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Bedane TD, Megersa B, Abunna F, Waktole H, Woldemariyam FT, Tekle M, Shimelis E, Gutema FD. Occurrence, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichia coli in lake water, fish and humans in central Oromia, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12461. [PMID: 38816376 PMCID: PMC11139919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Contaminated lake water and fish can be sources of bacterial pathogens of public health concern, including pathogenic E. coli. Within Ethiopia, specifically, Central Oromia, raw fish consumption is a common practice. Although there are few reports on occurrence of E. coli O157 in fish destined for human consumption and children under five years, information on the transmission pathways of E. coli O157 and other sorbitol non-fermenting (SN-F) E. coli from water-to-fish-to-human, and their virulence factors and antimicrobial resistant determinants along the fish supply chain is lacking. The study aimed to investigate the occurrence, molecular characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli O157 and other SN-F E. coli strains in fish, lake water and humans in central Oromia, Ethiopia. A total of 750 samples (450 fish samples, 150 water samples, 150 human stool samples) were collected from five lakes and three health facilities. The samples were processed following the standard protocol recommended by European Food Safety Authority and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for detection of the bacteria, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, respectively. Molecular characterization of presumptive isolates was performed using Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) for serotyping, determination of virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance traits, and genetic linkage of the isolates. Overall, 3.9% (29/750) of the samples had SN-F E. coli; of which 6.7% (n = 10), 1.8% (n = 8) and 7.3% (n = 11) were retrieved from water, fish, and diarrheic human patients, respectively. The WGS confirmed that all the isolates were SN-F non-O157: H7 E. coli strains. We reported two new E. coli strains with unknown O-antigen from fish and human samples. All the strains have multiple virulence factors and one or more genes encoding for them. Genetic relatedness was observed among strains from the same sources (water, fish, and humans). Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), cefotaxime (100%), ceftazidime (100%), meropenem (100%), nalidixic acid (93.1%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (79.3%). Majority of the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol (58.6%) and ciprofloxacin (48.3%), while small fraction showed resistance to azithromycin (3.45%). Isolates had an overall MDR profile of 87.5%. Majority, (62.1%; n = 18) of the strains had acquired MDR traits. Genes encoding for mutational resistance and Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) were also detected. In conclusion, our study revealed the occurrence of virulent and MDR SN-F E. coli strains in water, fish, and humans. Although no genetic relatedness was observed among strains from various sources, the genomic clustering among strains from the same sources strongly suggests the potential risk of transmission along the supply chain at the human-fish-environment interface if strict hygienic fish production is not in place. Further robust genetic study of the new strains with unknown O-antigens, and the epidemiology of SN-F E. coli is required to elucidate the molecular profile and public health implications of the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye D Bedane
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.
- Department of Veterinary Science, Salale University, P.O. Box 245, Fiche, Oromia, Ethiopia.
| | - Bekele Megersa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Abunna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Hika Waktole
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | | | - Muluken Tekle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Shimelis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fanta D Gutema
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
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Engda T, Tessema B, Mesifin N, Nuru A, Belachew T, Moges F. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 among diarrheic patients and their cattle in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295266. [PMID: 38127993 PMCID: PMC10734908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC O157:H7) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and associated risk factors of STEC O157:H7 among diarrheic patients and their cattle. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among diarrheic patients and their cattle in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia from December- 2020 to June- 2022. A total of 1,149 diarrheic patients and 229 cattle were included in the study. STEC O157:H7 detection was done using culture, latex agglutination test, and polymerase chain reaction on diarrheic stool samples and recto-anal mucosal swabs of cattle. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion techniques. Risk factors association were identified using binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence of STEC O157:H7 in diarrheic patients and their cattle was 11.1% (128/1149) and 14.4% (33/229) respectively. High percentage of the study subjects were found in under-five children (34.5%). Age less than 5 (AOR: 4.02, 95%CI:1.608-10.058,P = 0.003), and greater than 64 years old (AOR:3.36, 95% CI:1.254-8.986, P = 0.016), presence of diarrheic patient in the house (AOR:2.11, 95%CI:1.309-3.390, P = 0.002), availability of cattle in the house (AOR:2.52, 95%CI:1.261-5.049, P = 0.009), and habit of consuming raw foods (AOR:4.35, 95%CI:2.645-7.148, P = 0.000) were risk factors. Antibiotic resistance was shown in 109(85.2%), and 31(93.9%) isolates from diarrheic patients and their cattle respectively. The highest levels of antibiotic resistance were found to tetracycline (54.7%, 69.7%) in diarrheic patients and their cattle respectively. Multiple drug resistance was also observed among 56(43.8%) and 11(33.3%) isolates in diarrheic patients and their cattle respectively. CONCLUSION Our study showed high prevalence of STEC O157:H7 in diarrheic patients and their cattle. Therefore, health education should be given to the community on how to care for animals, proper sanitation, and the impact of raw food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigist Engda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Tessema
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nebiyu Mesifin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Anwar Nuru
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Belachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Feleke Moges
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Belina D, Gobena T, Kebede A, Chimdessa M, Hailu Y, Hald T. Occurrence of Diarrheagenic Pathogens and Their Coinfection Profiles in Diarrheic Under Five Children and Tracked Human Contacts in Urban and Rural Settings of Eastern Ethiopia. Microbiol Insights 2023; 16:11786361231196527. [PMID: 37736061 PMCID: PMC10510352 DOI: 10.1177/11786361231196527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Shigella are common cause of childhood diarrhea in countries like Ethiopia, but data on their sources and coinfection profiles is limited. A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to January 2023 to determine the prevalence, coinfection, and monthly occurrence rates of major diarrheagenic bacteria in diarrheic under five children and asymptomatic contacts at urban and rural settings in Ethiopia. A total of 345 stool samples were collected from; 262 diarrheic children visiting Hiwot Fana Hospital, Kersa, and Adelle Health Centers; and 83 caretakers and siblings through case based contact tracing. Samples were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures and the overall prevalence of enteric pathogens was 26.96%, with the highest isolation rate during the winter and peaks of 73.91% in February. The occurrence of the pathogens in children and tracked contacts was 27.86 and 24.09%, respectively. In our study, 8.53% coinfection and 23.66% single pathogen infection was recorded in diarrheic children. The study also showed 4.51 and 3.88% of diarrhea in children from urban and rural had attributed to bacterial coinfection, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen in diarrheic children was Diarrheagenic E. coli (10.31%), and followed by Campylobacter. On the other hand, Diarrheagenic E. coli was the second dominant bacteria following Shigella in the traced contacts, with prevalence of 8.43% and 9.64%, respectively. Based on the study site, the prevalence of Diarrheagenic E. coli and Nontyphoidal Salmonella was higher in children from urban than those from rural. However, the occurrence of each pathogen had no significant differences (P > .05) between settings. The high pathogens occurrence rate in the current study indicates the need for strong control strategies and better child carrying and treatment of diarrheal diseases at both urban and rural settings. Further studies on possible sources and factors attributing to the occurrence of enteric pathogens in children are also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinaol Belina
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Gobena
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Ameha Kebede
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Chimdessa
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Hailu
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Tine Hald
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Neupane R, Bhathena M, Das G, Long E, Beard J, Solomon H, Simon JL, Nisar YB, MacLeod WB, Hamer DH. Antibiotic resistance trends for common bacterial aetiologies of childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04060. [PMID: 37475599 PMCID: PMC10359834 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhoea is the second most common cause of death among children under the age of five worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating diarrhoea with oral rehydration therapy, intravenous fluids for severe dehydration, and zinc supplements. Antibiotics are only recommended to treat acute, invasive diarrhoea. Rising antibiotic resistance has led to a decrease in the effectiveness of treatments for diarrhoea. Methods A systematic literature review in PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE was conducted to identify articles relevant to antibiotic-resistant childhood diarrhoea. Articles in English published between 1990 to 2020 that described antibiotic resistance patterns of common pathogens causing childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries were included. The studies were limited to papers that categorized children as 0-5 years or 0-10 years old. The proportion of isolates with resistance to major classes of antibiotics stratified by major WHO global regions and time was determined. Results Quantitative data were extracted from 44 articles that met screening criteria; most focused on children under five years. Escherichia coli isolates had relatively high resistance rates to ampicillin and tetracycline in the African (AFR), American (AMR), and Eastern Mediterranean Regions (EMR). There was moderate to high resistance to ampicillin and third generation cephalosporins among Salmonella spp in the AFR, EMR, and the Western Pacific Region (WPR). Resistance rates for ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, and chloramphenicol for Shigella in the AFR started at an alarmingly high rate ( ~ 90%) in 2006 and fluctuated over time. There were limited antibiotic resistance data for Aeromonas, Yersinia, and V. cholerae. The 161 isolates of Campylobacter analysed showed initially low rates of fluoroquinolone resistance with high rates of resistance in recent years, especially in the Southeast Asian Region. Conclusions Resistance to inexpensive antibiotics for treatment of invasive diarrhoea in children under ten years is widespread (although data on 6- to 10-year-old children are limited), and resistance rates to fluoroquinolones and later-generation cephalosporins are increasing. A strong regional surveillance system is needed to carefully monitor trends in antibiotic resistance, future studies should include school-aged children, and interventions are needed to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics for the treatment of community-acquired, non-invasive diarrhoea. Registration This systematic review was registered in Prospero (registration number CRD42020204004) in August 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavee Neupane
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Myra Bhathena
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gopika Das
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Long
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Beard
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hiwote Solomon
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jon L Simon
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yasir B Nisar
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William B MacLeod
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Policy and Research, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains in Children from Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:9166209. [PMID: 35846070 PMCID: PMC9279085 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9166209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pathogenic Escherichia coli strains cause diarrheal infection in children due to their virulence factors. A nonanalytical observational study followed by a purposive sampling technique was conducted from October 2017 to June 2018, to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and molecularly detect pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in under-five children at Wolaita Sodo town using molecular and the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Result In the current investigation, out of 110 stool samples, Escherichia coli was isolated in 68 (61.8%) (95% CI: 52.1–70.9%). Out of 68 Escherichia coli isolates, 61.9% of Escherichia coli isolates were resistant, 9.4% were intermediately resistant, and 28.7% were susceptible. Among the antimicrobial agents, 91.2% of Escherichia coli isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin followed by norfloxacin (86.8%). Virulence genes were detected in 55.9% (38/68) (95% CI 52.1%–70.9%) of isolates. The following genes were detected: stx1 (6 (8.8%)), stx2 (4 (5.9%)), eaeA (5 (7.4%)), eaat (14 (20.5%)), and St (4 (5.9%)). Out of 68 Escherichia coli isolates, 43 (63.2%) isolates had shown multidrug resistance patterns. Furthermore, 11.8% of Escherichia coli isolates had shown resistance to eight different drugs. The multidrug resistance index value of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes was greater than or equal to 0.4, which indicates the high risk of resistance. Conclusion This study demonstrated important pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and multidrug resistance in isolates containing virulence genes. Wise use of antimicrobials and improving the hygienic practices amongst parents of children reduce its occurrence. Therefore, appropriate usage of antimicrobial agents should also be highly practiced in hospitals.
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Beyene AM, Gezachew M, Mengesha D, Yousef A, Gelaw B. Prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Gram-negative enteric bacterial pathogens from diarrheic patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265271. [PMID: 35294487 PMCID: PMC8926281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhoea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world particularly in developing countries and among vulnerable groups of the population. Gram-negative enteric bacterial pathogens (GNEBPs) are a group of organisms that reside mainly in the intestine and induce diarrhoea. Antimicrobial agents are usually the part of their treatment regimen. The therapeutic effect of antimicrobials is hindered by the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains. The information regarding the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of GNEBPs in Ethiopia is limited and found in a scattered form. Objectives This study was designed to determine the pooled prevalence and drug resistance patterns of GNEBPs by meta-analysis of data from diarrhoeic patients in Ethiopia. Method A comprehensive literature search was conducted through internet searches using Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, HINARI databases, and reference lists of previous studies. Published articles were included in the study based on priorly set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results were presented in the forest plot, tables, and figures with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The inconsistency index (I2) test statistics was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. The pooled prevalence estimate of GNEBPs and their drug resistance patterns were computed by a random-effects model. Software for Statistics and Data Science (STATA) version 14 statistical software was used for the analysis. Result After removing those articles which did not fulfil the inclusion criteria, 43 studies were included in the analysis. Studies were conducted in 8 regions of the country and most of the published articles were from the Amhara region (30.23%) followed by Oromia (18.60%) and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region (SNNP) (18.60%). The pooled prevalence of GNEBPs was 15.81% (CI = 13.33–18.29). The funnel plot indicated the presence of publication bias. The pooled prevalence of GNEBPs in Addis Ababa, Amhara, SNNP, and Oromia regions were 20.08, 16.67, 12.12, and 11.61%, respectively. The pooled prevalence was 14.91, 18.03, and 13.46% among studies conducted from 2006–2010, 2011–2015, and 2016–2021, respectively and it was the highest (20.35%) in children having age less than or equal to 15 years. The pooled prevalence of Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp., and Salmonella enterica were 19.79, 10.76, 6.24, and 5.06%, respectively. Large proportions (60–90%) of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. The pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 70.56% (CI = 64.56–76.77%) and MDR in Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp., E. coli, and S. enterica. were 80.78, 79.08, 78.20, and 59.46%, respectively. Conclusion The pooled estimate showed a high burden of GNEBPs infections and a high proportion of drug resistance characters to commonly used antimicrobial agents in Ethiopia. Therefore, performing drug susceptibility tests, establishing an antimicrobial surveillance system and confirmation by molecular techniques are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achenef Melaku Beyene
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mucheye Gezachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Mengesha
- Global One Health Initiative, East African Regional Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Yousef
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Baye Gelaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Wolde A, Deneke Y, Sisay T, Mathewos M, Fesseha H. Isolation of Escherichia coli and Its Associated Risk Factor from Diarrheic Children in Wolaita Sodo Town, Southern Ethiopia. Res Rep Trop Med 2021; 12:227-234. [PMID: 34675750 PMCID: PMC8518477 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s327129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Escherichia coli are among the major causes of mortality and morbidity in under-five children in developing nations including Ethiopia. Methods A non-analytical observational study design followed by a purposive sampling technique was conducted from October 2017 to June 2018, to isolate Escherichia coli and determine its associated risk factors from diarrheic children that were admitted to Christian hospital, Wolaita Sodo town. E. coli was confirmed using standard culture and biochemical analyses of the bacterium. In addition, a semi-structured questionnaire was provided to evaluate the potential risk factors that contribute to diarrhea in children. Results The overall isolation rate of E. coli in diarrheic children was 61.8% (68/110) (95% CI: 52.1–70.9%). Factors such as age, contact with either animals or manure, negligence to handwashing before a meal with soap, and exclusive breastfeeding at six months (p<0.05) has significant contribution to the prevalence of the E. coli in diarrheic children. The odds of being infected were highest in children whose caretakers had a habit of the negligence of handwashing before the meal (AOR = 6; 95% CI 30.8–49.8%; p = 0.01). Conclusion Improving the hygienic practices amongst parents of children reduces its Escherichia coli occurrence. Furthermore, awareness of the importance of exclusive breastfeeding to parents of children should be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanuel Wolde
- College of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Science, Jinka University, Jinka, Ethiopia
| | - Yosef Deneke
- School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Sisay
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Haben Fesseha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Belina D, Hailu Y, Gobena T, Hald T, Njage PMK. Prevalence and epidemiological distribution of selected foodborne pathogens in human and different environmental samples in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2021; 3:19. [PMID: 34474688 PMCID: PMC8414678 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens (FBP) are the commonest cause of foodborne illness or foodborne diseases (FBD) worldwide. They contaminate food at any stages in the entire food chain, from farm to dining-table. Among these, the Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC), Non typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Shigella spp. and Campylobacter spp. are responsible for a large proportion of illnesses, deaths; and, particularly, as causes of acute diarrheal diseases. Though existing studies indicate the problem may be severe in developing countries like Ethiopia, the evidence is commonly based on fragmented data from individual studies. A review of published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to obtain information on major FBP and identify the gaps in tracking their source attributions at the human, animal and environmental interface. A total of 1753 articles were initially retrieved after restricting the study period to between January 2000 and July 2020. After the second screening, only 51 articles on the humans and 43 on the environmental sample based studies were included in this review. In the absence of subgroups, overall as well as human stool and environmental sample based pooled prevalence estimate of FBP were analyzed. Since, substantial heterogeneity is expected, we also performed a subgroup analyses for principal study variables to estimate pooled prevalence of FBP at different epidemiological settings in both sample sources. The overall random pooled prevalence estimate of FBP (Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), Shigella and Campylobacter spp.) was 8%; 95% CI: 6.5-8.7, with statistically higher (P < 0.01) estimates in environmental samples (11%) than in human stool (6%). The subgroup analysis depicted that Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli contributed to 5.7% (95% CI: 4.7-6.8) and 11.6% (95% CI: 8.8-15.1) respectively, of the overall pooled prevalence estimates of FBD in Ethiopia. The result of meta-regression showed, administrative regional state, geographic area of the study, source of sample and categorized sample size all significantly contributed to the heterogeneity of Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli estimates. Besides, the multivariate meta- regression indicated the actual study year between 2011 and 2015 was significantly associated with the environmental sample-based prevalence estimates of these FBP. This systematic review and meta-analysis depicted FBP are important in Ethiopia though majority of the studies were conducted separately either in human, animal or environmental samples employing routine culture based diagnostic method. Thus, further FBD study at the human, animal and environmental interface employing advanced diagnostic methods is needed to investigate source attributions of FBD in one health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinaol Belina
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Hailu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tesfaye Gobena
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Tine Hald
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Ali DA, Tesema TS, Belachew YD. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Molecular detection of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and their antibiogram associated with risk factors from diarrheic calves in Jimma Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14356. [PMID: 34257358 PMCID: PMC8277816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli are a number of pathogenic E. coli strains that cause diarrheal infection both in animal and human hosts due to their virulence factors. A cross sectional study was conducted between November, 2016 and April, 2017 to isolate and molecularly detect pathogenic E. coli from diarrheic calves to determine the pathogenic strains, antibiogram and associated risk factors in Jimma town. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect 112 fecal samples from diarrheic calves. Conventional culture and biochemical methods were conducted to isolate E. coli isolates. Molecular method was followed to identify virulence factors of pathogenic E. coli strains. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the isolates were tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A structured questionnaire was also used to collect information from dairy farms and socio-demographic data. The overall isolation rate of E. coli in calves was 51.8% (58/112) (95% CI 42.0-61.0). The occurrence of the bacterium differed significantly by age, colostrum feeding time, amount of milk given per time and navel treatment (P < 0.05). Multivariable analysis revealed that the odds of being infected was significantly highest in calves which fed 1-1.5 L amount of milk per a time (OR 5.38, 95% CI 1.66-17.45, P = 0.005). The overall virulence genes detection rate was 53.5% (95% CI 40.0-67.0). Eleven (19.6%) of eaeA, 6 (10.7%) of Stx1 and 13 (23.2%) of Stx2 genes were detected from calves isolates. Except ciprofloxacillin, all isolates were resistant to at least one drug. Multi drug resistance was recorded in 68.0% (38/56) of calves isolates. Neomycin, 83.3% (25/30), followed by amoxicillin, 53.3% (16/30) were the highest resisted virulence genes. The study demonstrated considerable isolation rate, multiple antimicrobial resistant isolates and high resistant virulent genes in diarrheic calves. It also indicated that the potential importance of calves as source of pathogenic E. coli strains and resistant genes for human diarrhea infection. Improving the hygienic practice of farms and wise use of antimicrobials could help to reduce the occurrence of pathogenic E. coli in farms. Hence, further studies are needed to describe all virulent factors and serotypes associated with the emergence of drug resistant pathogenic E. coli strains in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destaw Asfaw Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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10
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Tadese ND, Gebremedhi EZ, Moges F, Borana BM, Marami LM, Sarba EJ, Abebe H, Kelbesa KA, Atalel D, Tessema B. Occurrence and Antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in Raw Beef and Hygienic Practices in Abattoir and Retailer Shops in Ambo Town, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:8846592. [PMID: 33868629 PMCID: PMC8032542 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8846592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne infections are widespread and growing public health problems in the world. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 : H7 is one of the most significant foodborne pathogens. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence and antibiogram of E. coli O157 : H7 from raw beef as well as hygienic and sanitary practices of meat handling in abattoir and retailer shops. Systematic random sampling technique and census methods were used to collect samples from abattoir and retailer shops, respectively. All tryptone soya broth preenriched carcass samples were subcultured onto MacConkey agar. Then, the bacterium confirmed as Escherichia coli using biochemical tests was streaked onto Sorbitol-MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. Escherichia coli O157 : H7 was confirmed by latex agglutination kit. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 isolates was done against 13 antimicrobials. Hygiene and sanitation data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and observational checklist. Pearson Chi-square and Fisher's exact two-tailed tests were performed and differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Out of 197 meat samples, 23.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 17.6-29.9%) and 9.1% (95% CI: 5.5-14.1%) were contaminated with Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157 : H7, respectively. There was a significant variation in the occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 between retailer shops (19.1%) and abattoir (7.2%) (P = 0.03). The study revealed that the municipal abattoir and retailer shops in Ambo town did not adhere to the required sanitation and hygienic standards. All Escherichia coli O157 : H7 isolates were susceptible to norfloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and ceftazidime. However, all isolates were resistant to amoxicillin. Multidrug resistance was widespread and was found in 66.3% of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 isolates. The occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 was high. Therefore, fulfilling national and international meat safety requirements, training and monitoring of meat handlers, and rational use of antimicrobials are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feleke Moges
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Edilu Jorga Sarba
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Hirut Abebe
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | | | - Dagmawit Atalel
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Tessema
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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11
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Getaneh DK, Hordofa LO, Ayana DA, Tessema TS, Regassa LD. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and associated factors in under-five children in Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246024. [PMID: 33508023 PMCID: PMC7842931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is one of the most potent zoonotic pathogens that causes mild diarrhea and leads to hemolytic uremic syndrome or death. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of E. coli O157:H7 related to diarrhea among under-five children with acute diarrhea. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was carried out in 2018 on 378 under-five-year children recruited randomly from hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Stool specimens were collected and processed using enrichment, differential and selective medium. Among isolates, E. coli O157:H7 was confirmed using latex test (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hants, England). Factors associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection were identified using binary and multivariable logistic regression. Associations were reported by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 related diarrhea was 15.3% (95%CI: 11.8-19.5). The E. coli O157:H7 infection was positively associated with rural residence (AOR;3.75, 95%CI:1.26-11.20), consumption of undercooked meat (AOR;3.95, 95%CI: 1.23-12.67), raw vegetables and/or fruit juice (AOR;3.37, 95%CI:1.32-8.62), presence of bloody diarrhea (AOR;4.42, 95% CI:1.78-10.94), number of under-five children in a household (AOR;7.16, 95%CI: 2.90-17.70), presence of person with diarrhea in a household (AOR;4.22, 95% CI: 1.84-12.69), owning domestic animal (AOR;3.87, 95% CI: 1.48-10.12) and uneducated mother (AOR;3.14, 95%CI: 1.05-9.42). CONCLUSION The Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 related diarrhea among under-five children is relatively high in Eastern Ethiopia. The E. coli infection was associated with sanitation and hygiene in a household. Thus, education focused on food cooking and handling, child care, and household sanitation associated with animal manure in rural resident children are helpful in.
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12
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Adesoji AT, Liadi AM. Antibiogram studies of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species isolated from diarrheal patients attending Malam Mande General Hospital Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:110. [PMID: 33425143 PMCID: PMC7757212 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.110.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction antibiotics resistant bacteria (ARB) is a worldwide problem. Information on ARB associated with diarrheal stool samples from Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria is scare. Methods this study examines 41 stool samples of diarrhea patients from a selected hospital in Dutsin-Ma. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic information and used antibiotics. Bacteria isolation and antibiotics susceptibility tests were determined using standard microbiological techniques. Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria were selected based on resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics. Results twenty bacteria that include Escherichia coli (n = 15) and Salmonella spp. (n = 5) were isolated. Pediatric age group (0-5 years) showed highest prevalence of 73.3 and 60% respectively. Illiterate patients showed highest (60%) frequency of Salmonella spp. Tetracycline was mostly observed for treating diarrhea among patients; high resistance to amoxicillin (80%), ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (73.3%) was noticed in E. coli. To each of amoxicillin and ampicillin, 100% resistance was observed among Salmonella spp. Two and one MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. were identified respectively. Conclusion high occurrence of studied bacteria among infants and aged adults coupled with some displaying MDR characteristics calls for urgent public health attention, hence, comprehensive studies are needed for the determination of molecular epidemiology of these bacteria for public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Timilehin Adesoji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Mansur Liadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
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13
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Zenebe T, Mitiku M, Alem Y. Prevalence of Escherichia coli in Under-Five Children with Diarrhea in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:8844294. [PMID: 32963539 PMCID: PMC7492924 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8844294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea remains as a high health burden, especially to children in low-income countries including Ethiopia. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli have been commonly associated as bacterial pathogens causing diarrheal disease among children. This systemic review and meta-analysis was intended to determine the pooled prevalence of Escherichia coli in under-five children with diarrhea in Ethiopia. A comprehensive search in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and Google search engine and manual searching were done for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The eligibility criteria for selecting studies were studies involving under-five children with diarrhea in Ethiopia, published articles, cross-sectional studies, and articles reported in English. The study was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. The data analysis was done using STATA 16.0 software. Cochran's Q-test and I 2 statistics were used for the assessment of heterogeneity. The random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of Escherichia coli. A total of 797 articles were initially retrieved, and finally, 11 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of Escherichia coli was 25% (95% CI: 9, 41). The pooled prevalence was varied by region, detection method, and sample size. The high prevalence emphasizes that Escherichia coli is a potential pathogen in under-five children with diarrhea in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tizazu Zenebe
- Department of Medicine, Medical Microbiology Unit, DebreBerhan University, DebreBerhan, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Mitiku
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, MaddaWalabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Alem
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
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14
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Gutema FD, Rasschaert G, Agga GE, Jufare A, Duguma AB, Abdi RD, Duchateau L, Crombe F, Gabriël S, De Zutter L. Occurrence, Molecular Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli O157 in Cattle, Beef, and Humans in Bishoftu Town, Central Ethiopia. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 18:1-7. [PMID: 32865441 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157 is a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli causing disease in humans. Cattle are the primary reservoir of the pathogen. Information regarding the contribution of cattle to diarrheal illnesses in humans through consumption of contaminated beef is scarce in Ethiopia. We collected samples from 240 cattle, 127 beef, and 216 diarrheic patients in Bishoftu town in Ethiopia to assess the occurrence and determine the virulence genes, genetic relatedness, and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 was detected in 7.1% of the rectal content samples from cattle in slaughterhouses, in 6.3% (n = 127) of the beef samples, and in 2.8% of the diarrheic patients' stool samples. All isolates were positive for eae gene, 24 (77%) of them were positive for stx2 gene (21 stx2c and 3 stx2a), whereas stx1 gene was not detected. Molecular typing grouped the isolates into eight pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pulsotypes with three pulsotypes containing isolates from all three sources, one pulsotype containing one isolate from human origin and one isolate from beef. The remaining four pulsotypes contained isolates unique either to beef or to humans. With the exception of 1 multidrug-resistant isolate from beef, which was resistant to 8 antimicrobial drugs, the remaining 30 isolates were susceptible to the 14 antimicrobials tested. In conclusion, the finding of genetically similar isolates in cattle, beef, and humans may indicate a potential transmission of E. coli O157 from cattle to humans through beef. However, more robust studies are required to confirm this epidemiological link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta D Gutema
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium
| | - Getahun E Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alemnesh Jufare
- Department of Animal Health, Alage Agricultural Technical Vocational and Educational Training College, Alage, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu B Duguma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bishoftu Hospital, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Reta D Abdi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Greenvale, New York, USA
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Florence Crombe
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Belgian National Reference Centre for STEC/VTEC, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abera B, Hailu T, Beza L, Mulu W, Yizengaw E, Kibret M. Aetiology of acute diarrhoea and antimicrobial usage among children aged under five years at health centres in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Trop Doct 2020; 50:190-194. [PMID: 32223540 DOI: 10.1177/0049475520912558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of diarrhoea with Cryptosporidium species and pathogenic bacteria has not been identified in the Ethiopian primary healthcare system. Thus, antibiotic consumption for unconfirmed pathogenic diarrhoea is not infrequent. A total of 344 children aged <5 years with diarrhoea were included in the present study to determine protozoal or bacterial aetiology and antibiotic use. Overall, 47.1% of children with diarrhoea had either protozoan or bacterial pathogens. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species was 12.8% while bacterial pathogens were 13.1%. Based on direct microscopic stool examination, 77.6% (267/344) of children with diarrhoea were treated with antimicrobials. Of these, 16.7%-51.4% of prescribed antimicrobials were appropriate. None of the children with Cryptosporidium diarrhoea were treated with the appropriate antimicrobial. Enteric bacterial pathogens showed a resistance of 51.6% to cotrimoxazole. Empirical treatments are not appropriate for the majority of child cases of diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayeh Abera
- Associate Professor of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia.,Associate Professor of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Associate Professor of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tadesse Hailu
- Associate Professor of Medical Parasitology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Laway Beza
- Assistant professor of Paediatrics and Child Health
| | - Wondemagegn Mulu
- Associate Professor of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mulugeta Kibret
- Professor of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biology, Science college Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
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16
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Drug Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli in Ethiopia: A Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4536905. [PMID: 29854757 PMCID: PMC5960519 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4536905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial drug resistance is a global threat for treatment of infectious diseases and costs life and money and threatens health delivery system's effectiveness. The resistance of E. coli to frequently utilized antimicrobial drugs is becoming a major challenge in Ethiopia. However, there is no inclusive countrywide study. Therefore, this study intended to assess the prevalence of E. coli resistance and antimicrobial-specific resistance pattern among E. coli clinical isolates in Ethiopia. Methods Articles were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and grey literature from 2007 to 2017. The main outcome measures were overall E. coli and drug-specific resistance patterns. A random-effects model was used to determine pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI), using DerSimonian and Laird method. In addition, subgroup analysis was conducted to improve the outcome. The study bias was assessed by Begg's funnel plot. This study was registered in PROSPERO as follows: PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017070106. Results Of 164 articles retrieved, 35 articles were included. A total of 19,235 study samples participated in the studies and 2,635 E. coli strains were isolated. Overall, E. coli antibacterial resistance was 45.38% (95% confidence interval (CI): 33.50 to 57.27). The resistance pattern ranges from 62.55% in Addis Ababa to 27.51% in Tigray region. The highest resistance of E. coli reported was to ampicillin (83.81%) and amoxicillin (75.79%), whereas only 13.55% of E. coli isolates showed resistance to nitrofurantoin. Conclusion E. coli antimicrobial resistance remains high with disparities observed among regions. The bacterium was found to be highly resistant to aminopenicillins. The finding implies the need for effective prevention strategies for the E. coli drug resistance and calls for multifaceted approaches with full involvement of all stakeholders.
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Kieckens E, Rybarczyk J, Cox E, Vanrompay D. Antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of bovine lactoferrin against Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in cattle. Biometals 2018; 31:321-330. [PMID: 29442205 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen that causes food-borne disease in humans ranging from watery diarrhea to bloody diarrhea and severe hemorrhagic colitis, renal failure and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle, the most important source of E. coli O157:H7 transmission to humans, harbor the bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract without showing clinical symptoms. Prevention of E. coli O157:H7 infections in ruminants could diminish the public health risk. However, there is no specific treatment available nor a vaccine or a therapeutic agent which completely prevents E. coli O157:H7 infections in cattle. This paper provides an overview of latest research data on eradicating enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 in ruminants by use of bovine lactoferrin administration. The article provides insights into the anti-microbial and immunomodulatory activities of bovine lactoferrin against E. coli O157:H7 infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Kieckens
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joanna Rybarczyk
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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18
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Tadesse BT, Ashley EA, Ongarello S, Havumaki J, Wijegoonewardena M, González IJ, Dittrich S. Antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:616. [PMID: 28893183 PMCID: PMC5594539 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely acknowledged as a global problem, yet in many parts of the world its magnitude is still not well understood. This review, using a public health focused approach, aimed to understand and describe the current status of AMR in Africa in relation to common causes of infections and drugs recommended in WHO treatment guidelines. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE and other relevant databases were searched for recent articles (2013-2016) in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Article retrieval and screening were done using a structured search string and strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. Median and interquartile ranges of percent resistance were calculated for each antibiotic-bacterium combination. RESULTS AMR data was not available for 42.6% of the countries in the African continent. A total of 144 articles were included in the final analysis. 13 Gram negative and 5 Gram positive bacteria were tested against 37 different antibiotics. Penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae was reported in 14/144studies (median resistance (MR): 26.7%). Further 18/53 (34.0%) of Haemophilus influenza isolates were resistant to amoxicillin. MR of Escherichia coli to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and gentamicin was 88.1%, 80.7% and 29.8% respectively. Ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella Typhi was rare. No documented ceftriaxone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae was reported, while the MR for quinolone was 37.5%. Carbapenem resistance was common in Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but uncommon in Enterobacteriaceae. CONCLUSION Our review highlights three important findings. First, recent AMR data is not available for more than 40% of the countries. Second, the level of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics was significant. Third, the quality of microbiological data is of serious concern. Our findings underline that to conserve our current arsenal of antibiotics it is imperative to address the gaps in AMR diagnostic standardization and reporting and use available information to optimize treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland ,0000 0000 8953 2273grid.192268.6College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia ,grid.463322.2Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, 27 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefano Ongarello
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Havumaki
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miranga Wijegoonewardena
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Iveth J. González
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Dittrich
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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Abdissa R, Haile W, Fite AT, Beyi AF, Agga GE, Edao BM, Tadesse F, Korsa MG, Beyene T, Beyene TJ, De Zutter L, Cox E, Goddeeris BM. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef cattle at slaughter and beef carcasses at retail shops in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:277. [PMID: 28412931 PMCID: PMC5392947 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is paucity of information regarding the epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in developing countries. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of E. coli O157: H7 associated with beef cattle at processing plants and at retail shops in Ethiopia. Methods Various samples were collected from beef cattle at slaughter/processing plants, carcass at retail shops and humans at health centers. E. coli O157: H7 was isolated, identified and characterized for antimicrobial resistance, using standard microbiological methods. Results At the processing plants E. coli O157: H7 was detected in 1.89% of fecal, 0.81% of intestinal mucosal swab, 0.54% of skin swab and 0.54% of carcass internal swab samples. At retail shops it was detected in 0.8% of carcass and 0.8% of cutting board swab samples, while all samples from utensils, hands from workers, and fecal and stool samples were negative. All isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin, moderately resistant to Cefoxitine and Nitrofurantoins but susceptible to other antimicrobials tested. Conclusions E. coli O157: H7 occurs at low prevalence in beef cattle, and the current sanitary dressing procedures in the processing plants and storage conditions in the retail shops are effective against E. coli O157: H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Abdissa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Woynshet Haile
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Akafete Teklu Fite
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia. .,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | - Getahun E Agga
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fanos Tadesse
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Mesula Geloye Korsa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.,The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Takele Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Jibat Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.,Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Beyi AF, Fite AT, Tora E, Tafese A, Genu T, Kaba T, Beyene TJ, Beyene T, Korsa MG, Tadesse F, De Zutter L, Goddeeris BM, Cox E. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157 in beef at butcher shops and restaurants in central Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:49. [PMID: 28253847 PMCID: PMC5335850 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia bears the largest burden of foodborne diseases in Africa, and diarrheal diseases are the second leading causes of premature deaths. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 causes an asymptomatic infection to severe diarrhea and/or hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. METHODS A total of 440 beef carcass and in-contact surface swabs from 55 butcher shops and 85 minced beef samples from 40 restaurants in central Ethiopia were collected and examined for the presence of E. coli O157. Standard microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify E. coli O157 and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. RESULTS E. coli O157 was detected in 4.5% carcass swabs (n = 5) and 3.6% cutting board swabs (n = 4) samples from butcher shops. E. coli O157 was not detected in any of the minced beef samples obtained from restaurants. All isolates (n = 9) were 100% susceptible to five drugs, but five isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, two isolates to streptomycin and three isolates to chloramphenicol. One isolate was resistant to two drugs and another to three drugs. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows a low prevalence of E. coli O157 in beef sold at butcher shops. Nevertheless, given the low infective dose of this pathogen and the deep-rooted tradition of consuming raw or undercooked beef, the current prevalence should not be considered lightly from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. .,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Akafete Teklu Fite
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Tora
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Asdesach Tafese
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Genu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Kaba
- Holetta Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Jibat Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Takele Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mesula Geloye Korsa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fanos Tadesse
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium.,Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Tumwine JK. Infectious diseases and chronic care in Africa. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:v-vii. [PMID: 26124825 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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