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Oyagbemi AA, Adebayo AK, Adebiyi OE, Adigun KO, Folarin OR, Esan OO, Ajibade TO, Ogunpolu BS, Falayi OO, Ogunmiluyi IO, Olutayo Omobowale T, Ola-Davies OE, Olopade JO, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Nkadimeng SM, McGaw LJ, Yakubu MA, Nwulia E, Oguntibeju OO. Leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale ameliorates biomarkers of neuroinflammation, memory loss, and neurobehavioral deficit in N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treated rats. Biomarkers 2023; 28:263-272. [PMID: 36632742 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2164354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anacardium occidentale commonly known as Cashew is a plant that is widely used in African traditional medicine. It is endowed with phytochemical constituents that are responsible for its medicinal properties. METHODS Twenty-five male Wistar rats were grouped as follows: Control (Group A), Group B (L-NAME 40 mg/kg), Group C (100 mg/kg Anacardium occidentale extract plus 40 mg/kg L-NAME), Group D (200 mg/kg extract plus 40 mg/kg L-NAME) and Group E (10 mg/kg of Lisinopril plus 40 mg/kg L-NAME). The animals were treated with oral administration of either the extracts or Lisnopril daily for 4 weeks. Neuro-behavioural tests such as the Morris Water Maze and Hanging Wire Grip tests were carried out to evaluate memory/spatial learning and muscular strength, respectively. Makers of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and immunohistochemical staining of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ionised Calcium Binding Adaptor molecule 1 were assessed. RESULTS L-NAME administration caused significant increases in biomarkers of oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant status, acetylcholinesterase activity, altered neuro-behavioural changes, astrocytosis, and microgliosis. However, Anacardium occidentale reversed exaggerated oxidative stress biomarkers and improved neuro-behavioural changes. CONCLUSIONS Combining all, Anacardium occidentale enhanced brain antioxidant defence status, improved memory and muscular strength, thus, suggesting the neuroprotective properties of Anacardium occidentale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adedeji Kolawole Adebayo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olamide Elizabeth Adebiyi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Kabirat Oluwaseun Adigun
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwabusayo Racheal Folarin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun Olanrewaju Esan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Blessing Seun Ogunpolu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Iyanuoluwa Omolola Ogunmiluyi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - James Olukayode Olopade
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale Benard Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - Lyndy Joy McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Science, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, Vascular Biology Unit, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, COPHS, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Evaristus Nwulia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
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Amorim LS, Marques Goes PE, Figueiredo RDA, Souza JADCR, Tavares JF, Castellano LRC, Castro RDD, Farias D, de Aquino SG. In vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Anacardium occidentale L. extracts and their toxicity on PBMCs and zebrafish embryos. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2653-2663. [PMID: 34595971 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1981365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial and immunomodulatory action of crude extracts from Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) leaves and bark, and to determine their toxicity to peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to zebrafish embryos and larvae. Chemical analysis of extracts was performed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The antibacterial activity was evaluated against selected bacteria strains by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed using resazurin method, while the effect on production of ROS by PMN leukocytes was measured by luminol. Embryotoxicity to zebrafish was assessed using the fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET) and quantification of toxicity marker enzymes (AChE, LDH, and GST). 1H-NMR results showed anacardic acid as the main component of the extracts. All bacterial species tested were sensitive to the extracts, with MICs ranging from 312.5 to 10,000 μg/mL. Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli were the most susceptible species. The extracts promoted cell viability above 75% at concentrations from 1.25 to 80 μg/mL. Both extracts reduced zymosan-induced ROS (p < 0.05) at concentrations of 1, 8, and 80 μg/mL compared to the control. In vivo, there were embryotoxic effects in zebrafish embryos exposed to both extracts through the presence of lethal and sublethal endpoints. The samples also acted by inhibiting the activities of biomarker enzymes. The A. occidentale L. bark and leaf extracts showed antimicrobial potential and modulated ROS production in vitro, but these also showed embryotoxic effects to zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Souza Amorim
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Pedro Everton Marques Goes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Dias de Castro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Davi Farias
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences (CCEN), Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Garcia de Aquino
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Gomes Júnior A, Islam MT, Nicolau LAD, de Souza LKM, Araújo TDS, Lopes de Oliveira GA, de Melo Nogueira K, da Silva Lopes L, Medeiros JVR, Mubarak MS, Melo-Cavalcante AAC. Anti-Inflammatory, Antinociceptive, and Antioxidant Properties of Anacardic Acid in Experimental Models. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19506-19515. [PMID: 32803044 PMCID: PMC7424580 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anacardic acid (AA), a compound extracted from cashew nut liquid, exhibits numerous pharmacological activities. The aim of the current investigation was to assess the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities of AA in mouse models. For this, Swiss albino mice were pretreated with AA (10, 25, 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, ip) 30 min prior to the administration of carrageenan, as well as 25 mg/kg of prostaglandin E2, dextran, histamine, and compound 48/80. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by formalin, abdominal, and hot plate tests, using antagonist of opioid receptors (naloxene, 3 mg/kg, ip) to identify antinociceptive mechanisms. Results from this study revealed that AA at 25 mg/kg inhibits carrageenan-induced edema. In addition, AA at 25 mg/kg reduced edema and leukocyte and neutrophilic migration to the intraperitoneal cavity, diminished myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde concentration, and increased the levels of reduced glutathione. In nociceptive tests, it also decreased licking, abdominal writhing, and latency to thermal stimulation, possibly via interaction with opioid receptors. Taken together, these results indicate that AA exhibits anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions and also reduces oxidative stress in acute experimental models, suggesting AA as a promising compound in the pharmaceutical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio
Luiz Gomes Júnior
- RENORBIO
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
- LAPNEX
- Laboratory of Research in Experimental Neurochemistry of Post-Graduation
Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal
University of Piauí, Teresina CEP 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
- LAPGENIC
- Laboratory of Research in Genetic Toxicology of Post-Graduation
Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal
University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Laboratory
of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Lucas Antonio Duarte Nicolau
- LAFFEX -
Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology in Biotechnology and
Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal
University of Piauí-CMRV, Parnaíba 64202-020, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Luan Kevin Miranda de Souza
- RENORBIO
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
- LAFFEX -
Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology in Biotechnology and
Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal
University of Piauí-CMRV, Parnaíba 64202-020, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Tiago de Souza
Lopes Araújo
- RENORBIO
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
- LAFFEX -
Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology in Biotechnology and
Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal
University of Piauí-CMRV, Parnaíba 64202-020, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Antônio Lopes de Oliveira
- RENORBIO
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
- LAPNEX
- Laboratory of Research in Experimental Neurochemistry of Post-Graduation
Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal
University of Piauí, Teresina CEP 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
- LAFFEX -
Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology in Biotechnology and
Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal
University of Piauí-CMRV, Parnaíba 64202-020, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Kerolayne de Melo Nogueira
- LAFFEX -
Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology in Biotechnology and
Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal
University of Piauí-CMRV, Parnaíba 64202-020, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Luciano da Silva Lopes
- LAPNEX
- Laboratory of Research in Experimental Neurochemistry of Post-Graduation
Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal
University of Piauí, Teresina CEP 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Jand-Venes Rolim Medeiros
- RENORBIO
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
- LAFFEX -
Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology in Biotechnology and
Biodiversity Center Research (BIOTEC), Federal
University of Piauí-CMRV, Parnaíba 64202-020, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Amélia
de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- RENORBIO
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
- LAPGENIC
- Laboratory of Research in Genetic Toxicology of Post-Graduation
Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal
University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil
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Protective Effect of Cashew Gum (Anacardium occidentale L.) on 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020051. [PMID: 30987265 PMCID: PMC6630449 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucositis is a common complication associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent used for cancer treatment. Cashew gum (CG) has been reported as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of CG extracted from the exudate of Anacardium occidentale L. on experimental intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU. Swiss mice were randomly divided into seven groups: Saline, 5-FU, CG 30, CG 60, CG 90, Celecoxib (CLX), and CLX + CG 90 groups. The weight of mice was measured daily. After treatment, the animals were euthanized and segments of the small intestine were collected to evaluate histopathological alterations (morphometric analysis), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glutathione (GSH), and immunohistochemical analysis of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). 5-FU induced intense weight loss and reduction in villus height compared to the saline group. CG 90 prevented 5-FU-induced histopathological changes and decreased oxidative stress through decrease of MDA levels and increase of GSH concentration. CG attenuated inflammatory process by decreasing MPO activity, intestinal mastocytosis, and COX-2 expression. Our findings suggest that CG at a concentration of 90 mg/kg reverses the effects of 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis.
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de Lima Glória L, Barreto de Souza Arantes M, Menezes de Faria Pereira S, de Souza Vieira G, Xavier Martins C, Ribeiro de Carvalho Junior A, Antunes F, Braz-Filho R, José Curcino Vieira I, Leandro da Cruz L, Siqueira de Almeida Chaves D, de Paiva Freitas S, Barros de Oliveira D. Phenolic Compounds Present Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Influence the Lowering of Blood Pressure in Rats. Molecules 2017; 22:E1792. [PMID: 29065547 PMCID: PMC6151430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified two phenolic compounds in Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi fruits: naringenin (first report in this species) and gallic acid. Their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data (¹H-, 13C-NMR) and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. A high content of phenolics (659.21 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of sample-Folin-Ciocalteau method) and total flavonoids (140.69 mg of rutin equivalents/g of sample-aluminum chloride method) were quantified in S. terebinthifolius, as well as high antioxidant activity (77.47%-2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH method). The antihypertensive activity related to its phenolic content was investigated. After intravenous infusion in Wistar rats, these phenolics significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the systolic, median, and diastolic arterial pressures of individuals. The rotarod test was performed to determine the mechanism of action of the sample vasorelaxant effect. It was found that its action exceeded that of the positive control used (diazepam). This confirmed the vasodilatory activity exerted by S. terebinthifolius fruits is related to the phenolic compounds present in the plant, which are potent antioxidants and inhibit oxidative stress, mainly in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena de Lima Glória
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Barreto de Souza Arantes
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Menezes de Faria Pereira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme de Souza Vieira
- Laboratório de Clínica e Cirurgia Animal, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Camilla Xavier Martins
- Laboratório de Clínica e Cirurgia Animal, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Almir Ribeiro de Carvalho Junior
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, CCT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Laboratório de Clínica e Cirurgia Animal, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Raimundo Braz-Filho
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, CCT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Ivo José Curcino Vieira
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, CCT, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Leandro da Cruz
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves
- Laboratório de Química de Bioativos Naturais, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Silvério de Paiva Freitas
- Laboratório de Fitotecnia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Barros de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil.
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Catarino L, Havik PJ, Romeiras MM. Medicinal plants of Guinea-Bissau: Therapeutic applications, ethnic diversity and knowledge transfer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 183:71-94. [PMID: 26923540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The rich flora of Guinea-Bissau, and the widespread use of medicinal plants for the treatment of various diseases, constitutes an important local healthcare resource with significant potential for research and development of phytomedicines. The goal of this study is to prepare a comprehensive documentation of Guinea-Bissau's medicinal plants, including their distribution, local vernacular names and their therapeutic and other applications, based upon local notions of disease and illness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical data was collected by means of field research in Guinea-Bissau, study of herbarium specimens, and a comprehensive review of published works. Relevant data were included from open interviews conducted with healers and from observations in the field during the last two decades. RESULTS A total of 218 medicinal plants were documented, belonging to 63 families, of which 195 are native. Over half of these species are found in all regions of the country. The medicinal plants are used to treat 18 major diseases categories; the greatest number of species are used to treat intestinal disorders (67 species). More than thirty ethnic groups were identified within the Guinea-Bissau population; 40% of the medicinal plants have been recorded in the country's principal ethnic languages (i.e. Fula and Balanta). CONCLUSIONS This multi-disciplinary, country-wide study identifies a great diversity of plants used by indigenous communities as medicinal, which constitute an important common reservoir of botanical species and therapeutic knowledge. The regional overlap of many indigenous species, the consensual nature of disease groups based upon local perceptions of health conditions, and the relevance of local vernacular including Guinean Creole are key factors specific to the country which enhance the potential for the circulation and transmission of ethno-botanical and therapeutic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Catarino
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Philip J Havik
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Rua da Junqueira no. 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria M Romeiras
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Lisbon, Portugal; University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Lisbon, Portugal.
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