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Tosin Anthony A, Olukayode AF, Olusoji Abidemi S, Azeez Oyemomi I, Adefunke BO, Ayodeji OJ, Babatope Ebenezer A, Adekoya Joshua I, Joseph Olusesan F. Prevalence, practice, determinants and adverse effects of self-medication among young people living in a suburban community of Ekiti, Nigeria: A community-based cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241261002. [PMID: 38911442 PMCID: PMC11193929 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241261002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Health hazards such as adverse drug reactions and prolonged morbidity are fallouts of self-medication among young people in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, practice, determinants, and adverse effects of self-medication among young people living in a suburban community of Ekiti, Nigeria. Methods This survey was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of 602 young people aged 16-24 years., who were randomly selected in the community. A predesigned self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The study was conducted from 1st March to 31st May 2023. The independent variables measured include the sociodemographic characteristics, while the dependent variables are the practice of self-medication and factors that predisposes to self-medication. The general characteristics of the participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The categorical variables were reported as frequency distribution and proportions with 95% confidence intervals and were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Over 30% (31.7%) of the participants engage in self-medication. A larger proportion of the people who practiced self-medication lived a trekking distance of less than 1 km from the nearest health facility with a doctor (p = 0.044). The practice of self-medication was statistically related with being a student when compared with gainfully employed and unemployed people (p = 0.006). Fever (39.8%), abdominal pain (17.3%) and headaches (16.2%) were the topmost three ailments that necessitated self-medication. Antimalarials (44.0%), antibiotics (25.1%), and antipyretics (16.8%) were high on the list of drugs used for self-medication. Headache (34.0%) was the most common adverse reaction from self-medication among the participants studied. Conclusion Adverse reactions and drug addiction were negative fallouts of self-medication, which can affect the health of young people as they grow into adulthood. Therefore, monitoring of drug outlets must be taken seriously by government agencies to prevent the worsening of the negative effects of self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agbesanwa Tosin Anthony
- Agbesanwa Tosin Anthony, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, PMB 5363, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria. Emails: ;
| | - Aina Felixelix Olukayode
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Olusoji Abidemi
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Azeez Oyemomi
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Owoyemi John Ayodeji
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Inubile Adekoya Joshua
- Department of Research and Statistics, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Fadare Joseph Olusesan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
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Nsengimana A, Biracyaza E, Isimbi J, Uwambajimana C, Hategekimana JC, Kagisha V, Asingizwe D, Nyandwi JB. Request for Antimalarial Medicines and Their Dispensing Without a Prescription in Community Pharmacies in Rwanda. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 12:195-212. [PMID: 37928945 PMCID: PMC10625414 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s428105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to explore the request and dispensing of antimalarial medicines without a prescription in community pharmacies in Rwanda, as well as factors associated. Methods We employed an embedded mixed-methods design that involved a convenience sample of 235 licensed community pharmacists between February and April 2022. To simultaneously collect qualitative and quantitative data, we used a self-administered questionnaire containing a combination of close and open-ended questions. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between dispensing antimalarial medicines without a prescription and the selected independent variables. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, and a 95% confidence interval was applied. The factors influencing the dispensing of antimalarial medicines without a prescription were analyzed using thematic content analysis as a qualitative analysis approach. Results Most respondents (88.5%) were asked to dispense antimalarial medicines by clients without a prescription. More than half of them (54%) agreed, but 34.5% refused; instead, they referred clients to malaria diagnostic testing facilities. Those who had rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in stock (OR=2.08, 95% CI:1.1-3.94), and thought that antimalarials were over-the-counter medicines (OR=7.03, 95% CI:2.01-24.5) were more likely to dispense antimalarial medicines without prescriptions. The primary reasons reported by community pharmacists for dispensing antimalarial medicines without prescriptions included their prior knowledge of malaria diagnosis, client pressure, and fear of losing clients. However, non-adherence to negative results obtained from formal health facilities and long queues at these institutions have also been cited as additional factors driving clients to seek antimalarial medicines without prescriptions. Conclusion Dispensing antimalarial medicines without prescriptions is a common practice in community pharmacies in Rwanda. The main factors contributing to this practice include lack of awareness regarding the classification of antimalarials as prescription medicines, the availability of malaria diagnostic tests, client pressure, and fear of losing clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amon Nsengimana
- US Agency for International Development Global Health Supply Chain Program, Procurement and Supply Chain Management, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Emmanuel Biracyaza
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Canada
| | - Joyce Isimbi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | | | - Vedaste Kagisha
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Domina Asingizwe
- Department of Physiotherapy; University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- East African Community Regional Centre of Excellence for Vaccines, Immunization and Health Supply Chain Management, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jean Baptiste Nyandwi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- East African Community Regional Centre of Excellence for Vaccines, Immunization and Health Supply Chain Management, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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Tangi LN, Ajonina MU, Moyeh MN, Chi HF, Ntui VN, Kwi PN, Toussi ECT, Fung MPS, Fah F, Mayaba JM, Formilack FT, Ntasin VN, Nji TM, Yenshu EV, Achidi EA, Amambua-Ngwa A, Apinjoh TO. Knowledge, attitude, and adherence to malaria control guidelines and the prevalence of Plasmodium species infection in localities across transmission and ecological zones in Cameroon. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1060479. [PMID: 37181692 PMCID: PMC10173414 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a scale up of control interventions over the years, malaria remains a major public health and economic concern in Cameroon, contributing considerably to hospitalization and deaths. The effectiveness of control strategies depends on the extent of adherence by the population to national guidelines. This study assessed the influence of human knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to malaria and its control on the prevalence of malaria parasite infection, with implications for the elimination of the disease. Methodology This is a cross-sectional community and hospital-based study, covering the five ecological and three malaria transmission zones in Cameroon. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to document socio-demographic and clinical parameters as well as knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward malaria control and management. Consenting participants were screened for malaria parasite with rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) of the peripheral blood. Association between qualitative variables was determined using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 3,360 participants were enrolled, 45.0% (1,513) of whom were mRDT positive, with 14.0% (451/3,216) and 29.6% (951/3,216) having asymptomatic parasitaemia and malaria, respectively. Although most participants knew the cause, symptoms, and control strategies, with 53.6% (1,000/1,867) expertly knowledgeable about malaria overall, only 0.1% (2/1,763) individuals were fully adherent to malaria control measures. Conclusion The risk of malaria in Cameroon remains high, with the population considerably knowledgeable about the disease but poorly adherent to national malaria control guidelines. Concerted and more effective strategies aimed at improving knowledge about malaria and adherences to control interventions are necessary to ultimately eliminate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livinus N. Tangi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marcelus U. Ajonina
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marcel N. Moyeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Hanesh F. Chi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Vincent N. Ntui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Pilate N. Kwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Eric C. T. Toussi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - FohTella Fah
- Department of Accounting, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Joel M. Mayaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Franklin T. Formilack
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Veronica N. Ntasin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Theobald M. Nji
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel V. Yenshu
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Eric A. Achidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Tobias O. Apinjoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
- *Correspondence: Tobias O. Apinjoh
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Karungamye P, Rugaika A, Mtei K, Machunda R. The pharmaceutical disposal practices and environmental contamination: A review in East African countries. HYDRORESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hydres.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ntamabyaliro NY, Burri C, Lula YN, Ishoso D, Engo AB, Ngale MA, Liwono JY, Mukomena ES, Mesia GK, Mampunza SM, Tona GL. Knowledge of Antimalarials and Health Seeking Behaviour of Households in Case of Suspected Malaria in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030157. [PMID: 34462413 PMCID: PMC8406087 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is heavily affected by malaria despite availability of effective treatments. Ignorance and unrecommended behaviour toward a suspected malaria case in households may contribute to this problem. (2) Method: In communities of one rural and one urban Health Centres in each of the 11 previous provinces of DRC, all households with a case of malaria in the 15 days prior to the survey were selected. The patient or caregiver (responder) were interviewed. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors of knowledge of recommended antimalarials and adequate behaviour in case of suspected malaria. (3) Results: 1732 households participated; about 62% (1060/1721) of the responders were informed about antimalarials, 70.1% (742/1059) knew the recommended antimalarials and 58.6% (995/1699) resorted to self-medication. Predictors of knowledge of antimalarials were education to secondary school or university, information from media and smaller households. Predictors of good behaviour were Catholic religion and smaller households. Receiving information from Community Health Workers (CHWs) failed to be determinants of knowledge or adequate behaviour. (4) Conclusion: malaria control in DRC is hampered by ignorance and non-adherence to national recommendations. These aspects are influenced by unsuccessful communication, size of households and level of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsengi Y. Ntamabyaliro
- Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Avenue de l’Université 1, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (Y.N.L.); (A.B.E.); (M.A.N.); (J.Y.L.); (G.K.M.); (S.M.M.); (G.L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +24-38-1517-1991
| | - Christian Burri
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Medicine, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yves N. Lula
- Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Avenue de l’Université 1, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (Y.N.L.); (A.B.E.); (M.A.N.); (J.Y.L.); (G.K.M.); (S.M.M.); (G.L.T.)
| | - Daniel Ishoso
- École de Santé Publique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Aline B. Engo
- Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Avenue de l’Université 1, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (Y.N.L.); (A.B.E.); (M.A.N.); (J.Y.L.); (G.K.M.); (S.M.M.); (G.L.T.)
| | - Mireille A. Ngale
- Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Avenue de l’Université 1, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (Y.N.L.); (A.B.E.); (M.A.N.); (J.Y.L.); (G.K.M.); (S.M.M.); (G.L.T.)
| | - Jerry Y. Liwono
- Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Avenue de l’Université 1, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (Y.N.L.); (A.B.E.); (M.A.N.); (J.Y.L.); (G.K.M.); (S.M.M.); (G.L.T.)
| | - Eric S. Mukomena
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lubumbashi, BP 1825, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gauthier K. Mesia
- Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Avenue de l’Université 1, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (Y.N.L.); (A.B.E.); (M.A.N.); (J.Y.L.); (G.K.M.); (S.M.M.); (G.L.T.)
| | - Samuel M. Mampunza
- Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Avenue de l’Université 1, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (Y.N.L.); (A.B.E.); (M.A.N.); (J.Y.L.); (G.K.M.); (S.M.M.); (G.L.T.)
- Centre Neuropsychopathologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gaston L. Tona
- Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Avenue de l’Université 1, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (Y.N.L.); (A.B.E.); (M.A.N.); (J.Y.L.); (G.K.M.); (S.M.M.); (G.L.T.)
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Simon B, Kazaura M. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Parents Self-Medicating Under-Fives with Antibiotics in Bagamoyo District Council, Tanzania: a Cross-Sectional Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14:1445-1453. [PMID: 32884246 PMCID: PMC7443408 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s263517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is a global problem. This extends to medication of under-fives by their parents. In particular, there is currently insufficient information for this problem. PURPOSE To determine the proportion and factors associated with medication of under-fives with antibiotics by their parents. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study among parents/caregivers of under-fives in 30 hamlets/streets of Bagamoyo District Council, in Tanzania was conducted between July and August, 2019. Respondents were the under-fives' parents/caregivers aged at least 18 years selected from households using probability proportional to a size cluster-sampling method. Respondents were required to report whether or not the under-fives had been unwell within the past 12 months and to describe the type or specific name of any medicine administered to their child. We used descriptive and analytical procedures to analyze the data. RESULTS The study included 730 parents/caregivers of under-fives. Their mean age was 32.2 (SD=7.4) years. The majority 668 (91.5%) were biological mothers and 574 (78.6%) having completed primary education. The proportion of parental SMA to under-fives was 47.7% (95% CI=43.7, 51.8). Knowledge on the appropriate use of antibiotics among parents was low. The most commonly used antibiotic was amoxicillin, 181 (62.0%). Independent factors associated with parental SMA to under-fives were average household income, distance to the nearest health facility, knowledge about use of antibiotics and the parent/caregiver's awareness of prescription-only medicines (POMs). CONCLUSION Since the prevalence of SMA by parents to under-fives in Bagamoyo District is high, there is a need for health systems to enhance those measures that would control the sale of antibiotics without prescriptions. In addition, more than half of all study participants have a minimal understanding of the use of antibiotics and are unaware of POMs. Findings indicate a need to have routine continuous health education at the community level about the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Method Kazaura
- Department of Epidemiology/Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
- Correspondence: Method Kazaura Department of Epidemiology/Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box 65015, Dar Es Salaam, TanzaniaTel +255-784-767717 Email
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