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Iqbal M, Elmassry A, Elgharieb M, Said O, Saeed A, Ibrahim T, Kotb A, Abdelhalim M, Shoughy S, Elgazzar A, Shamselden H, Hammour A, Eid M, Elzembely H, Abdelaziz K. Visual, ocular surface, and extraocular diagnostic criteria for determining the prevalence of computer vision syndrome: a cross-sectional smart-survey-based study. MEDICAL HYPOTHESIS, DISCOVERY & INNOVATION OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 13:1-15. [PMID: 38978825 PMCID: PMC11227667 DOI: 10.51329/mehdiophthal1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Background The American Optometric Association defines computer vision syndrome (CVS), also known as digital eye strain, as "a group of eye- and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use". We aimed to create a well-structured, valid, and reliable questionnaire to determine the prevalence of CVS, and to analyze the visual, ocular surface, and extraocular sequelae of CVS using a novel and smart self-assessment questionnaire. Methods This multicenter, observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, survey-based, online study included 6853 complete online responses of medical students from 15 universities. All participants responded to the updated, online, fourth version of the CVS questionnaire (CVS-F4), which has high validity and reliability. CVS was diagnosed according to five basic diagnostic criteria (5DC) derived from the CVS-F4. Respondents who fulfilled the 5DC were considered CVS cases. The 5DC were then converted into a novel five-question self-assessment questionnaire designated as the CVS-Smart. Results Of 10 000 invited medical students, 8006 responded to the CVS-F4 survey (80% response rate), while 6853 of the 8006 respondents provided complete online responses (85.6% completion rate). The overall CVS prevalence was 58.78% (n = 4028) among the study respondents; CVS prevalence was higher among women (65.87%) than among men (48.06%). Within the CVS group, the most common visual, ocular surface, and extraocular complaints were eye strain, dry eye, and neck/shoulder/back pain in 74.50% (n = 3001), 58.27% (n = 2347), and 80.52% (n = 3244) of CVS cases, respectively. Notably, 75.92% (3058/4028) of CVS cases were involved in the Mandated Computer System Use Program. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the two most statistically significant diagnostic criteria of the 5DC were ≥2 symptoms/attacks per month over the last 12 months (odds ratio [OR] = 204177.2; P <0.0001) and symptoms/attacks associated with screen use (OR = 16047.34; P <0.0001). The CVS-Smart demonstrated a Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of 0.860, Guttman split-half coefficient of 0.805, with perfect content and construct validity. A CVS-Smart score of 7-10 points indicated the presence of CVS. Conclusions The visual, ocular surface, and extraocular diagnostic criteria for CVS constituted the basic components of CVS-Smart. CVS-Smart is a novel, valid, reliable, subjective instrument for determining CVS diagnosis and prevalence and may provide a tool for rapid periodic assessment and prognostication. Individuals with positive CVS-Smart results should consider modifying their lifestyles and screen styles and seeking the help of ophthalmologists and/or optometrists. Higher institutional authorities should consider revising the Mandated Computer System Use Program to avoid the long-term consequences of CVS among university students. Further research must compare CVS-Smart with other available metrics for CVS, such as the CVS questionnaire, to determine its test-retest reliability and to justify its widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Iqbal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elmassry
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mervat Elgharieb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Omar Said
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Tamer Ibrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kotb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abdelhalim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Samir Shoughy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Damanhour Teaching Hospital, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Akram Elgazzar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alazhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Hassan Shamselden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alazhar University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Abdallah Hammour
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alazhar University-Males, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Eid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alazhar University-Males, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hosam Elzembely
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abdelaziz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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Ccami-Bernal F, Soriano-Moreno DR, Romero-Robles MA, Barriga-Chambi F, Tuco KG, Castro-Diaz SD, Nuñez-Lupaca JN, Pacheco-Mendoza J, Galvez-Olortegui T, Benites-Zapata VA. Prevalence of computer vision syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2024; 17:100482. [PMID: 37866176 PMCID: PMC10785422 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2023.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to estimate the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) in the general population and subgroups. METHODS A search was conducted in the following the databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Web of Science until February 13, 2023. We included studies that assessed the prevalence of CVS in any population. The Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of CVS was done using a random-effects model, assessing the sources of heterogeneity using subgroup and meta-regression analyses. RESULTS A total of 103 cross-sectional studies with 66 577 participants were included. The prevalence of CVS was 69.0% (95% CI: 62.3 to 75.3; I2: 99.7%), ranging from 12.1 to 97.3% across studies. Point prevalence was higher in women than in men (71.4 vs. 61.8%), university students (76.1%), Africa (71.2%), Asia (69.9%), contact lens wearers (73.1% vs. 63.8%) in studies conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic (72.8%), and in those that did not use the CVS-Q questionnaire (75.4%). In meta-regression, using the CVS-Q scale was associated with a lower prevalence of CVS. CONCLUSION Seven out of ten people suffer from CVS. Preventive strategies and interventions are needed to decrease the prevalence of this condition which can affect productivity and quality of life. Future studies should standardize a definition of CVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Ccami-Bernal
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - David R Soriano-Moreno
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Carretera Central Km 19.5 Ñaña, Chosica, 15464 Peru
| | | | - Fernanda Barriga-Chambi
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Kimberly G Tuco
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Carretera Central Km 19.5 Ñaña, Chosica, 15464 Peru
| | - Sharong D Castro-Diaz
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Carretera Central Km 19.5 Ñaña, Chosica, 15464 Peru
| | - Janeth N Nuñez-Lupaca
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Tacna, Miraflores S/N, 23000 Peru
| | | | - Tomas Galvez-Olortegui
- Unidad de Oftalmología Basada en Evidencias (Oftalmoevidencia), Scientia Clinical and Epidemiological Research Institute, Trujillo, Mz. G Lt. 22 Urb. Vista Hermosa, 13001 Peru; Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Yrigoyen, Jirón García Naranjo 840, La Victoria 13, Lima 15033, Peru
| | - Vicente A Benites-Zapata
- Unidad de investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud (UGIES), Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Av. La Fontana 550, La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru.
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Alturaiki HM, Alnajjar JS, Alibrahim IA, Almuhaysin FA, El Gaddafi MW, Almarzoq MA, Alturaiki FM, Aleid SS. Computer Vision Syndrome Among the General Population in the Eastern Region of Libya: Prevalence and Risk Factors. Cureus 2023; 15:e48777. [PMID: 38098910 PMCID: PMC10719751 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To assess the prevalence and determine the risk factors of computer vision syndrome among the general population in the Eastern region of Libya. Methods This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and comprised a random sample of 407 Libyan adults from Eastern Libya. Data were collected using an online-based questionnaire. Statistical analysis of all the datasets was performed using SPSS software, version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The mean age of the participants was 32.1 years (SD=12.8), and most participants 281 (69%) were female. As for employment status, 261 (64.1%) were students, 70 (17.2%) were non-healthcare workers, and 46 (11.3%) were healthcare workers. The majority of participants, 353 (86.7%), used a computer seven days a week, with 187 (45.9%) of those participants using a computer for over six hours daily. Over one-third of participants, 157 (38.6%), had computer vision syndrome. Being over 45 years of age, being a student, and using a computer for over six hours a day were the main factors associated with computer vision syndrome. Neck pain was the most commonly reported complaint in 235 (57.5%). Conclusion Increased use of electronic devices is leading to a higher prevalence of computer vision syndrome. Our study emphasizes the need to raise awareness regarding computer vision syndrome among the general public and medical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaikha S Aleid
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Fahad University Hospital, Alkhobar, SAU
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