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Yan Y, Li X, Zhang C, Lv L, Gao B, Li M. Research Progress on Antibacterial Activities and Mechanisms of Natural Alkaloids: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030318. [PMID: 33808601 PMCID: PMC8003525 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds typically isolated from plants. They represent one of the most important types of natural products because of their large number and structural diversity and complexity. Based on their chemical core structures, alkaloids are classified as isoquinolines, quinolines, indoles, piperidine alkaloids, etc. In-depth analyses of alkaloids have revealed their antibacterial activities. To date, due to the widespread use of antibiotics, the problem of drug-resistant bacterial infections has been gradually increasing, which severely affects the clinical efficacy of antibacterial therapies and patient safety. Therefore, significant research efforts are focused on alkaloids because they represent a potentially new type of natural antibiotic with a wide antibacterial spectrum, rare adverse reactions, and a low tendency to produce drug resistance. Their main antibacterial mechanisms include inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, change in cell membrane permeability, inhibition of bacterial metabolism, and inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis. This article reviews recent reports about the chemical structures and the antibacterial activities and mechanisms of alkaloids. The purpose is to solve the problem of bacterial resistance and to provide a certain theoretical basis and research ideas for the development of new antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of the Planting and Development of Astragalus Membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Lijuan Lv
- Department of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Bing Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (B.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Minhui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China; (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of the Planting and Development of Astragalus Membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, China
- Correspondence: (B.G.); (M.L.)
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Cheng F, Zhou Y, Wang M, Guo C, Cao Z, Zhang R, Peng C. A review of pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of stachydrine. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104755. [PMID: 32173585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stachydrine is extracted from the leaves of Leonurus japonicus Houtt (or Motherwort, "Yi Mu Cao" in Traditional Chinese Medicine) and is the major bioactive ingredient. So far, stachydrine has demonstrated various bioactivities for the treatment of fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, uterine diseases, brain injuries, and inflammation. The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of stachydrine up to 2019 have been comprehensively searched and summarized. This review provides an updated summary of recent studies on the pharmacological activities of stachydrine. Many studies have demonstrated that stachydrine has strong anti-fibrotic properties (on various types of fibrosis) by inhibiting ECM deposition and decreasing inflammatory and oxidative stress through multiple molecular mechanisms (including TGF-β, ERS-mediated apoptosis, MMPs/TIMPs, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT). The cardioprotective and vasoprotective activities of stachydrine are related to its inhibition of β-MHC, excessive autophagy, SIRT1, eNOS uncoupling and TF, promotion of SERCA, and angiogenesis. In addition to its anticancer action, regulation of the uterus, neuroprotective effects, etc. the pharmacokinetic properties of stachydrine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China; Library, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoqi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Thipubon P, Tipsuwan W, Uthaipibull C, Santitherakul S, Srichairatanakool S. Anti-malarial effect of 1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one and green tea extract on erythrocyte-stage Plasmodium berghei in mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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