1
|
Clare G, Kempen JH, Pavésio C. Infectious eye disease in the 21st century-an overview. Eye (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41433-024-02966-w. [PMID: 38355671 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-02966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases affecting the eye often cause unilateral or asymmetric visual loss in children and people of working age. This group of conditions includes viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases, both common and rare presentations which, in aggregate, may account for a significant portion of the global visual burden. Diagnosis is frequently challenging even in specialist centres, and many disease presentations are highly regional. In an age of globalisation, an understanding of the various modes of transmission and the geographic distribution of infections can be instructive to clinicians. The impact of eye infections on global disability is currently not sufficiently captured in global prevalence studies on visual impairment and blindness, which focus on bilateral disease in the over-50s. Moreover, in many cases it is hard to differentiate between infectious and immune-mediated diseases. Since infectious eye diseases can be preventable and frequently affect younger people, we argue that in future prevalence studies they should be considered as a separate category, including estimates of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) as a measure of overall disease burden. Numbers of ocular infections are uniquely affected by outbreaks as well as endemic transmission, and their control frequently relies on collaborative partnerships that go well beyond the remit of ophthalmology, encompassing domains as various as vaccination, antibiotic development, individual healthcare, vector control, mass drug administration, food supplementation, environmental and food hygiene, epidemiological mapping, and many more. Moreover, the anticipated impacts of global warming, conflict, food poverty, urbanisation and environmental degradation are likely to magnify their importance. While remote telemedicine can be a useful aide in the diagnosis of these conditions in resource-poor areas, enhanced global reporting networks and artificial intelligence systems may ultimately be required for disease surveillance and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John H Kempen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Sight for Souls, Bellevue, WA, USA
- MCM Eye Unit; MyungSung Christian Medical Center (MCM) Comprehensive Specialized Hospital and MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kongwattananon W, Wiriyabanditkul T, Supwatjariyakul W, Somkijrungroj T. Intracameral Gnathostomiasis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022:1-5. [PMID: 35588303 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2073239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to report a case of ocular gnathostomiasis presenting with acute anterior uveitis and uveitis glaucoma. METHODS observational case report and literature review. RESULTS A 56-year-old Thai male was referred to a tertiary eye center with acute anterior uveitis and uveitis glaucoma in the right eye. A nematode was found in the right anterior chamber. Surgical removal of the nematode was successfully performed. Gnathostoma spinigerum was the nematode identified on pathological examination. CONCLUSIONS Early detection of the parasite and timely surgical removal is the key to the management of ocular gnathostomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wijak Kongwattananon
- Vitreoretinal Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Wiriyabanditkul
- Vitreoretinal Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waraluck Supwatjariyakul
- Vitreoretinal Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanapong Somkijrungroj
- Vitreoretinal Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Biswas J. Commentary: Seeing a worm in the eye - Is it enough? Indian J Ophthalmol 2019; 67:1492-1493. [PMID: 31436211 PMCID: PMC6727730 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_708_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
4
|
Ahmad SS. Water related ocular diseases. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2018; 32:227-233. [PMID: 30224888 PMCID: PMC6137694 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of ocular diseases can be attributed to contaminated water and we have coined a term "Water-related ocular diseases (WRODs)" to denote this wide-spectrum of conditions. WRODs are directly related to human contact with water and can occur through toxic, allergic, inflammatory or infective mechanisms. The non-infective causes can include chemicals used to clean swimming pools, oil spills and water-sport related injuries. Similarly, a number of infective organisms causing ocular diseases are transmitted through water. Since, these conditions can occasionally prove devastating, a review was done with the following aims: (i) To study the epidemiology of WRODs (ii) To assess the clinical presentation and current management of WRODs (iii) To highlight the future challenges and possible solutions to these problems. The online search was conducted utilizing search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ClinicalKey and the Virtual Library of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia for relevant terms such as water-borne, swimming pool and eye infections.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamilton WL, Agranoff D. Imported gnathostomiasis manifesting as cutaneous larva migrans and Löffler's syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-223132. [PMID: 29420245 PMCID: PMC5812380 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an unusual case of invasive gnathostomiasis in a returning traveller, with a shifting pattern of relapsing cutaneous disease. The previously fit and well 32-year-old man first presented with serpiginous, pruriginous erythematous tracks characteristic of cutaneous larva migrans shortly after returning from South-East Asia. He was systemically well with no other symptoms. After ivermectin therapy, he re-presented with respiratory symptoms, peripheral eosinophilia and transient pulmonary infiltrates; the classic triad of Löffler's syndrome associated with invasive helminth infection. Gnathostoma spinigerum immunoblot was positive. After a second round of ivermectin therapy his respiratory symptoms resolved, but the patient's cutaneous disease relapsed repeatedly over months, with migratory erythematous swellings appearing and settling after a few days. He was treated with a 21-day course of albendazole and is lesion free at 40 weeks post initial presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L. Hamilton
- Acute Medical Unit, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Daniel Agranoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leroy J, Cornu M, Deleplancque AS, Loridant S, Dutoit E, Sendid B. Sushi, ceviche and gnathostomiasis - A case report and review of imported infections. Travel Med Infect Dis 2017; 20:26-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Nawa Y, Yoshikawa M, Sawanyawisuth K, Chotmongkol V, Figueiras SF, Benavides M, Diaz Camacho SP. Ocular Gnathostomiasis-Update of Earlier Survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1232-1234. [PMID: 28722600 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular gnathostomiasis is rather a rare food-borne zoonosis caused by infection with the larvae of several species of genus Gnathostoma and is a representative ocular larva migrans syndrome. In our previous literature survey, we found 73 cases of ocular gnathostomiasis reported up to and including 2009, though additional sporadic cases have been reported in Asia and the Americas since that report. Here, we review 10 additional cases reported since 2010, and also update current findings regarding epidemiological and clinical features in affected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukifumi Nawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Masahide Yoshikawa
- Department of Parasitology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kittisak Sawanyawisuth
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Ambulatory Medicine Research Group, Research Center in Back, Neck Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), and Sleep Apnea Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Verajit Chotmongkol
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sandra Fernández Figueiras
- Sección de Microbiologia, Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biología Molecular, Centro Medico Docente la Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Maria Benavides
- Cornea Clinic, Ophthalmology Service, Centro Medico Docente la Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rawat P, Gautam M, Jain NC, Jain R. Intraocular gnathostomiasis: A rare case report from Central India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 64:235-7. [PMID: 27146938 PMCID: PMC4869466 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.181747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of intraocular gnathostomiasis from Central India. A 29-year-old male from Indore, Madhya Pradesh, presented with pain and redness of the right eye since 1 month. Slit lamp examination revealed anterior uveitis, multiple iris atrophic patches, and a live worm hooked on iris. The worm was removed through a small sclerocorneal tunnel. Microscopy confirmed Gnathostoma spinigerum. The patient was treated with oral albendazole and steroids. The case is reported because of its rarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikhila C Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Maharaja Yashwantrao Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khanifar AA, Espiritu MJ, Myung JS, Aaker GD, Schuetz AN, D'Amico DJ, Chan RVP. Three-dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography and light microscopy of an intravitreal parasite. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2015; 5:33. [PMID: 26585462 PMCID: PMC4653122 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-015-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various imaging modalities play a role in diagnosing parasitic infections of the eye. We describe the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of an intravitreal parasite with subsequent evaluation by light microscopy. FINDINGS This is a case report of a 37-year-old Ecuadorian man who presented with uveitic glaucoma and a new floater in his left eye for 1 week's duration. Full ophthalmic examination revealed an intravitreal parasite. Color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA), ocular ultrasonography (US), and SD-OCT were performed. The parasite was removed via 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy and sent to pathology for evaluation. Color fundus photography and ocular ultrasonography demonstrated an elongated foreign body within the vitreous above the retina. FA demonstrated minimal vascular changes in the vicinity of the parasite. SD-OCT was utilized to visualize the parasite and to create a three-dimensional (3D) image. The parasite was determined to be most consistent with Gnathostoma spp. by morphologic analysis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported case of SD-OCT of an intravitreal parasite with corresponding evaluation by pathology. SD-OCT allows non-invasive, high-resolution visualization and 3D reconstruction of parasitic anatomy which may help establish tomographic criteria for species identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz A Khanifar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michael J Espiritu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jane S Myung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Grant D Aaker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Audrey N Schuetz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Donald J D'Amico
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - R V Paul Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hem S, Tarantola A, Chheang R, Nop P, Kerléguer A. First reported case of intraocular Gnathostoma spinigerum in Cambodia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 108:312-5. [PMID: 26419485 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-015-0453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A live intraocular nematode was identified from a 37 year-old man presented with iritis, pain, redness, lacrimation, swelling, vision loss and intermittent blindness during many hours per day of the left eye. By using slit lamp examination, a worm was removed from iris in an ophthalmology outpatient department setting and sent to the Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge. Gnathostoma spinigerum was identified, based on its typical morphology via microscopic examination. Based on our diagnosis, the patient was treated by oral albendazole and responded well to this therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hem
- Medical Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodge
| | - A Tarantola
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodge
| | - R Chheang
- Medical Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodge
| | - P Nop
- Medical Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodge
| | - A Kerléguer
- Medical Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodge.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Diaz JH. Gnathostomiasis: An Emerging Infection of Raw Fish Consumers in Gnathostoma Nematode-Endemic and Nonendemic Countries. J Travel Med 2015; 22:318-24. [PMID: 25997919 DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gnathostomiasis, a helminthic infection commonly reported in Southeast Asia and Latin America, may follow consumption of raw seafood infected with muscle-encysted larvae of Gnathostoma species nematodes. As a result of increasingly exotic tastes for local ethnic dishes, including raw seafood, some regions outside of gnathostome-endemic areas import live species for raw consumption. This may facilitate imported human gnathostomiasis or potentially the establishment of this zoonosis in formerly nonendemic regions. Traveling to a gnathostome-endemic area is no longer a criterion for diagnosis. The objectives of this review are to enhance clinician awareness of this infection by describing the behavioral risk factors for its acquisition, life-cycle, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prevention. METHODS Internet search engines were queried with the key medical subject heading words. Case reports, case series, epidemiological investigations, and laboratory studies were reviewed; high risk behaviors for gnathostomiasis were identified; and human cases were stratified as cutaneous gnathostomiasis, visceral gnathostomiasis, neurognathostomiasis, and ocular gnathostomiasis. RESULTS The greatest risk factors for gnathostomiasis included the consumption of raw freshwater seafood dishes in endemic regions and the consumption of raw imported or domestic seafood dishes in households and ethnic restaurants in many nonendemic regions. CONCLUSIONS Gnathostomiasis is no longer a disease of returning travelers, and autochthonous cases may be anticipated to increase as a result of the importation of live Gnathostoma-infected species and the potential establishment of regional zoonoses of Gnathostoma-infected wild species. Since the eradication of gnathostomiasis is unlikely given the global distribution of Gnathostoma nematodes, the only effective preventive strategy is to educate persons in endemic and nonendemic areas that fish, eels, frogs, snakes, and birds must be cooked thoroughly first before eating and not eaten raw or marinated. The onset of migratory subcutaneous swellings with hyper-eosinophilia weeks to months after consuming raw seafood should provoke suspicion of gnathostomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Diaz
- Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC) in New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kulkarni S, Sayed R, Garg M, Patil V. Neurognathostomiasis in a young child in India: A case report. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:342-4. [PMID: 26002516 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilc meningitis is commonly associated with Angiostrongylus and Gnathostoma infection and has largely been reported from Thailand. We present the first case report of neurognathostomaisis in a pediatric patient from India. A 3.5 year old girl presented with fever, parasthesis, behavioral changes followed by flaccid quadriparesis. Neuroimaging showed haemorrhagic radiculomyelitis with cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia. Diagnosis of Gnathostoma infection was confirmed serologically and she was treated with anthelminthic drugs and steroids. This report emphasizes the increasing importance of central nervous system helminithic infections as an alternative diagnosis to common infections like neurotuberculosis in developing countries, even in pediatric patients. Increasing intercontinental travel and migration have increased the incidence and importance in the developed world as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Kulkarni
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India.
| | - Rafat Sayed
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India.
| | - Meenal Garg
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India.
| | - Varsha Patil
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Occurrence of Gnathostoma spinigerum in a leopard cat from Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:555-7. [PMID: 27413340 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-mortem examination of a leopard cat from Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, died in a road accident, revealed presence of gastric tumours containing worms which were identified as Gnathostoma spinigerum based on morphological characteristics.
Collapse
|