infected patients. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:89. [PMID: 26979710 PMCID: PMC4793580 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis caused by two new species of Leishmania; L. siamensis and L. martiniquensis have been recently described in Thailand. The disease has mainly been documented in AIDS patients from southern Thailand. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine HIV-Leishmania co-infection in southern Thailand. METHODS One ml of saliva and 3 ml of EDTA blood were collected from HIV-infected patients for PCR detection of Leishmania DNA, cloning and sequencing. The positive PCR samples were then cultured on Schneider's insect medium. RESULTS Three out of 316 saliva samples collected from HIV-infected patients were found to be positive for Leishmania DNA (0.95%). Among the positive samples, one patient was observed with disseminated cutaneous lesions and also tested positive via saliva, whole blood and buffy coat in PCR. The second case presenting with nodular lesions also gave a positive saliva test via PCR two months prior to buffy coat. This diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination and a culture of biopsy samples from a nodule. The last case was an asymptomatic Leishmania infection which tested PCR positive only in saliva with a consecutive sample collection conducted for three months. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Leishmania infection in HIV infected patients within this study is 0.95%. Leishmania DNA was detected in saliva by PCR prior to blood and buffy coat of two HIV infected patients. Early detection of Leishmania DNA in saliva would be beneficial for the follow up of asymptomatic Leishmania infected patients, the early treatment of leishmaniasis and for surveillance survey purpose. However, full evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of this technique with a large cohort of patients is required before deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padet Siriyasatien
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- />Excellence Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sarunyou Chusri
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Kraivichian
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Narissara Jariyapan
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Hortiwakul
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand
| | - Khachornsakdi Silpapojakul
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand
| | - Adam M. Pym
- />School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Atchara Phumee
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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Sriworarat C, Phumee A, Mungthin M, Leelayoova S, Siriyasatien P. Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for simple detection of Leishmania infection. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:591. [PMID: 26577333 PMCID: PMC4650110 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania. Recently, an increasing number of autochthonous leishmaniasis cases caused by L. martiniquensis and the novel species L. siamensis have been described in Thailand, rendering an accurate diagnosis of this disease critical. However, only a few laboratories are capable of diagnosing leishmaniasis in Thailand. To expand leishmaniasis diagnostic capabilities, we developed a simple colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for the direct detection of Leishmania DNA. Methods LAMP was performed for 75 min using four primers targeting the conserved region of the18S ribosomal RNA gene, and the DNA indicator used was malachite green (MG). To simulate crude samples, cultured promastigotes of L. siamensis were mixed with blood or saliva. Also, clinical samples (blood, saliva, and tissue biopsies) were obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). All samples were boiled for 10 min and introduced directly into the LAMP reaction mixture without DNA purification. Results The use of MG resulted in an unambiguous differentiation of positive and negative controls. For L. siamensis, the detection limit was 103 parasites/mL or 2.5 parasites/tube. Saliva, tissue biopsies, and whole blood were indicative of active Leishmania infection, and their direct usages did not adversely affect the detection limit. In addition, this LAMP assay could detect DNA from multiple Leishmania species other than L. siamensis and L. martiniquensis, including L. aethiopica, L. braziliensis, L. donovani and L. tropica. Conclusions The simplicity and sensitivity of LAMP in detecting active Leishmania infection could enable the rapid diagnosis of leishmaniasis, thereby facilitating the survey and control of leishmaniasis in Thailand. However, our limited number of samples warranted a further validation with a larger cohort of patients before this assay could be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atchara Phumee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Excellence Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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19
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Chiewchanvit S, Tovanabutra N, Jariyapan N, Bates MD, Mahanupab P, Chuamanochan M, Tantiworawit A, Bates PA. Chronic generalized fibrotic skin lesions from disseminated leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in two patients from northern Thailand infected with HIV. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:663-70. [PMID: 25823707 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a newly emerging infection in Thailand. Most of the previous human cases have presented with the clinical features of visceral leishmaniasis and were mainly found in southern Thailand. Here we report the first two patients from northern Thailand presenting with disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES To determine the nature of the infection of leishmaniasis and to identify the species of parasite responsible. METHODS Clinical investigations included the taking of biopsy samples and histology. Parasitological diagnosis was performed by establishment of Leishmania promastigote cultures, and identification was performed by DNA sequencing of four independent gene loci (ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer 1; large subunit of RNA polymerase II; heat shock protein 70; RPL23a intergenic sequence). RESULTS Both patients were infected with HIV, and had multiple cutaneous lesions and accompanying visceral leishmaniasis. They had similar cutaneous manifestations characterized by chronic generalized fibrotic lesions, which were more prominent on traumatic areas. In both patients the parasite was identified as Leishmania martiniquensis. This is a recently described species that is distinct and only distantly related to the classical agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Asia (Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica) or of visceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum). Each patient responded well to therapy with intravenous amphotericin B followed by oral itraconazole. CONCLUSIONS Leishmania martiniquensis is a cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chiewchanvit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - N Tovanabutra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - N Jariyapan
- Department of Parasitology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - M D Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, U.K
| | - P Mahanupab
- Department of Pathology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - M Chuamanochan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - A Tantiworawit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - P A Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, U.K
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20
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Enríquez R, Sirvent AE, Padilla S, Toro P, Sánchez M, Millán I. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis due to visceral leishmaniasis in an HIV patient. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2015; 16:8-11. [PMID: 25575099 PMCID: PMC4299756 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.892641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 47 Final Diagnosis: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Symptoms: Nephrotic syndrome Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Renal biopsy Specialty: Nephrology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Enríquez
- Nephrology Section, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Ana Esther Sirvent
- Nephrology Section, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Sergio Padilla
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Paula Toro
- Pathology Section, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - María Sánchez
- Nephrology Section, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Isabel Millán
- Nephrology Section, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
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Abstract
Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a vector-borne zoonotic disease endemic in southern Europe, but which is spreading northwards. Millions of dogs, cats and other non-conventional companion animals susceptible to L. infantum, living in European households, may develop a severe disease and contribute to the spread of leishmaniosis because of travelling or re-homing. Dogs are the main reservoir but other new reservoirs have recently been incriminated. Sand flies remain the sole proven vector and non-vectorial transmission has been reported at individual level and in areas where the vector is absent. Clinical disease affects only a proportion of infected dogs and a complex genetic background of immune response is responsible for this susceptibility. There is a wide range of serological and parasitological diagnostic tools available whose cost-effective use depends on a reasoned approach. Clinical response to treatment of sick dogs is variable. Clinical cure is often obtained but clinical recurrence can occur and post-therapy follow up should be maintained life-long. In Europe, vaccination can be combined with individual protection with pyrethroids as part of an integrated approach to prevention. L. infantum is the only species isolated from cats in Europe and xenodiagnosis substantiated that infected cats are infectious for sand flies. Feline infection may be frequent in endemic areas, but prevalence is generally lower than in dogs. When cats are tested by both serological and molecular techniques discordant results are often observed. Feline cases have been reported from endemic areas in Italy, France, Spain and Portugal, but four cases were also diagnosed in Switzerland in cats that had travelled to or been imported from Spain. Half of the cases were diagnosed in cats with impaired immune responses. Clinical manifestations compatible with feline leishmaniosis include lymph node enlargement, skin and mucocutaneous lesions, ocular lesions, chronic gingivostomatitis, hypergammaglobulinemia, and normocytic normochromic anemia. Cats have been empirically treated with some drugs used in dogs. Due to polymorphic clinical picture and the insidious progressive course, leishmaniosis can persist for a long time before dogs or cats are brought to a veterinarian and so diagnosis can be delayed. Exotic or new Leishmania spp. have been reported in humans, animals and vectors in Europe. This changing situation requires attention in Europe for designing epidemiological studies and control measures.
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Phumee A, Chusri S, Kraivichian K, Wititsuwannakul J, Hortiwakul T, Thavara U, Silpapojakul K, Siriyasatien P. Multiple cutaneous nodules in an HIV-infected patient. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3291. [PMID: 25502442 PMCID: PMC4263422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Atchara Phumee
- Medical Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarunyou Chusri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Kraivichian
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jade Wititsuwannakul
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Hortiwakul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Usavadee Thavara
- Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Khachornsakdi Silpapojakul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Pothirat T, Tantiworawit A, Chaiwarith R, Jariyapan N, Wannasan A, Siriyasatien P, Supparatpinyo K, Bates MD, Kwakye-Nuako G, Bates PA. First isolation of Leishmania from Northern Thailand: case report, identification as Leishmania martiniquensis and phylogenetic position within the Leishmania enriettii complex. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3339. [PMID: 25474647 PMCID: PMC4256172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1996, there have been several case reports of autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in Thailand. Here we report a case in a 52-year-old Thai male from northern Thailand, who presented with subacute fever, huge splenomegaly and pancytopenia. Bone marrow aspiration revealed numerous amastigotes within macrophages. Isolation of Leishmania LSCM1 into culture and DNA sequence analysis (ribosomal RNA ITS-1 and large subunit of RNA polymerase II) revealed the parasites to be members of the Leishmania enriettii complex, and apparently identical to L. martiniquensis previously reported from the Caribbean island of Martinique. This is the first report of visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. martiniquensis from the region. Moreover, the majority of parasites previously identified as “L. siamensis” also appear to be L. martiniquensis. Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially life threatening parasitic disease that is found in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. We report a case of visceral leishmaniasis in northern Thailand caused by a recently described new species of Leishmania parasite, Leishmania martiniquensis. By comparing DNA sequences from this parasite with those of other isolates, we show that this parasite is more widely spread than previously thought, with several other examples in Thailand, and possibly from Europe and the USA, as well as the original location in the Caribbean island of Martinique. This parasite appears to be an emerging pathogen, which, because it causes a potentially fatal disease, needs to be investigated in detail so that its transmission can be understood and control measures can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatawan Pothirat
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Adisak Tantiworawit
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Romanee Chaiwarith
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Narissara Jariyapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Wannasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khuanchai Supparatpinyo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail: (KS); (PAB)
| | - Michelle D. Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KS); (PAB)
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Vassallo M, Moranne O, Ambrosetti D, Jeandel PY, Pomares C, Cassuto E, Boscagli A, Giraud G, Montagne N, Dentone C, Demacina I, Villaggio B, Secondo G, Ferrea G, Passeron C, Saudes L, Kaphan R, Marty P, Rosenthal E. Visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum with renal involvement in HIV-infected patients. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:561. [PMID: 25358548 PMCID: PMC4216653 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe histological, clinical findings and outcomes of renal involvement during Leishmania infantum infection in four HIV-infected patients in South France and North Italy hospital settings. Cases presentation Four HIV-infected Caucasian patients (age 24-49) performed renal biopsy during episodes of visceral leishmaniasis. They presented severe immunosuppression, frequent relapses of visceral leishmaniasis during a follow-up period of several years and partial or complete recovery of renal function after anti-parasitic treatment. Main clinical presentations were nephrotic or nephritic syndrome and/or acute renal failure secondary to membranoproliferative type III glomerulonephritis or acute interstitial nephritis. Clinical outcome was poor, probably as a consequence of insufficient immuno-virological control of the HIV infection. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the main histological findings in case of renal involvement due to Leishmania infantum infection in HIV-infected patients are type III MPGN and acute interstitial nephritis, with a histological specificity similar to that observed in canine leishmaniasis. Poor immune status in HIV-infected patients, altering the capacity for parasite clearance, and prolonged course of chronic active VL in this population may lead to the development of specific renal lesions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0561-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vassallo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France.
| | - Olivier Moranne
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France. .,Department of Public Health, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France. .,Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education and Health (LAMHESS), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France.
| | - Damien Ambrosetti
- Department of Histopathology, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France.
| | | | - Christelle Pomares
- Parasitology and Mycology, Nice University Hospital and Inserm U 1065, Nice-Sophia Antipolis University, Equipe 6, Centre Méditerranéen de Médicine Moléculaire, Nice, France.
| | - Elisabeth Cassuto
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France.
| | - Annick Boscagli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France.
| | - Guillaume Giraud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France.
| | - Nathalie Montagne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France.
| | - Chiara Dentone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sanremo General Hospital, Sanremo, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Demacina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sanremo General Hospital, Sanremo, Italy.
| | - Barbara Villaggio
- Department of Histopathology, Genoa University Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Secondo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sanremo General Hospital, Sanremo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ferrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sanremo General Hospital, Sanremo, Italy.
| | - Corinne Passeron
- Department of Nephrology, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France.
| | - Laurence Saudes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France.
| | - Regis Kaphan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France.
| | - Pierre Marty
- Parasitology and Mycology, Nice University Hospital and Inserm U 1065, Nice-Sophia Antipolis University, Equipe 6, Centre Méditerranéen de Médicine Moléculaire, Nice, France.
| | - Eric Rosenthal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France.
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Hitakarun A, Tan-ariya P, Siripattanapipong S, Mungthin M, Piyaraj P, Naaglor T, Siriyasatien P, Tiwananthagorn S, Leelayoova S. Comparison of PCR methods for detection of Leishmania siamensis infection. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:458. [PMID: 25274259 PMCID: PMC4188918 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania siamensis, a newly identified species, has been reported as a causative agent of leishmaniasis in Thailand. This organism has been identified and genetically characterized using PCR techniques based on several target genes. However, the sensitivities and specificities of these methods for the diagnosis of L. siamensis infection have never been evaluated. METHODS To evaluate the sensitivities and specificities of PCR methods to detect L. siamensis infection, PCR for different genetic markers, i.e., the small subunit ribosomal RNA region (SSU-rRNA), the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS1), cysteine protease B (cpb), cytochrome b (cyt b), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), the spliced leader mini-exon, and the triose-phosphate isomerase (tim) genes were compared. RESULTS Both the ITS1-PCR and the SSU rRNA-PCR could detect promastigote of L. siamensis at concentrations as low as 0.05 parasites/μl or the DNA concentration at 2.3 pg/μl. Though the ITS1-PCR method only recognized 8 samples as positive, all of these could be assessed as true positive according to microscopic diagnosis and/or amplifying the results of the PCR and their sequencing, while other methods also produced false positive results. Compared with the ITS1-PCR method, the PCR amplified SSU-rRNA and cpb gene showed 100% sensitivity for the detection of L. siamensis in clinical specimens. The PCR amplified mini-exon and hsp70 gene also gave a high sensitivity of 87.5%. In contrast, the PCR methods for cyt b and tim gene showed low sensitivity. The PCR methods for cyt b, mini-exon and tim gene showed 100% specificity compared with the ITS1-PCR. CONCLUSION As a result, the ITS1-PCR method is a suitable target for PCR-based detection of L. siamensis infection in clinical specimens due to its high sensitivity and specificity. The results of this study can be used for molecular diagnosis as well as in epidemiological studies of L. siamensis in affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atitaya Hitakarun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Peerapan Tan-ariya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | | | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Phunlerd Piyaraj
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Tawee Naaglor
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
| | - Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Silva Junior GBD, Barros EJG, Daher EDF. Kidney involvement in leishmaniasis--a review. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:434-40. [PMID: 24690431 PMCID: PMC9427481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania transmitted by insects of the genus Lutzomyia sp. or Phlebotomus sp. The main syndromes are cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. This article reviews kidney involvement in cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, highlighting the aspects of their pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, histopathological findings, outcome and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; School of Medicine, Master in Collective Health, Health Sciences Center, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Elvino José Guardão Barros
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Elizabeth De Francesco Daher
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Osatakul S, Mungthin M, Siripattanapipong S, Hitakarun A, Kositnitikul R, Naaglor T, Leelayoova S. Recurrences of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania siamensis after treatment with amphotericin B in a seronegative child. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 90:40-2. [PMID: 24277788 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania siamensis in a seronegative child. She was treated with amphotericin B at 1 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks; however, recurrences occurred twice. The patient was cured after the administration of amphotericin B for 5 weeks and monthly prophylaxis for 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seksit Osatakul
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Phumee A, Kraivichian K, Chusri S, Noppakun N, Vibhagool A, Sanprasert V, Tampanya V, Wilde H, Siriyasatien P. Detection of Leishmania siamensis DNA in saliva by polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:899-905. [PMID: 24062485 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect Leishmania siamensis DNA from clinical samples collected from six leishmaniasis patients during 2011-2012. The samples used in this study came from bone marrow, blood, buffy coat, saliva, urine, and tissue biopsy specimens. Saliva was a good source for L. siamensis DNA by polymerase chain reaction. L. siamensis DNA was also found in saliva of an asymptomatic case-patient. Levels of L. siamensis DNA in saliva decreased until being undetectable after treatment. These levels could be used as a marker to evaluate efficacy of the treatment. A larger study is needed to evaluate this method as a screening and survey tool to study the silent background of Leishmania infection among the at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchara Phumee
- Medical Sciences Program, Department of Parasitology, Division of Dermatology, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand; Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand; Excellence Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kanjanopas K, Siripattanapipong S, Ninsaeng U, Hitakarun A, Jitkaew S, Kaewtaphaya P, Tan-ariya P, Mungthin M, Charoenwong C, Leelayoova S. Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) gemmea, a potential vector of Leishmania siamensis in southern Thailand. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:333. [PMID: 23870062 PMCID: PMC3725172 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania siamensis, is an emerging disease in Thailand. Although reported cases have been increasing, epidemiological information of the disease including host and vector aspects is not clearly known. This study was a preliminary survey of the potential vector of L. siamensis in an affected area of leishmaniasis, Trang Province, southern Thailand. Methods The collection of sandflies was performed around the area where a case of leishmaniasis was reported using CDC light traps. Species of sandfly were identified based on morphological characteristics according to Lewis’s key. PCR amplification and sequencing of the heat shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) was used to identify L. siamensis DNA in sandflies. Results A total of 146 male and female sandflies were collected in the affected areas. Of 71 female sandflies, four species were identified, i.e., Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) gemmea, S. (Neophlebotomus) iyengari, S. (Parrotomyia) barraudi and Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) stantoni. Among these species, S. (Neophlebotomus) gemmea was the most predominant species in all areas. DNA of L. siamensis was identified in S. (Neophlebotomus) gemmea. Nucleotide sequences of PCR products using DNA extracted from S. (Neophlebotomus) gemmea showed 99.8% identity to L. siamensis. Conclusion S. (Neophlebotomus) gemmea might be a potential vector of L. siamensis in an affected area, Trang Province, southern Thailand. However further studies are needed to prove whether these sandflies can be natural vectors of leishmaniasis.
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Abstract
Zoonoses are an issue of growing interest in South-East Asia, where environmental factors and socio-economic context favor the endemization of well-known diseases and the emergence of new pathogens at the human-wildlife interface. However, the health status of the region with respect to many zoonotic diseases remains poorly defined, despite the high overall burden of zoonoses on the countries of the area, and the global risk of new biological threats in the region. The first objective of this paper was to provide an update of data on the zoonoses commonly described by the scientific community and reported by governmental institutions and international organizations in continental South-East Asia. The analysis of the available data led to the identification of some trends in the evolution of the diseases, as well as some gaps in knowledge and in the current surveillance and control networks. In light of these findings, we discuss measures for effectively addressing zoonotic disease issues in South-East Asia, such as the allocation of funds for research and for surveillance and control programs, and a multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary approach at various levels.
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Leelayoova S, Siripattanapipong S, Hitakarun A, Kato H, Tan-ariya P, Siriyasatien P, Osatakul S, Mungthin M. Multilocus characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania siamensis isolated from autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis cases, southern Thailand. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:60. [PMID: 23506297 PMCID: PMC3724499 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania siamensis is an emerging disease continuously reported in six southern provinces of Thailand. To date, the phylogenetic relationships among Leishmania isolates from Thai patients and other Leishmania species are still unclear and the taxonomic diversity needs to be established. In this study, the phylogenetic inference trees were constructed based on four genetic loci (i.e., SSU-rRNA, ITS1, hsp70, and cyt b), using DNA sequences obtained from autochthonous VL patients from southern Thailand and reference sequences of reported Leishmania isolates from other studies deposited in GenBank. Results Phylogenetic analyses of hsp70 and cyt b loci supported a clade comprised of L. siamensis isolates, which is independent to the other members in the genus Leishmania. In combination with genetic distance analysis, sequence polymorphisms were observed among L. siamensis isolates and two different lineages could be differentiated, lineages PG and TR. Phylogenetic analysis of the cyt b gene further showed that L. siamensis lineage TR is closely related to L. enrietti, a parasite of guinea pigs. Conclusion The finding of this study sheds further light on the relationships of L. siamensis, both in intra- and inter-species aspects. This information would be useful for further in-depth studies on the biological properties of this important parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Reuss SM, Dunbar MD, Calderwood Mays MB, Owen JL, Mallicote MF, Archer LL, Wellehan JFX. Autochthonous Leishmania siamensis in horse, Florida, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1545-7. [PMID: 22932732 PMCID: PMC3437729 DOI: 10.3201/eid1809.120184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Chusri S, Hortiwakul T, Silpapojakul K, Siriyasatien P. Consecutive cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis manifestations involving a novel Leishmania species in two HIV patients in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:76-80. [PMID: 22764295 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in Thailand. Herein, we report on two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with leishmaniasis who presented with overlapping manifestations between cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Sequencing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of the ribosomal RNA gene showed that the species was identical to a new species recently described in Thailand. The detection of DNA of this Leishmania species in saliva may have important implications for transmission and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarunyou Chusri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Bualert L, Charungkiattikul W, Thongsuksai P, Mungthin M, Siripattanapipong S, Khositnithikul R, Naaglor T, Ravel C, El Baidouri F, Leelayoova S. Autochthonous disseminated dermal and visceral leishmaniasis in an AIDS patient, southern Thailand, caused by Leishmania siamensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:821-4. [PMID: 22556080 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first establishment of in vitro cultivation and genotypic characterization of Leishmania siamensis isolated from an autochthonous disseminated dermal and visceral leishmaniasis in a Thai acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient. The molecular identification has shown that the parasite was identical to L. siamensis, a recently described Leishmania species reported in the southern provinces of Thailand. The phylogenetic analysis has confirmed L. siamensis as closely related to the zoonotic Leishmania species L. enrietti.
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Amann K, Bogdan C, Harrer T, Rech J. Renal leishmaniasis as unusual cause of nephrotic syndrome in an HIV patient. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:586-90. [PMID: 22282598 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011050472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal involvement is a rare complication in HIV-1-infected patients leading to various pathologies and clinical symptoms. In addition to the classic HIV-1-associated nephropathy with collapsing-type focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and characteristic tubulocystic changes, which is more common in Afro-American than in Caucasian HIV-1 patients, immune complex GNs such as membranous GN and membranoproliferative GN are particularly common renal manifestations. Besides HIV-1 itself, a number of opportunistic infections may cause renal disease in HIV-1-infected patients. In this study, we report an unusual case of HIV-1 infection with a severe renal manifestation of systemic leishmaniasis that developed years after repeated visits to Mediterranean countries. The case presents several remarkable clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects that may be important for daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Amann
- Abt. für Nephropathologie, Pathologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Bone marrow leishmaniasis: a review of situation in Thailand. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:757-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Conlan JV, Sripa B, Attwood S, Newton PN. A review of parasitic zoonoses in a changing Southeast Asia. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:22-40. [PMID: 21846580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic zoonoses are common and widely distributed in the Southeast Asian region. However, the interactions between parasites, hosts and vectors are influenced by environmental, socio-cultural and livestock production changes that impact on the distribution, prevalence and severity of disease. In this review we provide an update on new knowledge in the context of ongoing changes for the food-borne pig associated zoonoses Taenia solium and Trichinella spp., the food-borne trematodes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, the water-borne trematodes Schistosoma spp., the vector-borne zoonotic protozoa Plasmodium knowlesi and Leishmania spp. and the soil-borne zoonotic hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum. These various changes need to be considered when assessing or developing regional control programs or devising new research initiatives in a changing SE Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Conlan
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, WA, Australia.
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