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Gardner OFW, Bai T, Baillie GS, Ferretti P. Phosphodiesterase 4D activity in acrodysostosis-associated neural pathology: too much or too little? Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae225. [PMID: 38983619 PMCID: PMC11232698 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme family regulate the availability of the secondary messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and, by doing so, control cellular processes in health and disease. In particular, PDE4D has been associated with Alzheimer's disease and the intellectual disability seen in fragile X syndrome. Furthermore, single point mutations in critical PDE4D regions cause acrodysostosis type 2(ACRDYS2, also referred to as inactivating PTH/PTHrP signalling disorder 5 or iPPSD5), where intellectual disability is seen in ∼90% of patients alongside the skeletal dysmorphologies that are characteristic of acrodysostosis type 1 (ACRDYS1/iPPSD4) and ACRDYS2. Two contrasting mechanisms have been proposed to explain how mutations in PDE4D cause iPPSD5. The first mechanism, the 'over-activation hypothesis', suggests that cAMP/PKA (cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A) signalling is reduced by the overactivity of mutant PDE4D, whilst the second, the 'over-compensation hypothesis' suggests that mutations reduce PDE4D activity. That reduction in activity is proposed to cause an increase in cellular cAMP, triggering the overexpression of other PDE isoforms. The resulting over-compensation then reduces cellular cAMP and the levels of cAMP/PKA signalling. However, neither of these proposed mechanisms accounts for the fine control of PDE activation and localization, which are likely to play a role in the development of iPPSD5. This review will draw together our understanding of the role of PDE4D in iPPSD5 and present a novel perspective on possible mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver F W Gardner
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Tianshu Bai
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - George S Baillie
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Petraitytė G, Šiaurytė K, Mikštienė V, Cimbalistienė L, Kriaučiūnienė D, Matulevičienė A, Utkus A, Preikšaitienė E. A novel variant in the PDE4D gene is the cause of Acrodysostosis type 2 in a Lithuanian patient: a case report. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:71. [PMID: 33858404 PMCID: PMC8051037 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acrodysostosis is a rare hereditary disorder described as a primary bone dysplasia with or without hormonal resistance. Pathogenic variants in the PRKAR1A and PDE4D genes are known genetic causes of this condition. The latter gene variants are more frequently identified in patients with midfacial and nasal hypoplasia and neurological involvement. The aim of our study was to analyse and confirm a genetic cause of acrodysostosis in a male patient. CASE PRESENTATION We report on a 29-year-old Lithuanian man diagnosed with acrodysostosis type 2. The characteristic phenotype includes specific skeletal abnormalities, facial dysostosis, mild intellectual disability and metabolic syndrome. Using patient's DNA extracted from peripheral blood sample, the novel, likely pathogenic, heterozygous de novo variant NM_001104631.2:c.581G > C was identified in the gene PDE4D via Sanger sequencing. This variant causes amino acid change (NP_001098101.1:p.(Arg194Pro)) in the functionally relevant upstream conserved region 1 domain of PDE4D. CONCLUSIONS This report further expands the knowledge of the consequences of missense variants in PDE4D that affect the upstream conserved region 1 regulatory domain and indicates that pathogenic variants of the gene PDE4D play an important role in the pathogenesis mechanism of acrodysostosis type 2 without significant hormonal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunda Petraitytė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Kamilė Šiaurytė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Violeta Mikštienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Loreta Cimbalistienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dovilė Kriaučiūnienė
- Clinic of Internal Diseases, Family Medicine and Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Matulevičienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Utkus
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eglė Preikšaitienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Zhan Y, Chen W, Feng Z, Tan C, Li M, Song Y, Zhao Z, Sheng W, Huang G. A novel de novo PDE4D gene mutation identified in a Chinese patient with acrodysostosis. Genesis 2019; 57:e23336. [PMID: 31520578 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acrodysostosis is an extremely rare disorder at birth, that is, characterized by skeletal dysplasia with short stature and midfacial hypoplasia, which has been reported to be caused by PDE4D and PRKAR1A gene mutations. Here, a Chinese boy with acrodysostosis, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary hypertension was recruited for our study, and his clinical and biochemical characteristics were analyzed. A novel de novo heterozygous missense mutation (NM_001104631: c.2030A>C, p.Tyr677Ser) of the PDE4D gene was detected by whole exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The c.2030A>C (p.Tyr677Ser) variant was located in exon 15 of the PDE4D gene, predicted to be damaging by a functional prediction program and shown to be highly conserved among many species. Further functional analysis showed that the p.Tyr677Ser substitution changes the function of the PDE4D protein, affects its subcellular localization in transfected cells, increases PDE4 activity in the regulation of cAMP signaling and affects cell proliferation. Our study identified a novel de novo PDE4D mutation in acrodysostosis of Chinese origin that not only contributes a deeper appreciation of the phenotypic characteristics of patients with PDE4D mutations but also expands the spectrum of PDE4D mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Zhan
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weicheng Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyu Feng
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaozhong Tan
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengru Li
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangliu Song
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengshan Zhao
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoying Huang
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
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Gurney ME, Nugent RA, Mo X, Sindac JA, Hagen TJ, Fox D, O'Donnell JM, Zhang C, Xu Y, Zhang HT, Groppi VE, Bailie M, White RE, Romero DL, Vellekoop AS, Walker JR, Surman MD, Zhu L, Campbell RF. Design and Synthesis of Selective Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) Allosteric Inhibitors for the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome and Other Brain Disorders. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4884-4901. [PMID: 31013090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel pyridine- and pyrimidine-based allosteric inhibitors are reported that achieve PDE4D subtype selectivity through recognition of a single amino acid difference on a key regulatory domain, known as UCR2, that opens and closes over the catalytic site for cAMP hydrolysis. The design and optimization of lead compounds was based on iterative analysis of X-ray crystal structures combined with metabolite identification. Selectivity for the activated, dimeric form of PDE4D provided potent memory enhancing effects in a mouse model of novel object recognition with improved tolerability and reduced vascular toxicity over earlier PDE4 inhibitors that lack subtype selectivity. The lead compound, 28 (BPN14770), has entered midstage, human phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of Fragile X Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Gurney
- Tetra Discovery Partners, Inc. , 38 Fulton Street West , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Richard A Nugent
- Tetra Discovery Partners, Inc. , 38 Fulton Street West , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Xuesheng Mo
- Tetra Discovery Partners, Inc. , 38 Fulton Street West , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Janice A Sindac
- Tetra Discovery Partners, Inc. , 38 Fulton Street West , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Timothy J Hagen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Northern Illinois University , 1425 West Lincoln Highway , DeKalb , Illinois 60115 , United States
| | - David Fox
- Beryllium Discovery Corp. , 7869 NE Day Road West , Bainbridge Island , Washington 98110 , United States
| | - James M O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14214-8033 , United States
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14214-8033 , United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14214-8033 , United States
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute , West Virginia University Health Sciences Center , 1 Medical Center Drive , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506 , United States
| | - Vincent E Groppi
- Michigan Drug Discovery, Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , 210 Washtenaw Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48103 , United States
| | - Marc Bailie
- INDS Inc. , 6111 Jackson Road, Suite 100 , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48103 , United States
| | - Ronald E White
- White Global Pharma Consultants , 31 Kinglet Drive , South Cranbury , New Jersey 08512 , United States
| | - Donna L Romero
- Pharma-Vation Consulting, LLC , 1201 Turnberry Ridge Court , Chesterfield , Missouri 63005 , United States
| | - A Samuel Vellekoop
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc. , 21 Corporate Circle , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
| | - Joel R Walker
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc. , 21 Corporate Circle , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
| | - Matthew D Surman
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc. , 21 Corporate Circle , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc. , 21 Corporate Circle , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
| | - Robert F Campbell
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc. , 21 Corporate Circle , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
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