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Kono HN, Ada Mengome MF, Pongui Ngondza B, Sibi Matotou RH, Ndong Akomezoghe L, Ekomi B, Moutombi Ditombi BC, Koumba Lengongo JV, Ndong Ngomo JM, M’Bondoukwé NP, Bisseye C, Mawili-Mboumba DP, Bouyou Akotet MK. C-reactive protein and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in asymptomatic intestinal parasite carriers from urban and rural areas of Gabon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011282. [PMID: 38768226 PMCID: PMC11142663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic carriage of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) can induce chronic inflammation and dysbiosis, which are risk factors for non-communicable diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between IPI carriage and inflammation in a population of volunteers living in Gabon. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to November 2021 in asymptomatic volunteers aged 18 years old and over, residing in different areas of Gabon: Libreville (urban area) and Koula-Moutou and Bitam (rural areas). The detection of IPIs was carried out using four common microscopic techniques. C-reactive protein (CRP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured and levels were compared according to the presence or absence of IPI. Overall, 518 participants were included, 64.5% (n = 334) of whom resided in urban area and 35.5% (n = 184) in rural areas. The median age was 35 years (27; 46). The prevalence of asymptomatic IPIs was 29.9% (n = 155), with a significantly higher frequency in rural areas than in urban area (adjusted OR 6.6 (CI 3.2-13.8), p < 0.01). Protozoa were more frequent than soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) in both areas: 81.6% (n = 40) in urban area and 69.8% (n = 74) in rural areas. STHs were predominant in rural areas (48.1% vs 22.4% in urban area. In case of IPI, the median values of CRP (15 (13-15) mg/L vs 13.0 (11.1-14.9) mg/L) and hsCRP (4.2 (1.4-13.0) mg/L vs 2.2(0.4-6.1) mg/L) were higher (p<0.01). Elevated hsCRP and CRP were significantly more frequent in parasitized individuals (for hsCRP: 22.6%, n = 35; for CRP: 52.9%, n = 82); in particular among STH carriers (for hsCRP: 65.9%, n = 27, for CRP: 36.6%, n = 15) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This first study showed that asymptomatic IPIs, particularly STH carriage are associated with high CRP and hsCRP levels. Further larger and longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the global and specie-specific enteropathogens link with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Noéline Kono
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mérédith Flore Ada Mengome
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Bedrich Pongui Ngondza
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Roger Hadry Sibi Matotou
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Luccheri Ndong Akomezoghe
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Bernadette Ekomi
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
| | - Bridy Chesly Moutombi Ditombi
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Jeanne Vanessa Koumba Lengongo
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jacques Mari Ndong Ngomo
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Noé Patrick M’Bondoukwé
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Cyrille Bisseye
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Denise Patricia Mawili-Mboumba
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Marielle Karine Bouyou Akotet
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
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Ntonifor NH, Tamufor ASW, Abongwa LE. Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors in HIV positive and negative patients in Northwest Region, Cameroon. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16747. [PMID: 36202863 PMCID: PMC9537173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological understanding of intestinal parasitic infections is essential for the effective management of HIV infection. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the burden of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to December 2020 during which 200 HIV positive and 200 HIV negative participants were recruited. A total of 400 stool and venous blood samples were collected and used to identify the different intestinal parasites and for HIV diagnosis and viral load determination respectively. Results obtained revealed that the overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 11% (44/400). Intestinal parasitosis was significantly (p = 0.025) higher in HIV-positive individuals 14.5% (29/200). Similarly, the prevalence of multiple parasitic infection 4.5% (18/400) and opportunistic helminths 3% (6/400) were insignificantly (p > 0.05) higher among HIV-positive individuals. Furthermore, prevalence of intestinal parasites was significantly (p = 0.004) greater in patients with viral load of > 1000 copies/mL 24.3% (13/46). Age group > 65 years, self-employment, living in Sub-urban areas, being HIV positive, primary level of education, use of potable tap water, and the use of water system toilets for faeces disposal were identified as associated risk factors to intestinal parasites. Intestinal parasites remain public health concern among patients with HIV. Prompt and effective antiretroviral treatment is required to reduce the intensity of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngum Helen Ntonifor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon.,Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon.,African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Lem Edith Abongwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. .,African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
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Mahdavi F, Shams M, Sadrebazzaz A, Shamsi L, Omidian M, Asghari A, Hassanipour S, Salemi AM. Global prevalence and associated risk factors of diarrheagenic Giardia duodenalis in HIV/AIDS patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105202. [PMID: 34562555 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the leading causes of diarrhea, mostly in underdeveloped nations of Africa and Asia. The present review provides insights into the prevalence, odds ratios (ORs) and associated risk factors of giardiasis in HIV/AIDS patients. Four major English databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were excavated for relevant literature without time limitation until 20 November 2020. Next, meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). As well, heterogeneity among studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q and the I2-statistic. Totally, 19,218 HIV/AIDS patients in 130 studies were examined, showing a 5% (95% CI: 4.2%-6%) pooled prevalence. Also, the weighted random-effects OR of G. duodenalis infection among HIV/AIDS patients in comparison with their controls in 48 case-control studies was estimated as 1.71% (95% CI: 1.1%-2.66%, p = 0.016). Based on sensitivity analysis, there was no remarkable variation in the pooled OR upon omitting individual studies. Diarrhea was a potent risk factor, since HIV/AIDS patients with diarrhea were 3.8-times (95% CI: 1.6-8.9, p = 0.002) more prone to G. duodenalis infection than those without diarrhea. Moreover, the prevalence of the parasitic infection was 1.2-times higher in patients without antiretroviral therapy (ART) than those with ART (p = 0.312). Meta-regression was employed to evaluate the possible association between G. duodenalis frequency in HIV/AIDS patients and some variables such as sample size, publication year, and HDI. Additionally, the pooled prevalence of G. duodenalis infection was estimated based on several subgroups, including publication years, WHO regions, countries, continents, country incomes, and CD4+ T-cell levels. Altogether, the epidemiology of giardiasis in HIV/AIDS patients and its association with various risk factors is still open to question and requires more detailed and comprehensive investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Mahdavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Alireza Sadrebazzaz
- Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Laya Shamsi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Omidian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Asghari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Soheil Hassanipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Amir Masoud Salemi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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