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Almutawif YA, Eid HMA. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial uropathogens among adult patients in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:582. [PMID: 37674127 PMCID: PMC10481549 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered one of the most prevalent infections that may lead to many renal complications. They account for almost 10% of all infections in Saudi Arabia, making them the second most common cause of emergency department admissions. Bacterial pathogens, primarily Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., Proteus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. are the most causative agents of UTI. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens in adult patients from Madinah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using data collected from patients who visited King Fahad General Hospital in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Data included 16,803 urine bacterial cultures and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles collected between January 2019 and October 2021. RESULTS Among the 16,803 tested samples, 3937 (23.4%) showed positive results for urine bacterial cultures. UTI prevalence was slightly higher in women (52.1%) than men (47.9%). Escherichia coli (29.8%) was the most prevalent, followed by Klebsiella spp. (23.2%) and Pseudomonas spp. (8.4%). As for Gram-positive bacteria, Enterococcus spp. (10.8%) were most common, followed by Streptococcus spp. (8%) and Staphylococcus spp. (3.3%). Gram-negative bacteria exhibited high resistance rates toward aztreonam (> 83.3%), ampicillin (78.8%), and cephalexin (68.5%). Enterococcus spp. displayed elevated resistance rates (> 62.3%) against ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. Conversely, Streptococcus spp. showed substantial resistance rates (> 76.6%) toward colistin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. CONCLUSION To optimize therapy and minimize the risk of multidrug-resistant uropathogenic infections, physicians should consider the local epidemiological trends and antimicrobial resistance patterns of prevalent uropathogens prior to initiating any empirical antibacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya A Almutawif
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza M A Eid
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
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Hernandez-Pastor L, Geurtsen J, Baugh B, El Khoury AC, Kalu N, Gauthier-Loiselle M, Bungay R, Cloutier M, Sarnecki M, Saade E. Clinical burden of invasive Escherichia coli disease among older adult patients treated in hospitals in the United States. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:550. [PMID: 37608247 PMCID: PMC10464165 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli disease (IED) can lead to severe outcomes, particularly among older adults. However, the clinical burden of IED in the U.S. has not been well characterized. METHODS IED encounters among patients ≥ 60 years old were identified using the PINC AI™ Healthcare Database (10/01/2015-03/31/2020) by either a positive E. coli culture in blood or another normally sterile body site and ≥ 1 sign of systemic inflammatory response syndrome or signs of sepsis, or a positive E. coli culture in urine with urinary tract infection and signs of sepsis. Medical resource utilization, clinical outcomes, and E. coli isolate characteristics were descriptively reported during the first IED encounter and during the following year (observation period). RESULTS Overall, 19,773 patients with IED were included (mean age: 76.8 years; 67.4% female; 78.5% with signs of sepsis). Most encounters involved community-onset IED (94.3%) and required hospitalization (96.5%; mean duration: 6.9 days), with 32.4% of patients being admitted to the intensive care unit (mean duration: 3.7 days). Most E. coli isolates were resistant to ≥ 1 antibiotic category (61.7%) and 34.4% were resistant to ≥ 3 antibiotic categories. Following their first IED encounter, 34.8% of patients were transferred to a skilled nursing/intermediate care facility, whereas 6.8% had died. During the observation period, 36.8% of patients were rehospitalized, 2.4% had IED recurrence, and in-hospital death increased to 10.9%. CONCLUSIONS IED is associated with substantial clinical burden at first encounter with considerable long-term consequences. Findings demonstrate the need for increased IED awareness and highlight potential benefits of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Hernandez-Pastor
- Global Market Access, Vaccines Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium.
| | - Jeroen Geurtsen
- Molecular Bacteriology & Bacterial Epidemiology, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Archimedesweg 4, Leiden, 2333 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Bryan Baugh
- Global Medical Affairs, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1000 U.S. Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ, 08869, USA
| | - Antoine C El Khoury
- Global Market Access, Janssen Global Services, LLC, 1000 U.S. Route 202 South, Vaccines, Raritan, NJ, 08869, USA
| | - Nnanya Kalu
- US Vaccines Medical Affairs, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, 08560, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Marjolaine Gauthier-Loiselle
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Analysis Group, Inc, 1190 avenue des Canadiens- de-Montréal, Tour Deloitte, Suite 1500, H3B 0G7, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Bungay
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Analysis Group, Inc, 1190 avenue des Canadiens- de-Montréal, Tour Deloitte, Suite 1500, H3B 0G7, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Cloutier
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Analysis Group, Inc, 1190 avenue des Canadiens- de-Montréal, Tour Deloitte, Suite 1500, H3B 0G7, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michal Sarnecki
- Clinical Development, Janssen Vaccines, Rehhagstrasse 79, 3018, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elie Saade
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Health Education Campus, 9501 Euclid Ave, 44106, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Genotypic resistance determined by whole genome sequencing versus phenotypic resistance in 234 Escherichia coli isolates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:449. [PMID: 36624272 PMCID: PMC9829913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) enables detailed characterization of bacteria at single nucleotide resolution. It provides data about acquired resistance genes and mutations leading to resistance. Although WGS is becoming an essential tool to predict resistance patterns accurately, comparing genotype to phenotype with WGS is still in its infancy. Additional data and validation are needed. In this retrospective study, we analysed 234 E. coli isolates from positive blood cultures using WGS as well as microdilution for 11 clinically relevant antibiotics, to compare the two techniques. We performed whole genome sequencing analyses on 234 blood culture isolates (genotype) to detect acquired antibiotic resistance. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for E. coli were performed for amoxicillin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, meropenem, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin, using the ISO 20776-1 standard broth microdilution method as recommended by EUCAST (phenotype). We then compared the two methods for statistical 'agreement'. A perfect (100%) categorical agreement between genotype and phenotype was observed for gentamicin and meropenem. However, no resistance to meropenem was observed. A high categorical agreement (> 95%) was observed for amoxicillin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, amikacin, and tobramycin. A categorical agreement lower than 95% was observed for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, and ciprofloxacin. Most discrepancies occurred in isolates with MICs within ± 1 doubling dilution of the breakpoint and 22.73% of the major errors were samples that tested phenotypically susceptible at higher antibiotic exposure and were therefore considered as 'not resistant'. This study shows that WGS can be used as a valuable tool to predict phenotypic resistance against most of the clinically relevant antibiotics used for the treatment of E. coli bloodstream infections.
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Kosikowska U, Stec J, Andrzejczuk S, Mendrycka M, Pietras-Ożga D, Stępień-Pyśniak D. Plasmid-Mediated Fluoroquinolone Resistance Genes in Quinolone-Susceptible Aeromonas spp. Phenotypes Isolated From Recreational Surface Freshwater Reservoir. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:885360. [PMID: 35646727 PMCID: PMC9132129 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.885360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are recognized as opportunistic pathogens causing diseases. Infections in humans can result mainly in gastrointestinal and wound diseases with or without progression to septicemia. Although Aeromonas spp. are not known uropathogens and they rarely cause urinary tract infection, we hypothesize that the presence of these bacteria in the water and the contact during, e.g., recreational and bathing activity can create the conditions for the colonization of the human body and may result to diseases in various locations, including the urinary tract. Our study presents the occurrence of aeromonad fluoroquinolone-susceptible phenotypes with the presence of plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in a natural freshwater reservoir occasionally used for recreational activities. Sixty-nine isolates collected during the bathing period were identified by mass spectrometry and screened for the presence of fluoroquinolone-resistant phenotypes and genotypes. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility was determined as minimal inhibitory concentration values. PMQR qnr genes were detected by PCR. Isolates comprising eight species, namely, mainly Aeromonas veronii (50.7% isolates) and Aeromonas media (24.6% isolates) and rarely Aeromonas eucrenophila, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas ichthiosmia, and Aeromonas hydrophila, were selected. All isolates were phenotypically susceptible either to ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin. Unexpectedly, at least one to three of the PMQR genes were detected in 42.0% of the fluoroquinolone-susceptible Aeromonas spp. phenotypes. Mainly the qnrS (34.8% isolates) and qnrA (14.5% isolates) determinants were detected. In conclusion, the freshwater reservoir occasionally used for bathing was tainted with aeromonads, with a high occurrence of opportunistic pathogens such as A. veronii and A. media. MALDI‐TOF MS is a powerful technique for aeromonad identification. Our data reveals the mismatch phenomenon between fluoroquinolone-susceptible aeromonad phenotypes and the presence of plasmid-mediated qnr resistance genes. It suggests that phenotypically susceptible bacteria might be a potential source for the storage and transmission of these genes. The exposure during, e.g., a recreational activity may create the potential risk for causing infections, both diagnostically and therapeutically difficult, after expressing the resistance genes and quinolone-resistant strain selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kosikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Urszula Kosikowska,
| | - Joanna Stec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Andrzejczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariola Mendrycka
- Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Radom, Poland
| | - Dorota Pietras-Ożga
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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APTC-EC-2A: A Lytic Phage Targeting Multidrug Resistant E. coli Planktonic Cells and Biofilms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010102. [PMID: 35056551 PMCID: PMC8779906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) are common bacteria that colonize the human and animal gastrointestinal tract, where they help maintain a balanced microbiome. However, some E. coli strains are pathogenic and can cause serious infectious diseases and life-threatening complications. Due to the overuse of antibiotics and limited development of novel antibiotics, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has threatened modern medicine, whereby common infections can become lethal. Phage therapy has once again attracted interest in recent years as an alternative treatment option to antibiotics for severe infections with antibiotic-resistant strains. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize phage against multi-drug resistant E. coli isolated from clinical samples and hospital wastewater. For phage isolation, wastewater samples were collected from The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (Adelaide, SA, Australia) followed by phage enrichment as required. Microbiological assays, electron microscopy and genomic sequencing were carried out to characterize the phage. From the 10 isolated E. coli phages, E. coli phage APTC-EC-2A was the most promising and could lyse 6/7 E. coli clinical isolates. APTC-EC-2A was stable at a broad pH range (3–11) and could lyse the host E. coli at temperatures ranging between 30–50 °C. Furthermore, APTC-EC-2A could kill E. coli in planktonic and biofilm form. Electron microscopy and genomic sequencing indicated the phage to be from the Myoviridae family and of lytic nature. In conclusion, the newly isolated phage APTC-EC-2A has the desired properties that support its potential for development as a therapeutic agent against therapy refractory E. coli infections.
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Kiiti RW, Komba EV, Msoffe PL, Mshana SE, Rweyemamu M, Matee MIN. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolated from Broiler and Layer Chickens in Arusha and Mwanza, Tanzania. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6759046. [PMID: 34721584 PMCID: PMC8556130 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6759046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens such as Escherichia coli is one of the very important dynamics off-putting treatment and prophylaxis possibilities, hence posing a threat to the modern human medicine, veterinary medicine, and food safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles in E. coli isolates obtained from broiler and layer chickens in Mwanza and Arusha regions in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was carried out from February to March, 2021, in 402 poultry farms in Mwanza (201) and Arusha (201) regions in Tanzania. All samples that tested positive for E. coli were confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS, and two hundred and four (204) E. coli isolates were randomly chosen and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion method. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel® and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Isolates were tested against seven antimicrobial agents belonging to seven classes of antimicrobials. All the tested isolates (n = 204) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Overall, the highest resistance was observed in ampicillin (100%), whereas the lowest resistance was recorded for gentamicin (10.3%). Majority of the isolates (86.76%) were multidrug resistant. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli to four classes of antimicrobial agents was the highest in this study (31.1%). Six of the 177 tested isolates (2.9%) were resistant to the seven classes of antimicrobial agents. 21 of the 204 (10.29%) isolates were ESBL producers where 21/21 (100%) isolates expressed bla TEM genes and only two isolates expressed (2/21) bla CTX-M gene. The isolates obtained in this study displayed high resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents in veterinary and human medicine. This implies that there is existence of practices that accelerate antimicrobial resistance in the production of the sampled birds and therefore integration of appropriate use of antimicrobial agents and other measures that curb the spread of resistant genes is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth W. Kiiti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Erick V. Komba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter L. Msoffe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania
| | - Mark Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I. N. Matee
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
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Bunduki GK, Heinz E, Phiri VS, Noah P, Feasey N, Musaya J. Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:753. [PMID: 34348646 PMCID: PMC8336361 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are amongst the most frequent causes of urinary tract infections. We report a systematic review and meta-analysis of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of UPEC isolated from urinary tract infections. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using PRISMA guidelines (Research Registry ref. 5874). Data were extracted from PubMed/MEDLINE and ScienceDirect databases for studies published from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019. Studies reporting antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of UPEC isolated in confirmed urinary tract infections (≥105CFU/ml) were eligible. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of UPEC were estimated using random-effects meta-analysis model. Estimates with 95% confidence intervals, I-square (I2) statistic, and Cochran’s Q test were computed using the score statistic and the exact binomial method by incorporating the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation of proportions. Results Our search returned 2504 hits, of which 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis, totalling 1888 UPEC isolates. Highest antimicrobial resistance rates were observed among the antibiotic class of tetracycline in 69.1% (498/721), followed by sulphonamides in 59.3% (1119/1888), quinolones in 49.4% (1956/3956), and beta-lactams in 36.9% (4410/11964). Among beta-lactams, high resistance was observed in aminopenicillins in 74.3% (1157/1557) and first generation cephalosporins in 38.8% (370/953). Meanwhile, virulence factors with highest prevalence were immune suppressors (54.1%) followed by adhesins (45.9%). Taken individually, the most observed virulence genes were shiA (92.1%), CSH (80.0%), fimH/MSHA (75.3%), traT (75.1%), sisA (72.2%), iucD (65.7%), iutA (61.8%), kpsMTII (60.6%), and PAI (55.2%). Conclusions The increased antibiotic resistance of UPEC isolates was demonstrated and suggested a need for reassessment of empirical therapies in urinary tract infections treatment caused by this pathogen. In addition, this pathotype exhibited diverse surface and secreted virulence factors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06435-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Kambale Bunduki
- Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (former College of Medicine/University of Malawi), Blantyre, Malawi. .,Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Herbal Medicine (ACEPHEM), Blantyre, Malawi. .,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique du Graben, Butembo, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Eva Heinz
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Vincent Samuel Phiri
- Department of Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (former College of Medicine/University of Malawi), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Patrick Noah
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Nicholas Feasey
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Janelisa Musaya
- Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (former College of Medicine/University of Malawi), Blantyre, Malawi.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
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A Comprehensive Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Juice and Extracts from Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) Peels and Seeds. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081554. [PMID: 34451599 PMCID: PMC8402121 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the growing awareness of Punica granatum fruit’s health-promoting properties, the pomegranate is increasingly used for food purposes. This results in the formation of biological waste products such as peels. A biowaste circular bioeconomy strategy holds great prospective for a sustainable economy. Therefore, a sustainable and environmentally friendly way of disposing of waste (e.g., use of biowaste to obtain high-value components (e.g., punicalagins, enzymes)) is crucial for the protection of the environment and human health. In the presented study, the content of total phenols and proanthocyanidins in ten samples of Punica granatum fruit (juice, aqueous (H2O) and ethanolic (EtOH) extracts of peels and seeds) was determined. Peel extracts were found to be the richest in the content of secondary metabolites and showed extremely high antioxidant potential (approximately 90% inhibition: DPPH radical scavenging activity). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study to determine the enzymatic activity of α-amylase, lipase, peroxidase, protease, and transglutaminase in different P. granatum samples. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of all P. granatum samples was qualitatively determined against three strains of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and three strains of Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) bacteria, susceptible to gaining antibiotic resistance. Moreover, the most promising peel extracts were quantified for antibacterial efficacy against tested bacteria at five different concentrations. All samples slowed down and inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria. MIC90 values (2.7 or 0.3 mg/mL) were determined in 18 out of 24 experiments (four samples, six bacteria tested). There is no research in the reviewed literature that is current with such detailed and comprehensive determination of P. granatum peel extracts antibacterial activity. The results of the research showed great potential for the use of P. granatum in the field of antibacterial activity in biomedicine applications and in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Abstract
Objectives Tamoxifen (TAM), which is used for treating breast cancer, has exhibited another important function as an antimicrobial agent. The objective of this study is to investigate the antibacterial action of TAM against the bacteria present in the human oral cavity. Materials and Methods The bacteria present in the human oral cavity were isolated from healthy individuals. Different concentrations of TAM were tested against the isolated bacteria. Additionally, bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of TAM were also determined. Results Out of 23 isolated bacteria, a greater number of Gram-positive bacteria were highly susceptible to the low concentrations of TAM than Gram-negative bacteria. Kytococcus sedentarius, which is Gram-positive bacterium, and Pseudomonas stutzeri, which is Gram-negative bacterium, needed a high minimum inhibitory concentration value of TAM (2.5 mg/mL) to be inhibited by TAM's bacteriostatic action. Resistance to TAM was also observed in three strains of Gram-positive and four strains of Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion TAM has shown a potential antibacterial effect against the bacteria present in the oral cavity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria. This effect is mostly bacteriostatic. This study also found bacterial resistance toward TAM.
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Varney AM, Smitten KL, Thomas JA, McLean S. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Activity and Mechanism of Action of a Ruthenium(II)-Based Antimicrobial That Induces Minimal Evolution of Pathogen Resistance. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:168-178. [PMID: 33615170 PMCID: PMC7887750 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concern over rising levels of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has prompted significant research into developing efficacious alternatives to antibiotic treatment. Previously, we have reported on the therapeutic activity of a dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex against pathogenic, multi-drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Herein, we report that the solubility properties of this lead are comparable to those exhibited by orally available therapeutics that in comparison to clinically relevant antibiotics it induces very slow evolution of resistance in the uropathogenic, therapeutically resistant, E. coli strain EC958, and this resistance was lost when exposure to the compound was temporarily removed. With the aim of further investigating the mechanism of action of this compound, the regulation of nine target genes relating to the membrane, DNA damage, and other stress responses provoked by exposure to the compound was also studied. This analysis confirmed that the compound causes a significant transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in membrane transport and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. By contrast, expression of the chaperone protein-coding gene, spy, was significantly increased suggesting a requirement for repair of damaged proteins in the region of the outer membrane. The complex was also found to display activity comparable to that in E. coli in a range of other therapeutically relevant Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Varney
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty L. Smitten
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Jim A. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Samantha McLean
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
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11
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Costa FSL, Bezerra CCR, Neto RM, Morais CLM, Lima KMG. Identification of resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12994. [PMID: 32747745 PMCID: PMC7400627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are part of the Enterobacteriaceae family, being common sources of community and hospital infections and having high antimicrobial resistance. This resistance profile has become the main problem of public health infections. Determining whether a bacterium has resistance is critical to the correct treatment of the patient. Currently the method for determination of bacterial resistance used in laboratory routine is the antibiogram, whose time to obtain the results can vary from 1 to 3 days. An alternative method to perform this determination faster is excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy combined with multivariate classification methods. In this paper, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) and Support Vector Machines (SVM), coupled with dimensionality reduction and variable selection algorithms: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and the Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA) were used. The most satisfactory models achieved sensitivity and specificity rates of 100% for all classes, both for E. coli and for K. pneumoniae. This finding demonstrates that the proposed methodology has promising potential in routine analyzes, streamlining the results and increasing the chances of treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S L Costa
- Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Caio C R Bezerra
- Laboratory of Mycobateria, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Renato M Neto
- Laboratory of Mycobateria, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Camilo L M Morais
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Fulwood, Preston, PR2 9HT, UK
| | - Kássio M G Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil.
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Olaru ID, Yeung S, Ferrand RA, Stabler R, Chonzi P, Mabey D, Hopkins H, Bradley J, Masunda KP, Munyati S, Kranzer K. Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative bacteria from Urinary Specimens: a study of prevalence, risk factors and molecular mechanisms of resistance (ARGUS) in Zimbabwe - a study protocol. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:140. [PMID: 33088923 PMCID: PMC7551514 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15977.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is compromising our ability to successfully treat infections. There are few data on gram-negative AMR prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa especially from the outpatient setting. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of and underlying molecular mechanisms for AMR in gram-negative bacilli causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Zimbabwe. Risk factors for AMR and how AMR impacts on clinical outcomes will also be investigated. Adults presenting with UTI symptoms at primary health clinics in Harare will be included. A questionnaire will be administered, and urine samples will be collected for culture. Participants with positive urine cultures will be followed up at 7-14 days post-enrolment. All participants will also be followed by telephone at 28 days to determine clinical outcomes. Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing will be performed on positive cultures. The results from this study will be used to inform policy and development of treatment recommendations. Whole genome sequencing results will provide a better understanding of the prevalent resistance genes in Zimbabwe, of the spread of successful clones, and potentially will contribute to developing strategies to tackle AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana D. Olaru
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Shunmay Yeung
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rashida A. Ferrand
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Richard Stabler
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Prosper Chonzi
- Department of Health, Harare City Council, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - David Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Heidi Hopkins
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - John Bradley
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Shungu Munyati
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Yazdi M, Bouzari M, Ghaemi EA, Shahin K. Isolation, Characterization and Genomic Analysis of a Novel Bacteriophage VB_EcoS-Golestan Infecting Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7690. [PMID: 32376832 PMCID: PMC7203180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most common uropathogenic bacteria. The emergence of multi-drug resistance among these bacteria resulted in a worldwide public health problem which requires alternative treatment approaches such as phage therapy. In this study, phage VB_EcoS-Golestan, a member of Siphoviridae family, with high lytic ability against E. coli isolates, was isolated from wastewater. Its burst size was large and about 100 plaque-forming units/infected cell, rapid adsorption time, and high resistance to a broad range of pH and temperatures. Bioinformatics analysis of the genomic sequence suggests that VB_EcoS-Golestan is a new phage closely related to Escherichia phages in the Kagunavirus genus, Guernseyvirinae subfamily of Siphoviridae. The genome size was 44829 bp bp that encodes 78 putative ORFs, no tRNAs, 7 potential promoter sequences and 13 Rho-factor-independent terminators. No lysogenic mediated genes were detected in VB_EcoS-Golestan genome. Overall VB_EcoS-Golestan might be used as a potential treatment approach for controlling E. coli mediated urinary tract infection, however, further studies are essential to ensure its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Yazdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Bouzari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ezzat Allah Ghaemi
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, 4934174515, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Khashayar Shahin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
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Chanda W, Manyepa M, Chikwanda E, Daka V, Chileshe J, Tembo M, Kasongo J, Chipipa A, Handema R, Mulemena JA. Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from routine laboratory specimens at Ndola Teaching Hospital: A retrospective study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226676. [PMID: 31869354 PMCID: PMC6927611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility patterns in clinical settings is vital to ascertain the potency as well as re-establishing empirical therapy. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from routine laboratory specimens at Ndola Teaching Hospital. A retrospective study was conducted on routine specimens received between May 2016 and July 2018. Specimens were cultured on standard media and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for susceptibility testing in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute's recommendations. A total of 693 specimens were analyzed, of which 65.9% (457) specimens came from inpatient departments and 49.1% (340) came from female patients. The commonest specimens were urine (58.6%), blood (12.7%) and wound swabs (8.5%), and the most common microorganisms were coliform (29.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.4%), coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS, 13.4%), and Escherichia coli (13%). The highest percentage of resistance to any particular antibiotic was co-trimoxazole (91.7%, 33) followed by nalidixic acid (75.2%, 279), norfloxacin (69.0%, 100), ceftazidime (55.7%, 185), nitrofurantoin (46.6%, 191), chloramphenicol (43%, 111) and ciprofloxacin (8.6%, 271). Furthermore, patient location had resistance effect on coliform (p = 0.014), CoNS (p = 0.031), Streptococcus species (p = 0.024) and Klebsiella species (p = 0.004) to nitrofurantoin, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol, respectively. Besides coliform, resistance of Enterobacter species to ceftazidime and Proteus species to nalidixic acid were more from female patients. Generally, the most effective antibiotics were chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin with addition of ceftazidime on blood pathogens and ciprofloxacin on wound swab pathogens. The common isolates were coliform, S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci and Escherichia coli. The resistance of most bacteria to ceftazidime and nitrofurantoin were influenced by both gender and location. Our study presents a broad overview of the resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. However, more nosocomial prevalence and antibiogram studies on individual routine specimens are required to provide a more detailed picture of resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Chanda
- Mulungushi University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Livingstone, Zambia
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mespa Manyepa
- Copperbelt University, School of Medicine, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | - Victor Daka
- Copperbelt University, School of Medicine, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | | | - Joseph Kasongo
- Department Pathology, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Allen Chipipa
- Department Pathology, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Ray Handema
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | - John A. Mulemena
- Mulungushi University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Livingstone, Zambia
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Onanuga A, Mahindroo J, Singh S, Taneja N. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 34:144. [PMID: 32010423 PMCID: PMC6969895 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.34.144.18182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli causing Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) is a major public health problem, threatening the effective treatment of UTIs. This study investigated the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of E. coli associated with UTIs in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. Methods Twenty-five non-duplicate isolates of E. coli from UTIs patients at the University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria were identified using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Phenotypic expression of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC beta-lactamase were determined using standard laboratory methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect ESBLs, AmpC, Quinolones and Aminoglycosides resistance genes. Results The isolates exhibited high rates of resistance to co-trimoxazole (76%), nalidixic acid (68%), ciprofloxacin (60%), gentamicin (44%) and low resistance to cefotaxime (20%) but were fully susceptible to cefoperazone/sulbactam, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, colistin and carbapenems. Phenotypic expression of ESBLs was recorded in 6(24%) isolates while genotypic detection revealed the highest prevalence of blaTEM 22(88%), followed by blaCTX-M-15 16(64%), blaSHV 7(28%) and blaOXA-1 6(24%) while AmpC (blaCMY-2) gene was detected in 8(32%) isolates. Amongst the quinolone resistant isolates, qnr variants (qnrB, qnrD and qnrS) and aac(6')-Ib genes were detected in 7(28%) and 3(12%) isolates respectively while all gentamicin resistant isolates possessed the aacC2 gene. The co-expression of blaCTX-M-15 with quinolones and aminoglycoside genes were 20% and 40% respectively. The prevalence of multiple drug resistance was 52%. Conclusion A high proportion of the studied E. coli isolates co-expressed ESBLs, quinolones and aminoglycosides resistance genes which call for prompt antibiotic stewardship and preventive strategies to limit the spread of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebola Onanuga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jaspreet Mahindroo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shreya Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Taneja
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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A Coordinated Response at The Transcriptome and Interactome Level is Required to Ensure Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Survival during Bacteremia. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090292. [PMID: 31450662 PMCID: PMC6780601 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized infections or disruption of the skin barrier can enable the entry of bacteria into the bloodstream, possibly leading to acute inflammation and sepsis. There is currently no holistic view on how bacteria can survive and spread in the bloodstream. In this context, we combined transposon mutagenesis, gene-expression profiling and a protein interaction network analysis to examine how uropathogenic Escherichia coli can proliferate in blood. Our results indicate that, upon migration from the urea to serum, E. coli reacts to the osmolarity difference, triggering a transcriptomic response in order to express survival genes. The proteins codified by these genes are precisely organized at the interactome level and specifically target short linear motifs located in disordered regions of host proteins. Such a coordinated response helps to explain how bacteria can adapt to and survive environmental changes within the host. Overall, our results provide a general framework for the study of bacteremia and reveal new targets for potential study as novel antimicrobials.
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Tadesse BT, Ashley EA, Ongarello S, Havumaki J, Wijegoonewardena M, González IJ, Dittrich S. Antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:616. [PMID: 28893183 PMCID: PMC5594539 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely acknowledged as a global problem, yet in many parts of the world its magnitude is still not well understood. This review, using a public health focused approach, aimed to understand and describe the current status of AMR in Africa in relation to common causes of infections and drugs recommended in WHO treatment guidelines. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE and other relevant databases were searched for recent articles (2013-2016) in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Article retrieval and screening were done using a structured search string and strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. Median and interquartile ranges of percent resistance were calculated for each antibiotic-bacterium combination. RESULTS AMR data was not available for 42.6% of the countries in the African continent. A total of 144 articles were included in the final analysis. 13 Gram negative and 5 Gram positive bacteria were tested against 37 different antibiotics. Penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae was reported in 14/144studies (median resistance (MR): 26.7%). Further 18/53 (34.0%) of Haemophilus influenza isolates were resistant to amoxicillin. MR of Escherichia coli to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and gentamicin was 88.1%, 80.7% and 29.8% respectively. Ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella Typhi was rare. No documented ceftriaxone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae was reported, while the MR for quinolone was 37.5%. Carbapenem resistance was common in Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but uncommon in Enterobacteriaceae. CONCLUSION Our review highlights three important findings. First, recent AMR data is not available for more than 40% of the countries. Second, the level of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics was significant. Third, the quality of microbiological data is of serious concern. Our findings underline that to conserve our current arsenal of antibiotics it is imperative to address the gaps in AMR diagnostic standardization and reporting and use available information to optimize treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland ,0000 0000 8953 2273grid.192268.6College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia ,grid.463322.2Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, 27 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefano Ongarello
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Havumaki
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miranga Wijegoonewardena
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Iveth J. González
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Dittrich
- 0000 0001 1507 3147grid.452485.aFoundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech Building B2 Level 0, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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Mantravadi HB. Effectivity of Titanium Oxide Based Nano Particles on E. coli from Clinical Samples. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:DC37-DC40. [PMID: 28892895 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/25334.10278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nanoparticles composed of Titanium Oxide (TiO2) are non toxic, durable, stable and have a high refractive index with a lot of scope in biomedical applications. Due to their antibacterial effects, they can be applied to inanimate objects like glass, metal and even biomedical implants. AIM This study was conducted to assess the antibacterial effect of Titanium Oxide (TiO2) alone or with Silver (Ag) as an additive on Escherichia coli. MATERIALS AND METHODS Escherichia coli isolates (n=25) sensitive to most of the drugs including first generation cephalosporins, ampicillin and amoxycillin from various samples like pus, urine, sputum and blood were placed onto the glass slides containing TiO2 annealed at 200°C, 400°C, TiO2 with 0.1% Ag as additive, TiO2 with 0.3% Ag, and TiO2 with 0.6% Ag as additive. Samples from this were inoculated at every hour onto sterile petri plates and observed for growth after overnight incubation at 37°C. RESULTS The organisms which were inoculated onto TiO2 annealed at 200°C showed a slower reduction rate from >1 × 108 cfu/ml to <1 × 10 cfu/ml only after six hours of incubation in visible light. Complete absence of colony forming units was observed after eight hours of incubation. The samples treated with TiO2 at 400°C showed no growth after six hours of incubation itself. Samples treated with TiO2 with increasing gradations of silver as additives showed proportional reduction in the incubation time for the complete absence of colony forming units. CONCLUSION Our study shows that pure titanium oxide has a high antibacterial effect on pathogenic samples of Escherichia coli from clinical isolates, which is further increased with the addition of increasing concentrations of silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima Bindu Mantravadi
- PhD Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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