Dry Eye Disease after Cataract Surgery: Study of its Determinants and Risk Factors

Understanding the Dry Eye Disease-Related Symptoms in South America: Prevalence and Associated Factors-A Systematic Review

Background/Objectives: Dry eye disease is a leading cause of ophthalmologic consultations worldwide and can significantly impact quality of life. While global prevalence rates vary widely, data specific to South America are limited. This systematic review aims to describe and analyze the prevalence and associated factors of dry eye disease-related symptoms in South American populations. Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS. Primary studies in English and Spanish that examined the prevalence of dry eye disease-related symptoms in South American populations and its associated factors were included without date restrictions. Studies were screened and selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in the final inclusion of 16 studies from six South American countries. Results: This review identified significant variability in the prevalence of dry eye disease-related symptoms in South American populations in the region, ranging from 4% to 77.5%, with a mean prevalence of 39.3%. Higher prevalence rates were observed among specific groups, such as university students (58.6%) and administrative workers (57.9%). Factors associated with dry eye disease-related symptoms in South American populations included female sex, older age, prolonged screen time, insufficient sleep, and medical conditions such as hypertension, connective tissue disorders, and the use of medications like antihypertensives and antidepressants. Conclusions: The prevalence of dry eye disease-related symptoms in South American populations is notably higher than global averages, highlighting regional challenges. This study emphasizes the need for standardized diagnostic tools and comprehensive epidemiological research across South America, particularly in underrepresented countries, to inform public health strategies tailored to the specific needs of these populations.

Comparison of manual versus automated thermal lid therapy with expression for meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with dry eye disease

To compare two types of lipid expression procedures to treat dry eye disease. Standardized treatment and evaluation methods were used in patients treated with either manual thermoelectric lipid expression (MiBoFlo) or automated lipid expression (Lipiflow) of the Meibomian glands. This was a contemporaneous, non-randomized study of both treatment methods. Treatment was per the manufacturers' recommendation. The primary outcome included two types of dry eye questionnaires as well as objective analysis of ocular surface including tear break up time, Schirmer testing, Osmolarity, and fluorescein staining. Baseline characteristics analyzed included floppy lid, conjunctivochalasis and lagophthalmos. Statistical analysis was performed correcting for baseline factors such as age and co existing pathology using multivariable analysis. Both treatments improved the results of the OSDI and SPEED dry eye questionnaire results. Both treatments resulted in improvement of many objective findings including SPK, lissamine green staining and tear break up time with the MiBoFlo showing more improvement than Lipiflow. OSDI was more sensitive to improvement of symptoms than the SPEED questionnaire. Manual expression with MiBoFlo device resulted in statistically more improvement in questionnaire scores than did automated expression with Lipiflow. Negative prognostic factors for symptomatic improvement included blepharitis, autoimmune disease and ocular allergies. Thermal lid therapy along with mechanical expression of lipids from the meibomian glands successfully treats dry eye symptoms and signs. Manual therapy with MiBoFlo resulted in more subjective and objective improvement scores than automated therapy with the Lipiflow device.

Bridging the gap in managing dry eye disease: a consensus report by the Taiwan society of cataract and refractive surgeons

BACKGROUND

An impaired ocular surface presents substantial challenges in terms of planning for cataract surgery. As a multifactorial ocular disorder, dry eye disease (DED) is common in the general population and prevalent in patients scheduled for lens replacement surgery. Cataract surgery can exacerbate DED and worsen several ocular parameters. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of DED are vital to ensuring positive ophthalmic surgical outcomes. This consensus report of the Taiwan Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (TSCRS) regarding the management of DED before, during, and after cataract surgery highlights the gaps between clinical guidelines and several aspects of DED, including diagnostic testing, diagnostic criteria, and clinical practice treatment.

METHODS

An expert panel of five specialists in the field of ophthalmology was recruited to develop consensus statements regarding the management of DED in both the general population and in patients undergoing cataract surgery in Taiwan. Two separate meetings of the five specialists, who were endorsed by the TSCRS, were convened for this purpose. A survey questionnaire consisting of binary or multiple-choice questions was developed through a consensus-driven formulation process. A percentage value was calculated for each statement, and a minimum of 60% agreement (equivalent to three out of five members) was required to achieve consensus. The second discussion meeting involved the presentation of the finalized consensus statements and concluded the consensus development process. Lastly, the finalized consensus statements were approved by all the experts, and the formulated recommendations for DED in the general population and prospective cataract surgery patients were accordingly presented.

RESULTS

The optimal algorithm for managing DED in the general population and in patients scheduled for cataract surgery was developed to address the unmet needs of this cohort in Taiwan.

CONCLUSION

This report provides recommendations for managing dry eye disease. It is essential to screen and confirm DED through endorsed questionnaires and tests and then diagnose it. Treatment and management of DED should follow a stepwise approach. Screening and diagnosing DED is also recommended before cataract surgery. After cataract surgery, relatively aggressive treatment strategies are recommended to manage DED effectively.

Efficacy of recombinant human epidermal growth factor plus sodium hyaluronate eye drops in diabetic dry eye post-cataract surgery

BACKGROUND

Dry eye syndrome (DES) after diabetic cataract surgery can seriously affect the patient's quality of life. Therefore, effective alleviation of symptoms in patients with this disease has important clinical significance.

AIM

To explore the clinical effect of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) plus sodium hyaluronate (SH) eye drops on DES after cataract surgery in patients with diabetes.

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated 82 patients with diabetes who experienced DES after cataract surgery at Tianjin Beichen Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University between April 2021 and April 2023. They were classified into an observation group (42 cases, rhEGF + SH eye drops) and a control group (40 cases, SH eye drops alone), depending on the different treatment schemes. The thera-peutic efficacy, dry eye symptom score, tear film breakup time (TFBUT), basic tear secretion score [assessed using Schirmer I test (SIt)], corneal fluorescein staining (FL) score, tear inflammatory markers, adverse reactions during treatment, and treatment satisfaction were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

Therapeutic efficacy was higher in the observation group compared with the control group. Both groups showed improved TFBUT and dry eye, as well as improved SIt and FL scores after treatment, with a more pronounced improvement in the observation group. Although no marked differences in adverse reactions were observed between the two groups, treatment satisfaction was higher in the observation group.

CONCLUSION

rhEGF + SH eye drops rendered clinical benefits to patients by effectively ameliorating dry eye and visual impairment with favorable efficacy, fewer adverse reactions, and high safety levels. Thus, this treatment should be promoted in clinical practice.

Potential New Target for Dry Eye Disease-Oxidative Stress

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition affecting the ocular surface. It is characterized by loss of tear film homeostasis and accompanied by ocular symptoms that may potentially result in damage to the ocular surface and even vision loss. Unmodifiable risk factors for DED mainly include aging, hormonal changes, and lifestyle issues such as reduced sleep duration, increased screen exposure, smoking, and ethanol consumption. As its prevalence continues to rise, DED has garnered considerable attention, prompting the exploration of potential new therapeutic targets. Recent studies have found that when the production of ROS exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant defense system on the ocular surface, oxidative stress ensues, leading to cellular apoptosis and further oxidative damage. These events can exacerbate inflammation and cellular stress responses, further increasing ROS levels and promoting a vicious cycle of oxidative stress in DED. Therefore, given the central role of reactive oxygen species in the vicious cycle of inflammation in DED, strategies involving antioxidants have emerged as a novel approach for its treatment. This review aims to enhance our understanding of the intricate relationship between oxidative stress and DED, thereby providing directions to explore innovative therapeutic approaches for this complex ocular disorder.

A Preservative-Free Approach - Effects on Dry Eye Signs and Symptoms After Cataract Surgery

Purpose

To compare the effect of treatment with preservative-free dexamethasone, NSAIDs and trehalose/hyaluronic acid eye drops with the preservative benzalkonium chloride containing dexamethasone and NSAIDs after cataract surgery in dry versus non-dry eyes.

Patients and Methods

In this prospective randomized intervention study, dry eye tests were performed before and 6 weeks after cataract surgery. Patients were considered as having dry eye, SDE (sign of dry eye), if at least one of the following dry eye tests were abnormal; corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), non-invasive keratograph breakup time (NIKBUT) or tear osmolarity. Patients with SDE were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group 1 patients were treated with dexamethasone and bromfenac eye drops with the preservative benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Group 2 patients were treated with preservative-free dexamethasone and preservative-free diclofenac, as well as a preservative-free lubricant with trehalose and hyaluronic acid both before and after surgery. Patients with normal tear film status acted as the control group (group 3) and received same treatment as group 1.

Results

A total of 215 patients were enrolled six weeks after surgery, the number of patients with SDE decreased significantly in groups 1 and 2 (p <0.001). Subjective symptoms and objective measures including osmolarity, NIKBUT, CFS, and tear film thickness (TFT) improved after surgery, tear production remained unchanged, while corneal sensitivity and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) parameters worsened. In the control group with normal tear-film status, SDE increased significantly after the surgery (p <0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in tear film parameters between the three groups after surgery.

Conclusion

After cataract surgery, patients with mild to moderate dry eyes may experience improved tear film status and reduced symptoms. However, we found no additional beneficial effect on dry eye parameters with treatment with preservative-free dexamethasone, NSAIDs, and lubricants compared to preservative-containing eye drops.

Assessment of the eye surface and subjective symptoms after using 0.1% dexamethasone drops with and without preservatives in patients after cataract surgery

Cataract surgery can cause dry eye symptoms. One of the many factors compromising the ocular surface is the use of benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-preserved topical eye drops administered during the postoperative period. In this open-label, prospective, randomized, comparative clinical trial, 40 patients not previously affected by dry eye disease were assigned to receive either preservative-free (PFD) or preserved (PD) dexamethasone 0.1% eye drops for two weeks after a standard phacoemulsification procedure. Fluorescein break-up time, ocular surface staining score, Schirmer test, Ocular Surface Disease Index and anterior chamber (AC) cells were evaluated at baseline prior to the surgery and 2 weeks after surgery. No statistically significant differences in baseline assessments were observed between groups. At week 2, a significant increase in corneal staining scores (p = 0.003) and foreign body sensation (p = 0.04) was observed for the PD group only. The conjunctival staining score was significantly higher in both groups. The mean AC cell grading was higher in the PFD group than in the PD group (0.28 ± 0.30 and 0.07 ± 0.18, respectively; p = 0.013). Preservative-free dexamethasone eye drops after cataract surgery caused milder dry eye symptoms as compared with preserved dexamethasone. The AC inflammation control comparison may require a larger study group. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT05753787, 03/03/2023.

Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology

Body temperature is one of the key vital signs for determining a disease’s severity, as it reflects the thermal energy generated by an individual’s metabolism. Since the first study on the relationship between body temperature and diseases by Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich at the end of the 19th century, various forms of thermometers have been developed to measure body temperature. Traditionally, methods for measuring temperature can be invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive. In recent years, great technological advances have reduced the cost of thermographic cameras, which allowed extending their use. Thermal cameras capture the infrared radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum and process the images to represent the temperature of the object under study through a range of colors, where each color and its hue indicate a previously established temperature. Currently, cameras have a sensitivity that allows them to detect changes in temperature as small as 0.01 °C. Along with its use in other areas of medicine, thermography has been used at the ocular level for more than 50 years. In healthy subjects, the literature reports that the average corneal temperature ranges from 32.9 to 36 °C. One of the possible sources of variability in normal values is age, and other possible sources of variation are gender and external temperature. In addition to the evaluation of healthy subjects, thermography has been used to evaluate its usefulness in various eye diseases, such as Graves’ orbitopathy, and tear duct obstruction for orbital diseases. The ocular surface is the most studied area. Ocular surface temperature is influenced by multiple conditions, one of the most studied being dry eye; other diseases studied include allergic conjunctivitis and pterygium as well as systemic diseases such as carotid artery stenosis. Among the corneal diseases studied are keratoconus, infectious keratitis, corneal graft rejection, the use of scleral or soft contact lenses, and the response to refractive or cataract surgery. Other diseases where thermographic features have been reported are glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vascular occlusions, intraocular tumors as well as scleritis, and other inflammatory eye diseases.

[Enhancement Options after Lens and Corneal Refractive Surgery]

BACKGROUND

 Modern preoperative diagnostics as well as current surgical techniques allow cataract and refractive surgery to deliver precise refractive results.Occasionally, unsatisfactory refractive and visual results occur despite all the care taken. In these cases, subsequent improvement is required to achieve the best final visual outcome. This article shows the therapeutic options for the treatment of residual refractive errors after lens and corneal refractive surgery.

KEY MESSAGES

 The causes of postoperative refractive errors after refractive laser- or lens-based procedures are very diverse and require extensive workup of the cause as well as an individual solution to achieve the desired result. Before any further surgical intervention, specific complications of the primary procedure as well as concomitant ocular diseases must be excluded or treated. The appropriate enhancement after keratorefractive surgery depends primarily on the type of primary surgery, residual stromal thickness, possible complications from the initial surgery, and the patient's personal preference. For enhancements using surface treatments, such as PRK, the use of mitomycin C is recommended for prophylaxis of haze formation. After lens surgery, for low-grade postoperative refractive errors (spherical and astigmatic), keratorefractive enhancements provide the most accurate results. For higher refractive errors, lens-based procedures can be used, with add-on IOLs being safer and more precise compared with one IOL exchange. Low astigmatisms can be successfully treated with LRI or keratorefractive surgery, but higher astigmatisms should be corrected with an IOL exchange in the early postoperative period and with an add-on IOL in the later postoperative period. IOL explantations should be performed very cautiously, especially in cases of pronounced capsular fibrosis, previous posterior capsulotomy, and existing weakness of the zonular apparatus.

Enhancement-Optionen nach Linsen- und refraktiver Hornhautchirurgie

Gelegentlich kommt es trotz aller Sorgfalt und präziser Operationstechnik in der Katarakt- und Refraktivchirurgie zu unbefriedigenden refraktiven und visuellen Ergebnissen. In diesen Fällen ist eine nachträgliche Korrektur erforderlich, um das beste endgültige visuelle Ergebnis zu erzielen. Dieser Beitrag zeigt die Möglichkeiten zur Behandlung residualer Refraktionsfehler nach Linsen- und refraktiver Hornhautchirurgie auf.

Complications of manual small-incision cataract surgery

The manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) is instrumental in tackling cataract-induced blindness in developing countries, especially with a sizeable proportion being hard brunescent cataracts. MSICS has a unique set of complications related to wound construction, the creation of the capsular opening, and the technique of nuclear delivery. A poorly constructed sclero-corneal tunnel or a small capsulorhexis hampers the nuclear extraction, and the extensive intracameral maneuvers increase the chances of postoperative corneal edema and iritis. Though MSICS has been shown to have universal applicability, producing replicable visual outcomes requires a significant learning curve. This article reviews the relevant published literature on complications of MSICS utilizing the databases of PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Scholar.

Evaluation of Ocular Surface after Cataract Surgery—A Prospective Study

This study evaluated tear film and ocular surface parameters in patients after cataract surgery. Methods: a prospective clinical study included 48 eyes of 48 patients who underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification performed by one surgeon. Tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer’s I test, Cochet–Bonnet esthesiometry and in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy was carried out and the OSDI questionnaire was filled out. All tests were assessed before and 1 month after the surgery. Results: there were 32 (66.7%) women; 16 (33.3%) men, mean age was 74.08 ± 5.37. Mean TBUT at baseline was 8.6 ± 1.9 s, after the surgery, it was 7.7 ± 2.7 s, p = 0.004. Schirmer’s I test was 8.7 ± 3.9 mm versus 8.1 ± 3.7 mm, p = 0.002. Mean corneal nerve density at baseline was 15.70 ± 2.34 and at the first postoperative month 14.94 ± 1.48 mm/mm², p = 0.02. The OSDI questionnaire score increased from 12.15 ± 10.34 before the surgery to 13.79 ± 10.88 in the first postoperative month, p = 0.001. Conclusions: the ocular surface was affected 1 month after the cataract surgery: TBUT was shorter, Schirmer’s I test and corneal nerve density were decreased while the OSDI score increased.

The Effect of Past Cataract Surgery within the Medium to Long-Term Period on Patients with Dry Eye Disease

This study investigates the effects of cataract surgery on dry eye parameters of patients with dry eye disease (DED) in the medium- to long-term post-surgical period (6 months to 5 years). A cross-sectional study was conducted on 438 eyes on first visit to a tertiary clinic (219 eyes with cataract surgery within timeframe, i.e., pseudophakic dry eye group, 219 comparison eyes without such history, i.e., comparison dry eye group). Parameters evaluated include Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and standard examination for DED. A significantly greater proportion of pseudophakic dry eye group (50%) experienced frequent blurred vision (≥1 episode per week) compared to dry eye control group (38%) (OR = 1.66, 95%CI 1.13, 2.44). Those with ocular discomfort before surgery were more likely to experience blurring at least once a day. However, a significantly greater proportion of the pseudophakic dry eye group (34%) had Schirmer’s I >8mm compared to the comparison group (25%) (OR = 0.605, 95% CI 0.398, 0.921), though the difference was not clinically significant (7.51 mm versus 6.51 mm, p > 0.05). Other DED signs (e.g., overall OSDI score, Tear Break-up Time) were not found to be worse among pseudophakic dry eye group. Pre-operative counselling and preventative measures should be undertaken, especially those with suggestive symptoms pre-operatively.

Systemic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors for dry eye disease in a mediterranean caucasian population

OBJECTIVES

To assess systemic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors for dry eye disease (DED) in a Mediterranean Caucasian population.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was performed on 120 Caucasian participants aged between 18 and 89 years (47.0 ± 22.8 years). Medical history, information regarding environmental conditions and lifestyle, Ocular Surface Disease Index, Dry Eye Questionnaire-5, non-Invasive (Oculus Keratograph 5 M) breakup time, tear film osmolarity and ocular surface staining parameters were assessed in a single clinical session to allow DED diagnosis based on the guidelines of the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop II Diagnostic Methodology Report. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed including those variables with a p-value less than 0.15 in the univariate analysis.

RESULTS

A prevalence of 57.7 % for DED was found. No age differences were found between those with and without DED (U = 1886.5, p = 0.243). Nevertheless, the DED group had more females (X² = 7.033, p = 0.008). The univariate logistic regression identified as potential risk factors for DED the following: female sex, sleep hours per day, menopause, anxiety, systemic rheumatologic disease, use of anxiolytics, daily medication, ocular surgery, poor diet quality, more ultra-processed food in diet, not drinking caffeine and hours of exposure to air conditioning per day. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that hours of sleep per day, menopause and use of anxiolytics were independently associated with DED (p ≤ 0.026 for all).

CONCLUSIONS

DED is associated with systemic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors. These findings are useful to identify potentially modifiable risk factors, in addition to conventional treatments for DED.

Attrition und Osmokinetik – Zwei Konzepte zur Pathogenese des Trockenen Auges

Die neuen Erkenntnisse der Pathophysiolgie des Trockenen Auges erkennen das Zusammenspiel von Tränen, Augenoberfläche und Lidoberfläche als eine funktionelle Einheit an. Der Begriff der Benetzungsfähigkeit der Tränen in Abhängigkeit der mikrotektonischen Anatomie der Augenoberfläche relativiert die Anforderungen an Träne und Tränenersatzmittel. Das Model der Attrition, welches die Effekte der friktionsneutralisierenden Kapazität des Tränenfilms, der Reibung und die Bedeutung der Mechanotransduktionskapazität des Epithels zusammenfasst, wird eingeführt und dessen pathophysiologische Bedeutung erläutert. Attrition und Benetzung bestimmen zusammen grundlegende pathophysiologische Vorgänge in der Augenoberfläche wie Aktivierung von Nerven (subjektive Beschwerden) sowie Entzündung und beeinflussen damit die Dynamik der Pathophysiologie, und den Übergang von vorübergehenden Beschwerden zu einer manifesten Erkrankung des Trockenen Auges. Die Betrachtung der Osmolarität als numerischer statischer Grenzwert zur alleinigen Diagnose des Trockenen Auges ist klinisch nicht haltbar. Das neue, dynamische Model der Osmokinetik, zeigt dagegen eine Alternative auf, in der die Tageschwankungen und die Beachtung des durchschnittlichen Osmolaritätsniveaus gröβere Bedeutung gewinnen und damit der eigentlichen pathophysiologischen Bedeutung der Osmolarität gerechter wird.

Simultaneously Monitoring Whole Corneal Injury with Corneal Optical Density and Thickness in Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery

To pursue the least corneal implication during cataract surgery, this study aimed to monitor corneal wound injury after cataract surgery with a novel method. The prospective cohort study involved thirty-two patients, who were assessed by a Scheimpflug tomography AxL^® (Oculus GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) via the following two kinds of indices: whole corneal optical density (COD) and corneal thickness (CT), two weeks before and one month after cataract surgery. The results of the COD revealed that corneal annuli 0.0–2.0 mm and 2.0–6.0 mm, and the average and maximal values at the incisional site significantly increased postoperatively. Also, the anterior and central stroma of 0.0–2.0 mm, and all three depths of 2.0–6.0 mm, increased remarkably after the operation. For the CT, all ranges of diameters plus incisional sites showed significant increases postoperatively. Furthermore, we analyzed the differences (delta) of COD and CT between pre- and post-operation, and found significant correlations between the delta of COD and the delta of CT, regarding annuli 0.0–2.0 mm, 2.0–6.0 mm, and 6.0–10.0 mm, but no correlation at the incisional site, with either average density or maximal density, was detected. We concluded that whole COD and CT, especially at the central zones of the cornea (annulus < 6 mm), are both valuable parameters in the assessment of corneal damage post-cataract surgery, and are independent indices at the incisional site.

Prevalence of Tear Film Hyperosmolarity in 1150 patients presenting for refractive surgery assessment

PURPOSE

To present an analysis of tear film hyperosmolarity in a large, consecutive population and evaluate the correlation of ocular and systemic conditions with tear film osmolarity.

SETTING

Private practice Sydney, Australia.

DESIGN

Single-centre, retrospective, consecutive cohort.

METHOD

1404 patients (n=1357 standard, n=47 post-refractive) undergoing screening for laser refractive surgery from October 2017 to October 2020 were reviewed. Routine examination included tear film osmolarity (TFO) and Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire). TFO was conducted prior to further tests and patients refrained from topical eye drops minimum two hours before the appointment.

RESULTS

Mean highest TFO in the standard population was 299.12±11.94mOsm/L with 82.3% of eyes <308mOsm/L indicating normal tear film homeostasis. The mean inter-eye TFO difference was 8.17±8.60mOsm/L with 65.2% of eyes <=8mOsm/L. Mean highest TFO in the post-refractive subgroup was 299.72±11.00mOsm/L with a mean inter-eye difference of 9.02±6.92mOsm/L. Post-refractive surgery patients indicated higher mean OSDI values of 15.28±14.46 compared to the remainder of the population 9.69±10.56 (p=0.012). Significant correlation was demonstrated between TFO scores and OSDI normal classification in the standard population only (p=0.005, r=0.077). The use of contact lens correlated inversely with TFO and OSDI scores (p=0.000, r=-0.136 and p=0.000, r=-0.152 respectively).

CONCLUSION

Our study represents the largest available cohort of TFO scores in a standard population presenting for refractive surgery. We found that although the majority of patients can be expected to fall within normal ranges, a reasonable percentage will be diagnosed with tear hyperosmolarity and therefore at risk of dry eye disease.

Refractive enhancements for residual refractive error after cataract surgery

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Advances in cataract surgery have allowed surgeons to achieve superior refractive outcomes but have also led to higher patient expectations. Despite ever-evolving technology, residual refractive errors still occur. Postcataract refractive enhancements may be required to deliver satisfactory visual outcomes. This review aims to discuss the potential causes of residual refractive errors and the various enhancement modalities to correct them.

RECENT FINDINGS

A thorough preoperative workup to detect and address underlying pathologic causes of impaired vision should be performed prior to enhancement or corrective procedures. Corneal-based procedures are the safest and most accurate methods of correcting mild cases of residual refractive error. Hyperopic, high myopic, and high astigmatic errors are best managed with lens-based enhancements. Piggyback intraocular lenses (IOLs) are safer and more effective compared with IOL exchange. Toric IOL rotation and IOL exchange are ideally performed in the early postoperative period.

SUMMARY

A multitude of options exist for effective correction of residual refractive errors. The choice on how to best manage these patients depends on many factors such as the cause of refractive error, type of IOL used, ocular comorbidities, and patient preference.