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Gold JAW, Benedict K. Esophageal Candidiasis-Associated Hospitalizations: Declining Rates and Changes in Underlying Conditions, United States, 2010-2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae117. [PMID: 38495772 PMCID: PMC10941313 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In a nationally representative hospital discharge database, esophageal candidiasis-associated hospitalization rates per 100 000 population steadily declined from 17.0 (n = 52 698, 2010) to 12.9 (n = 42 355, 2020). During this period, a decreasing percentage of EC-associated hospitalizations involved HIV and an increasing percentage involved gastroesophageal reflux disease, diabetes, and long-term steroid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A W Gold
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaitlin Benedict
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Abdelfattah AH, Mahgoub AM. Severe Esophageal Stricture Caused by Esophageal Candidiasis in a Non-HIV Patient. Cureus 2023; 15:e46641. [PMID: 37937000 PMCID: PMC10627336 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal candidiasis (EC) is a common opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, often encountered in situations such as untreated HIV/AIDS or following organ transplantation with immunosuppressant usage. While the main manifestation of esophageal candidiasis is mucosal inflammation, its progression and severe cases may lead to esophageal complications like dysphagia, odynophagia, and weight loss. One of the rare complications is esophageal stricture (ES). Few cases have been reported in the literature to date. Esophageal candidiasis can lead to the formation of ES through chronic inflammation, tissue damage, fibrosis, scarring, and ultimately narrowing of the esophageal lumen. Patients with ES often present with dysphagia, odynophagia, and other symptoms related to impaired swallowing. Esophageal strictures related to EC could seriously affect the patient's quality of life. Malnutrition and weight loss can be easily encountered in those cases. So, prompt diagnosis and appropriate antifungal therapy are important. Management should include addressing the stricture through endoscopic dilation interventions. Timely recognition of this complication is crucial for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. We present the case of a 46-year-old male with EC complicated by severe ES, dysphagia, and weight loss of more than 30 lbs. The diagnosis was made based on the histopathological examination of the esophageal biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Abdelfattah
- Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, USA
| | - Ali M Mahgoub
- Internal Medicine, and Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Specialized Internal Medicine Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EGY
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3
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Cohen DL, Nakash S, Bermont A, Richter V, Shirin H. Predictors of Underlying Esophageal Motility Disorders in Patients Presenting with Esophageal Candidiasis. South Med J 2023; 116:701-706. [PMID: 37536701 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Esophageal motility disorders (EMDs) are a known risk factor for esophageal candidiasis (EC), but this relation has not been described particularly well. We sought to evaluate the predictors of underlying EMDs in patients presenting with EC. METHODS Cases of EC at a single medical center between 2010 and 2021 were identified retrospectively based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code. Demographic, clinical, endoscopic, and manometric data were reviewed. The diagnosis of EC was based on typical endoscopic appearance. RESULTS In total, 130 EC patients were identified (mean age 69.5 ± 14.6; 66.2% male). Of these, 12 (9.2%) had an underlying EMD (11 cases of achalasia; 1 case of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction). Five (41.7%) of these patients had previously been diagnosed as having an EMD, whereas 7 were newly diagnosed only after their presentation with EC. No significant differences were noted between those with or without EMDs in terms of demographics, medical comorbidities, or medication use. Patients with an EMD, however, were more likely to complain of dysphagia (91.7% vs 30.5%, P < 0.001), and on endoscopy, they were more likely to have residual food in the esophagus, residual fluid in the esophagus, a dilated esophagus, and resistance to traversing the esophagogastric junction (all P < 0.001). Sixty-one (46.9%) patients with EC died during follow-up (mean 58 months). CONCLUSIONS EMDs are present in approximately 10% of patients presenting with EC, with half being diagnosed only after presenting with EC. Similar to non-EC patients, patients with EC with dysphagia and the typical endoscopic findings of achalasia are more likely to have an EMD and warrant prompt manometric evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Cohen
- From the Gonczarowski Family Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases
| | - Shiran Nakash
- Internal Medicine Unit "A," Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Anton Bermont
- From the Gonczarowski Family Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases
| | - Vered Richter
- From the Gonczarowski Family Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases
| | - Haim Shirin
- From the Gonczarowski Family Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases
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Chen YH, Jao TM, Shiue YL, Feng IJ, Hsu PI. Prevalence and risk factors for Candida esophagitis among human immunodeficiency virus-negative individuals. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:10896-10905. [PMID: 36338217 PMCID: PMC9631128 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i30.10896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida esophagitis (CE) is among the commonest esophageal infections and is known as an opportunistic fungal infection mostly affecting people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, some medical conditions might predispose HIV-negative individuals to esophageal candidiasis. The epidemiology and associated endoscopic findings of CE among people without HIV have rarely been reported.
AIM To investigate the prevalence of CE among HIV-negative persons, and determine risk factors predicting CE.
METHODS Between January 2015 and December 2018, all consecutive outpatients who underwent routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy as part of health check-ups at their own expense at the Health Check-up Center of the Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, were recruited in this study. Those with positive HIV serology results were excluded. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics including age, gender, economic status, smoking history, alcohol consumption, tea and coffee consumption, underlying diseases, body fat percentage, body mass index, endoscopic findings, and Helicobacter pylori infection status were carefully reviewed. CE was confirmed by endoscopic biopsy and pathological assessment with hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining. To evaluate independent factors predicting the development of CE, we conducted a univariate analysis of clinical characteristics. The variables found to be significant via univariate analysis were subsequently included in a multivariable analysis of potential risk factors for CE development.
RESULTS A total of 11802 participants were included in this study. Forty-seven (0.4%) were confirmed as having CE by pathological examination. Univariate analysis identified older age, the presence of chronic kidney disease, alcohol consumption, and steroid use (P = 0.023, < 0.001, 0.033, and 0.004, respectively) as significantly associated with CE. Multivariable analysis revealed older age [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.027; 95%CI: 1.001-1.053; P = 0.045], chronic kidney disease (adjusted OR = 13.470; 95%CI: 4.574-39.673; P < 0.001), alcohol consumption (adjusted OR = 2.103; 95%CI: 1.151-3.844; P = 0.016), and steroid use (adjusted OR = 24.255; 95%CI: 5.343-110.115; P < 0.001) as independent risk factors for CE development. The presence of dysphagia was associated with severe CE (P = 0.021).
CONCLUSION The prevalence of CE among HIV-negative persons was 0.4% in Taiwan. Independent risk factors for CE were older age, chronic kidney disease, alcohol consumption, and steroid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Pingtung Branch, Pingtung 91245, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Jao
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Institute for Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - I-Jung Feng
- Institute for Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ping-I Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 709204, Taiwan
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5
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Gurung S, Sharma TD, Rasaily SM, Singh R, Prakash PY. A six-year hospital-based surveillance study on burden of esophageal candidiasis in Gangtok, Sikkim. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 14:598-605. [PMID: 36721503 PMCID: PMC9867645 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v14i4.10247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Esophageal candidiasis once thought to be restricted amongst immunocompromised patients is being increasingly reported among non-immunocompromised individuals. It is debilitating and if not treated well may cause chronic long-lasting infections. The objective of this study was to identify the various species of Candida causing esophageal candidiasis and analyse their antifungal susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods This was an observational, prospective study. Total of 108 patients who attended the Gastroenterology Department of Sir Thutob Namgyal Memorial Hospital, Govt of Sikkim, Gangtok, India between July 2012 - May 2018 were included in the study. They had complaints of upper gastrointestinal disturbances and chronic dyspeptic symptoms that required an endoscopy. Esophageal biopsy and brushings were taken and were transported to Microbiology Department. They were subjected to microscopic observation, fungal culture on Sabourauds dextrose agar. Preliminary species identification was done by chlamydospore formation and growth characteristics on CHROMagar Candida. Species confirmation and antifungal susceptibility testing was done on VITEK 2 system at Microbiology Department, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, India. Results A total of 108 patients were screened among which 73 samples were positive for Candida species and species identification and antifungal susceptibility was performed. Forty fiveisolates were found to be C. albicans, 8 were C. glabrata, 4 were C. tropicalis, 3 were C. lusitaniae 2 were C. krusei, 2 were C. lipolyticaand 1 was C. parapsilosis. Eight isolates could not be identified and were recorded as Candida spp. C. albicans isolates were predominantly sensitive strain with susceptibility of 95% for both amphotericin B and fluconazole and 100% for caspofungin. C. glabrata showed high resistance to fluconazole with one isolate showing intermediate resistance to caspofungin. Conclusion Upper gastrointestinal symptoms even in non-immunocompromised patients need to be screened by endoscopy to rule out esophageal candidiasis. With the emergence of drug resistant non albicans Candida species diagnostic testing laboratories should include Candida species identification and antifungal susceptibility testing facility to provide effective patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrijana Gurung
- Department of Microbiology, Sir Thutob Namgyal Memorial Hospital, Gangtok, Sikkim, India,Corresponding author: Shrijana Gurung, MD, Department of Microbiology, Sir Thutob Namgyal Memorial Hospital, Gangtok, Sikkim, India. Tel: +91-7908674432 Fax: +913592297042
| | - Tara Devi Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Sir Thutob Namgyal Memorial Hospital, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Suresh Madan Rasaily
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Thutob Namgyal Memorial Hospital, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Raju Singh
- Health & Family Welfare Department, Community Health Centre, Rhenock Hospital, East Sikkim, India
| | - Peralam Yegneswaran Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Sousa BR, Freitas JF, Valeriano CA, Neto LN, Neves RP, Gambarra FF, Gomes TM, da Silva Acioly JC, Lima-Neto RG. Refractory esophagitis caused by Candida nivariensis: second description of this yeast in Brazil and a literature review. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:903-915. [PMID: 35748170 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida nivariensis caused refractory esophagitis in a 36-year-old Brazilian man coinfected with HIV and Leishmania. A literature review on this rare fungal pathogen is also presented. The diagnosis was made, and pathogen identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and sequencing of the LSU/26S region. An antifungigram was performed using broth microdilution. A literature search of PubMed was performed. The causative agent, C. nivariensis, was resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole. The patient's condition worsened considerably, and he passed away. This is the second report of this Candida species in Brazil and the first case reported worldwide of refractory esophagitis in a patient coinfected with HIV and Leishmania. The case illustrates the importance of precise identification and antifungal susceptibility testing when isolating this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Sousa
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Jucieli F Freitas
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos At Valeriano
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Na Neto
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Rejane P Neves
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Gambarra
- Department of Health, Infectious Diseases Hospital Dr Clementino Fraga, State of Paraíba, Rua Estér Borges Bastos, s/n, Jaguaribe, João Pessoa, 58015-270, Brazil
| | - Tiago M Gomes
- Department of Health, Infectious Diseases Hospital Dr Clementino Fraga, State of Paraíba, Rua Estér Borges Bastos, s/n, Jaguaribe, João Pessoa, 58015-270, Brazil
| | - Jack C da Silva Acioly
- Department of Health, Infectious Diseases Hospital Dr Clementino Fraga, State of Paraíba, Rua Estér Borges Bastos, s/n, Jaguaribe, João Pessoa, 58015-270, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo G Lima-Neto
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
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7
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Rodrigues S, Leitão Esteves V, Martins TG. Esophageal Candidiasis in a Non-HIV Patient: A Primary Care Diagnosis. Cureus 2022; 14:e24312. [PMID: 35602778 PMCID: PMC9122014 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 74-year-old man visited his family doctor for dysphagia and was diagnosed with esophageal candidiasis. His risk factors included type 2 diabetes mellitus, long-term intake of budesonide/formoterol inhaler 160/45 µg, and pantoprazole 20 mg. He was treated with fluconazole 200 mg per day for 14 days. Other factors of immunosuppression were excluded, and his chronic medication was adapted by starting him with a proton pump inhibitor withdrawal plan and switching his inhaled device to a formoterol-only device without an inhaled corticosteroid. The patient had complete remission of the symptoms on the seventh day of treatment without relapse to date. The key point is that iatrogenic factors should be considered in the presence of esophageal candidiasis in immunocompetent patients and a therapeutic review is an important tool that should be used in every primary care appointment to refrain from long-term prescriptions without clinical indication and, consequently, to avoid adverse events.
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8
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Mucocutaneous Candida Infections in Immunocompromised Patients. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-022-00356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Esophageal Candidiasis in Cirrhosis: An Observational Study With Systematic Re view and Meta-Analysis (CANDID-VIEW). J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:118-128. [PMID: 35068792 PMCID: PMC8766531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal candidiasis is often neglected and potentially serious infection in cirrhosis patients. Therefore, we evaluated the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of esophageal candidiasis (EC) in cirrhotics and did a systematic review to summarize EC's available evidence in cirrhosis. METHODS Consecutive patients with cirrhosis posted for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at a tertiary care institute were screened for EC (cases) between January 2019 and March 2020. EC was diagnosed on EGD findings and/or brush cytology. Controls (without EC) were recruited randomly, and EC's risk factors and outcomes were compared between cases and controls.Four electronic databases were searched for studies describing EC in cirrhosis. Prevalence estimates of EC were pooled on random-effects meta-analysis, and heterogeneity was assessed by I2. A checklist for prevalence studies was used to evaluate the risk of bias in studies. RESULTS EC was diagnosed in 100 of 2762 patients with cirrhosis (3.6%). Patients with EC had a higher model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) (12.4 vs. 11.2; P = 0.007), acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) (26% vs. 10%; P = 0.003) and concomitant bacterial infections (24% vs. 7%; P = 0.001), as compared with controls. A multivariable model, including recent alcohol binge, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleed, ACLF, diabetes, and MELD, predicted EC's development in cirrhosis with excellent discrimination (C-index: 0.918). Six percent of cases developed the invasive disease and worsened with multiorgan failures, and four patients with EC died on follow-up.Of 236 articles identified, EC's pooled prevalence from 8 studies (all with low-risk of bias) was 2.1% (95% CI: 0.8-5.8). Risk factors and outcomes of EC in cirrhosis were not reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS EC is not a rare infection in cirrhosis patients, and it may predispose to invasive candidiasis and untimely deaths. Alcohol binge, HCC, UGI bleed, ACLF, diabetes, and higher MELD are the independent predictors of EC in cirrhosis. At-risk patients with cirrhosis or those with deglutition symptoms should be rapidly screened and treated for EC.
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Key Words
- ACLF
- ACLF, Acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AIC, Akaike's Information Criteria
- AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- BIC, Bayesian Information Criteria
- Candida
- DM, Diabetes Mellitus
- EC, Esophageal Candidiasis
- EGD, Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
- EVL, Endoscopic Variceal Ligation
- HAART, Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy
- HCC, Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- IC, Invasive Candidiasis
- MELD, Model for End-stage Liver Disease
- MELD-Na, Model for End-stage Liver Disease-Sodium
- RRT, Renal Replacement Therapy
- SBP, Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
- SIRS, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
- UGI, Upper Gastrointestinal
- cirrhosis
- esophagitis
- invasive fungal infections
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Rajpurohit S, Musunuri B, Basthi Mohan P, Lakshmi RV, Bhat G, Shetty S. Predictors for oesophageal candidiasis in patients with liver cirrhosis. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2022; 31:79-85. [PMID: 36908388 PMCID: PMC9994834 DOI: 10.53854/liim-3101-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim Oesophageal candidiasis (OC) is one of the most common infections among patients with liver cirrhosis. The present study evaluates the potential predictors for OC among liver cirrhosis patients. Methodology This retrospective study was conducted in the tertiary care centre of coastal Karnataka from January 2016 to April 2022. Patients aged 18 and above with a confirmed diagnosis of liver cirrhosis were selected. Patients were equally divided into two groups, i.e., case and control, based on the presence and absence of OC. Results A total of 1513 patients with cirrhosis underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Of these, 50 (3.3%) were diagnosed with OC and taken into case group. An equal number of patients were selected in control group and matched for gender, age and etiology. Most participants were male (94%), with a mean age of 48.46±11.82 years. A lower serum creatinine value was noted among patients with OC. Binary logistic regression identified serum creatinine as an independent predictor for OC (OR: 7.65, 95% CI: 2.012-29.08; p-value: 0.003). The receiver operating characteristic curve for serum creatinine showed the highest significance with a cut-off of <0.86 mg/dL (AUC: 0.722). Conclusion Serum creatinine is the independent predictor for OC among liver cirrhosis patients. The possible mechanism is that cirrhosis is a catabolic state in which muscle protein breakdown exceeds synthesis, resulting in decreased muscle mass and low creatinine levels. However, more prospective studies are required to evaluate the role of sarcopenia with OC among liver cirrhosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddheesh Rajpurohit
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaji Musunuri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Basthi Mohan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - R Vani Lakshmi
- Department of Data Science, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesh Bhat
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shiran Shetty
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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11
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Jafarian H, Gharaghani M, Seyedian SS, Mahmoudabadi AZ. Genotyping, antifungal susceptibility, enzymatic activity, and phenotypic variation in Candida albicans from esophageal candidiasis. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23826. [PMID: 33988259 PMCID: PMC8274993 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal candidiasis is the most frequent form of esophagitis. The pathogenicity of Candida spp. is related to a combination of microbial factors, hydrolytic enzyme secretion and phenotypic switching. This study was designed to investigate esophageal candidiasis, antifungal activity, enzymatic activity patterns, phenotyping, and genotyping profiles of Candida albicans species. Methods Nine hundred thirty‐three visited patients were evaluated, and esophageal biopsies from patients were included in this study during 2019–2020. Direct smear, Gram staining, and culture on CHROMagar were performed for each sample. Isolated species were identified with conventional procedures and PCR‐RFLP. Susceptibility to antifungals was determined according to CLSI guidelines. ABC typing, phenotype switching, hemolysin, proteinase, phospholipase, and esterase activity were also determined with the appropriate protocols. Results Twenty‐three (2.5%) patients (mean age 55.2 years) were diagnosed with esophageal candidiasis. The species isolated were 19(82.6%) C. albicans, 3(13.1%) C. glabrata, and 1(4.3%) C. tropicalis. Genotype A (57.9%) was the predominant type in C. albicans isolates. 50% of C. albicans isolates exhibited a white phenotype. A high level of phospholipase (47.4%), hemolysin (68.4%), and proteinase activity (36.8%) was observed in the C. albicans isolates. Only three C. glabrata isolates displayed non‐wild type susceptibility to voriconazole and itraconazole. Conclusion This study shows that C. albicans are still the most frequent isolates from patients with esophageal candidiasis. The predominance of genotype A, the white phenotype, and strong hemolysin activity may indicate a high prevalence of pathogenicity in these isolates. Sensitivity to antifungal drugs was greatest for amphotericin and fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Jafarian
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maral Gharaghani
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Seyedian
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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12
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Saidani A, Rakkeh H, Belhaj A, Debaibi M, Chebbi F. Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Esophageal Candidiasis an Exceptional Complication of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: First Case Report. Obes Surg 2021; 31:3851-3853. [PMID: 33866533 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Saidani
- Universite de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Mahmoud El Matri Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Rakkeh
- Universite de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia. .,Department of Digestive Surgery, Mahmoud El Matri Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Anis Belhaj
- Universite de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Mahmoud El Matri Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Mahdi Debaibi
- Universite de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Mahmoud El Matri Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Chebbi
- Universite de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Mahmoud El Matri Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
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Hissong E, Schechter S, Mowers J, Yantiss RK, Slavik T, Cheng J, Lamps LW. The diagnosis of clinically significant oesophageal Candida infections: a reappraisal of clinicopathological findings. Histopathology 2021; 76:748-754. [PMID: 31944368 DOI: 10.1111/his.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Distinguishing true oesophageal Candida infections from oral contaminants is a common diagnostic issue. Historically, histological features believed to indicate true infection included epithelial invasion by pseudohyphae and intraepithelial neutrophils. Whether or not these features correlate with endoscopic lesions, symptoms and response to therapy has never been tested in a large cohort. The aim of this study was to determine whether specific histological features correlate with clinical and endoscopic findings when Candida is found in oesophageal biopsies. METHODS AND RESULTS We reviewed 271 biopsies in which Candida was detected. Cases were evaluated for the presence of desquamated epithelial cells, location/type of fungal forms, neutrophils, and ulceration. Medical records were reviewed for clinical history, endoscopic lesions, and response to antifungal therapy. Statistical analysis was used to determine whether any histological features significantly correlated with clinical variables. There were 120 males and 151 females with a mean age of 42 years. Fifty-nine per cent had symptoms referable to the oesophagus, particularly dysphagia (36%). Most (73%) patients had abnormal endoscopic findings, with plaques, ulcers, or macroscopic evidence of oesophagitis. Seventy-one per cent of patients with documented antifungal therapy showed symptomatic improvement. Overall, there was no statistically significant correlation between any histological feature and presenting symptoms, endoscopic findings, or response to therapy. Importantly, the lack of pseudohyphae, demonstrable invasion of intact epithelium or neutrophilic infiltrates did not exclude clinically significant infection. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that detection of Candida in oesophageal biopsies is always potentially clinically significant. Treatment decisions should be made on the basis of an integration of clinical, endoscopic and histological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hissong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shula Schechter
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan Mowers
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rhonda K Yantiss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomas Slavik
- Ampath Pathology Laboratories, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jerome Cheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura W Lamps
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Matijević T, Pustijanac E, Bekić S, Kotris I, Škrlec I. Candida albicans-The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:79. [PMID: 33499276 PMCID: PMC7912069 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, and healthy individuals' skin. In 50% of the population, C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the microbiota. The various clinical manifestations of Candida species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases that involve multiple organ systems and are life-threatening. From systemic and local to hereditary and environmental, diverse factors lead to disturbances in Candida's normal homeostasis, resulting in a transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections. The transition in the pathophysiology of the onset and progression of infection is also influenced by Candida's virulence traits that lead to the development of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has a wide range of clinical manifestations, divided into primary and secondary candidiasis. The main supply of C. albicans in the body is located in the gastrointestinal tract, and the development of infections occurs due to dysbiosis of the residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, and damage to the muco-intestinal barrier. The presence of C. albicans in the blood is associated with candidemia-invasive Candida infections. The commensal relationship exists as long as there is a balance between the host immune system and the virulence factors of C. albicans. This paper presents the virulence traits of Candida albicans and clinical manifestations of specific candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
| | - Martina Juzbašić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
| | - Tatjana Matijević
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Emina Pustijanac
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, HR-52100 Pula, Croatia;
| | - Sanja Bekić
- Family Medicine Practice, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kotris
- Department of Internal Medicine, General County Hospital Vukovar, HR-3200 Vukovar, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
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Mushi MF, Loi N, Mshana SE. Oral candidiasis in HIV-uninfected pediatric population in areas with limited fungal diagnosis: A case study from a tertiary hospital, Tanzania. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211016964. [PMID: 34094534 PMCID: PMC8141982 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211016964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral candidiasis (OC) is an indirect indicator of cell-mediated immunodeficiency with a high predictive value of disseminated candidiasis. Here, we report the prevalence and factors associated with laboratory-confirmed OC in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected children with clinical OC attending the outpatient clinic or admitted in pediatric wards of the Bugando Medical Center (BMC). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2017. Social demographic and clinical data were collected using a pre-tested data collection tool. Oral swabs were collected using a sterile cotton swab and mycological culture was done to detect Candida spp. followed by susceptibility testing as per European Committee on Antimicrobial Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. Data were analyzed using STATA version 13 following study objectives. RESULTS A total of 325 non-repetitive oral swabs from HIV-uninfected children aged between 2 and 156 months were collected. Candida spp. were detected in 123 (37.8%) children. One (1.8%) C. albicans isolate was resistant to fluconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 256 μg/ml, 32 μg/ml, and 0.31 μg/ml, respectively. Upon multivariate logistic regression analysis, being a male child (OR 2, 95% CI 1.2-3.2, p = 0.008) and having a history of antibiotic use (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-2.8, p = 0.017) independently predicted laboratory-confirmed OC among HIV-uninfected children. CONCLUSION Only a third of children with clinical OC were laboratory confirmed, and this was more likely in male children with a history of antibiotic use. Most of the isolates were highly susceptible to commonly used antifungal agents like fluconazole. Treatment of children at risk should be prioritized to reduce associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha F. Mushi
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS), PO BOX 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Neema Loi
- Instutite of Allied Sciences, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Olum R, Baluku JB, Okidi R, Andia-Biraro I, Bongomin F. Prevalence of HIV-associated esophageal candidiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:82. [PMID: 32982560 PMCID: PMC7510310 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal candidiasis (OC) is a common AIDS-defining opportunistic infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the occurrence of OC and other opportunistic infections among persons living with HIV (PLHIV). We sought to determine and compare the prevalence of OC in the ART and pre-ART era among PLHIV in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the African Journals Online databases to select studies in English and French reporting the prevalence of HIV-associated OC in SSA from January 1980 to June 2020. Reviews, single-case reports, and case series reporting < 10 patients were excluded. A random-effect cumulative meta-analysis was performed using STATA 16.0, and trend analysis performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0. RESULTS Thirteen eligible studies from 9 SSA countries including a total of 113,272 patients were qualitatively synthesized, and 9 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Overall pooled prevalence of HIV-associated OC was 12% (95% confidence interval (CI): 8 to 15%, I 2 = 98.61%, p <. 001). The prevalence was higher in the pre-ART era compared to the ART era, but not to statistical significance (34.1% vs. 8.7%, p = 0.095). In those diagnosed by endoscopy, the prevalence was higher compared to patients diagnosed by non-endoscopic approaches, but not to statistical significance (35.1% vs. 8.4%, p = .071). The prevalence of OC significantly decreased over the study period (24 to 16%, p < .025). CONCLUSION The prevalence of OC among PLHIV in the ART era in SSA is decreasing. However, OC remains a common problem. Active endoscopic surveillance of symptomatic patients and further empirical studies into the microbiology, optimal antifungal treatment, and impact of OC on quality of life of PLHIV in SSA are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Olum
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Baruch Baluku
- Directorate of Programs, Mildmay Uganda, Wakiso, Uganda
- Division of Pulmonology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ronald Okidi
- Department of General Surgery, St. Mary’s Hospital – Lacor, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Irene Andia-Biraro
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
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Mushi MF, Mmole A, Mshana SE. Candida vaginitis among symptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Mwanza, Tanzania. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:775. [PMID: 31775911 PMCID: PMC6881989 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was done to determine the patterns of Candida spp. causing vaginitis and associated factors among pregnant women attending antennal clinic in Mwanza, Tanzania. Results A total of 197 (65.6%) out of 300 non-repetitive swabs had positive growth of Candida spp. Candida albicans 125 (63.4%) was the most predominant isolated specie followed by C. tropicalis 35 (17.8%) and C. glabrata 33 (16.8%). Laboratory confirmed candida vaginitis was independently predicted by douching practices (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3–7.5 P = 0.007), history of antibiotics use (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.02–3.0, P = 0.04) and low social economic status (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.1–3.7 P = 0.02). About two-third of pregnant women with clinical features of vaginitis attending antenatal clinic in Mwanza, Tanzania were confirmed to have Candida vaginitis mainly caused by Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha F Mushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Amani Mmole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Stephen E Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Esophageal Candidiasis: Current Updates. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 2019:3585136. [PMID: 31772927 PMCID: PMC6854261 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3585136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal candidiasis (EC) is the most common type of infectious esophagitis. In the gastrointestinal tract, the esophagus is the second most susceptible to candida infection, only after the oropharynx. Immunocompromised patients are most at risk, including patients with HIV/AIDS, leukemia, diabetics, and those who are receiving corticosteroids, radiation, and chemotherapy. Another group includes those who used antibiotics frequently and those who have esophageal motility disorder (cardiac achalasia and scleroderma). Patients complained of pain on swallowing, difficulty swallowing, and pain behind the sternum. On physical examination, there is a plaque that often occurs together with oral thrush. Endoscopic examination is the best approach to diagnose this disease by directly observing the white mucosal plaque-like lesions and exudates adherent to the mucosa. These adherent lesions cannot be washed off with water from irrigation. This disease is confirmed histologically by taking the biopsy or brushings of yeast and pseudohyphae invading mucosal cells. The treatment is by systemic antifungal drugs given orally in a defined course. It is important to differentiate esophageal candidiasis from other forms of infectious esophagitis such as cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, medication-induced esophagitis, radiation-induced esophageal injury, and inflammatory conditions such as eosinophilic esophagitis. Except for a few complications such as necrotizing esophageal candidiasis, fistula, and sepsis, the prognosis of esophageal candidiasis has been good.
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Zhu J, Huang Y, Chen M, Hu C, Chen Y. Functional Synergy Of Antimicrobial Peptides And Chlorhexidine Acetate Against Gram-Negative/Gram-Positive Bacteria And A Fungus In Vitro And In Vivo. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3227-3239. [PMID: 31686873 PMCID: PMC6800562 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s218778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose To reduce the resistance and allergic reaction to chlorhexidine acetate (CHA) in the current treatment of (Bacterial vaginosis) BV and (vulvovaginal candidiasis) VVC in female vaginitis. In this study, the antimicrobial activities and mechanism of action of the synergistic effects of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) HPRP-A1 and HPRP-A2, and CHA, against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and one fungus Candida albicans (C. albicans) were investigated in vitro and in mouse and rat vaginitis infection models in vivo. Results HPRP-A1, HPRP-A2 and CHA showed significant synergistic effects on the antimicrobial activities against different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans. The combined application of HPRP-A2 and CHA exhibited strong synergistic effects in the mouse and rat vaginitis models caused by bacteria or C. albicans. Conclusion This study may prompt the development of new drug combinations against vaginitis infections, including mixed bacterial and fungal infections and multi-drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Chen
- Jiangsu ProteLight Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihua Hu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu ProteLight Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
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Bongomin F, Fayemiwo SA. Predictors of oesophageal candidiasis in persons with or without HIV infection. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:468-469. [PMID: 30602974 PMCID: PMC6306987 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bongomin
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Samuel A Fayemiwo
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- University College Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Mushi MF, Ngeta N, Mirambo MM, Mshana SE. Predictors of oesophageal candidiasis in persons with or without HIV infection. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:470-471. [PMID: 30602975 PMCID: PMC6306978 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i2.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martha F Mushi
- Microbiology and Immunology Department; Weill Bugando School of Medicine, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Nathaniel Ngeta
- Department of Internal Medicine Weill Bugando School of Medicine, P.O. Box 1464 Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mariam M Mirambo
- Microbiology and Immunology Department; Weill Bugando School of Medicine, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Stephen E Mshana
- Microbiology and Immunology Department; Weill Bugando School of Medicine, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Tumwine JK. Health issues of concern to Africa and beyond: infections, NCDs and health systems inertia. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:i-iii. [PMID: 29977275 PMCID: PMC6016979 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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