1
|
Darkwah S, Agbettor D, Codjoe F, Donkor ES. Microbial Contamination of Herbal Preparations on the Ghanaian
Market, Accra. Microbiol Insights 2022; 15:11786361221139602. [PMCID: PMC9716451 DOI: 10.1177/11786361221139602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing countries, an estimated 80% of the population use traditional
herbal medicines as part of their primary health care. As the market for herbal
medicine expands in many African countries, partly due to their use in the
treatment of COVID-19, there is the need to address all the associated safety
issues. The aim of the study was to evaluate the microbial contamination of
locally prepared, as well as imported foreign herbal products sold in Accra.
Standard microbiological methods were employed in the enumeration of coliforms
and the identification of pathogenic microbes in 60 herbal preparations that
were sampled. A larger proportion (76.7%) of local herbal preparations was
contaminated with bacteria as compared with imported ones (63.3%).
Bacillus species and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa were the predominant bacteria obtained from foreign and
locally manufactured herbal preparations, respectively. A proportion of 36.7%
(11) of the local samples were positive for coliform and the coliform counts
ranged from 3.0 × 101 cfu/ml to 2.0 × 104 cfu/ml. Two
foreign herbal samples (6.7%) were positive for coliforms; one had a count of
1.7 × 105 cfu/g while the other had 2 × 104 cfu/g.
Herbal preparations sold in markets of Accra harbour several microbial
pathogens; the risk is relatively higher for locally produced herbal
preparations compared to imported herbal preparations. As a result, it is
recommended that quality assurance in the production of local herbal
preparations should be thoroughly monitored from the beginning of production to
the final selling of the preparations. There is also the need to strengthen
microbiological safety monitoring of imported herbal preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Darkwah
- Department of Medical Microbiology,
University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana,Samuel Darkwah, Department of Medical
Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, P.O. Box
GP4236, C/O P.O. Box CO 1513, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Doris Agbettor
- Department of Medical Laboratory
Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana,
Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Codjoe
- Department of Medical Laboratory
Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana,
Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric S Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology,
University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Orman E, Bekoe SO, Jato J, Spiegler V, Asare-Nkansah S, Agyare C, Hensel A, Bekoe EO. Quality assessment of African herbal medicine: A systematic review and the way forward. Fitoterapia 2022; 162:105287. [PMID: 36031027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Africa, herbalism supplements allopathic medicine's efforts to ensure Universal Health Coverage attainment. This review was conducted to identify and to summarise current literature on methodological approaches used for quality control of herbal medicines in Africa, to evaluate the gaps associated with existing strategies within context of best practices, and make recommendations for future improvements. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles were screened and assessed for eligibility. RESULTS 118 articles were included into the study. There was a high preference for impurity profiling tests (77%) indicating the prioritization for tests that guarantee safety despite the limited analytical resources available. Other classes of tests reported included identification tests (29%), physicochemical tests (18%), and content assays (12%). Although standard methods exist in preparing samples for impurity tests, different techniques were observed in different studies, and this could lead to differences in analytical outcomes. Content assays focused on single marker assessments, which may be inadequate to comprehensively assess the quality of products. CONCLUSION This review provides knowledge of existing strengths and challenges for herbal medicine quality assessments in Africa. For future it is recommended to implement more studies on contaminants (e.g. mycotoxins) and pharmaceutical adulterants. The use of chemometrics to develop analytical methods should be promoted. Also, stakeholders in the medicine quality industry in Africa need to effectively collaborate to establish a well co-ordinated and harmonized system to provide a sustainable framework for the GACP and GMP guided production and quality assurance of herbal medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Orman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Oppong Bekoe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Jato
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Verena Spiegler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Samuel Asare-Nkansah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Christian Agyare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Emelia Oppong Bekoe
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Microbiological contamination of herbal medicinal products marketed in Kenya for chronic diseases: A case study of Nairobi metropolis. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
4
|
Liu C, Huang D, Yang L, Wu S, Shen X, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Huang C. Removal of Polymerase Chain Reaction Inhibitors by Electromembrane Extraction. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11488-11496. [PMID: 34383461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has become the cornerstone of DNA analysis. However, special samples (e.g., forensic samples, soil, food, and mineral medicine) may contain powerful PCR inhibitors. High levels of inhibitors can hardly be sufficiently removed by conventional DNA extraction approaches and may result in the complete failure of PCR. In this work, the removal of PCR inhibitors by electromembrane extraction (EME) was investigated for the first time. To demonstrate the universality of the approach, EME formats with and without supported membranes (termed parallel-EME and μ-EME, respectively) were employed, and both anionic [humic acid (HA)] and cationic (Ca2+) PCR inhibitors were used as models. During EME, charged inhibitors in the sample migrate into the liquid membrane in the presence of an electric field and might further leech into the waste solution, while PCR analytes remain in the sample. After EME, the clearance values for HA at 0.2 and 2.5 mg mL-1 were 94 and 85%, respectively, and that for Ca2+ (275 mM) was 63%. Forensic PCR-short tandem repeat (PCR-STR) genotyping showed that EME significantly reduced the interference by HA in PCR-STR analysis and displayed a higher HA purge capability compared to existing methods. Furthermore, by combining EME with liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction, satisfactory STR profiles were obtained from HA-rich blood samples. In addition, false-negative reports of bacterial detection in mineral medicine and shrimps were avoided after the removal of Ca2+ by μ-EME. Our research demonstrates the great potential of EME for the purification of DNA samples containing high-level PCR inhibitors and opens up a new application direction for EME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Daixin Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liuqian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shifan Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiantao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molecular Identification of Fungal Populations in Polyherbal Medicines used for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
6
|
Zhao QY, Yuan FW, Liang T, Liang XC, Luo YR, Jiang M, Qing SZ, Zhang WM. Baicalin inhibits Escherichia coli isolates in bovine mastitic milk and reduces antimicrobial resistance. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:2415-2422. [PMID: 29290430 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of baicalin on Escherichia coli in vitro and the effects of baicalin treatment on antimicrobial resistance of the E. coli isolates. Through isolation, purification, and identification, a total of 56 E. coli strains were isolated from 341 mastitic milk samples. The study of inhibition effect of baicalin on the E. coli strains in vitro was focused on permeability and morphology of the isolates using an alkaline phosphatase kit and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the resistance spectrum of the isolates to the common antimicrobial agents was tested at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of baicalin by the agar dilution method. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were amplified by PCR before and after incubation with baicalin. The results revealed that baicalin has certain inhibitory effects on the isolates in vitro. The alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was significantly increased from 1.246 to 2.377 U/100 mL, and the surface of E. coli was concave and shriveled. Analysis of the resistance spectrum and PCR amplification showed that, after administration with baicalin, the sensitivity of most strains to the selected antimicrobial agents was enhanced. Strikingly, the drug-resistant genes from 71.43% (40/56) of these isolates were found to have drug-resistant genes to different extents. Altogether, the current study confirmed both the inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli in vitro and the reduction of antimicrobial resistance by baicalin. This is the first comprehensive study to report on baicalin, a traditional Chinese medicine that acts on E. coli isolated from the mastitic milk samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - F W Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - T Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - X C Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y R Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - M Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - S Z Qing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - W M Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Z, Yu D, He S, Ye H, Zhang L, Wen Y, Zhang W, Shu L, Chen S. Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in Drinking Water Sources in Hangzhou City. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1133. [PMID: 28670309 PMCID: PMC5472731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) and examined the possible relationship between water quality parameters and antibiotic resistance from two different drinking water sources (the Qiantang River and the Dongtiao Stream) in Hangzhou city of China. E. coli isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 18 antibiotics. Most of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (TE), followed by ampicillin (AM), piperacillin (PIP), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and chloramphenicol (C). The antibiotic resistance rate of E. coli isolates from two water sources was similar; For E. coli isolates from the Qiantang River, their antibiotic resistance rates decreased from up- to downstream. Seasonally, the dry and wet season had little impact on antibiotic resistance. Spearman's rank correlation revealed significant correlation between resistance to TE and phenicols or ciprofloxacin (CIP), as well as quinolones (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) and cephalosporins or gentamicin (GM). Pearson's chi-square tests found certain water parameters such as nutrient concentration were strongly associated with resistance to some of the antibiotics. In addition, tet genes were detected from all 82 TE-resistant E. coli isolates, and most of the isolates (81.87%) contained multiple tet genes, which displayed 14 different combinations. Collectively, this study provided baseline data on antibiotic resistance of drinking water sources in Hangzhou city, which indicates drinking water sources could be the reservoir of antibiotic resistance, potentially presenting a public health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhou, China
| | - Daojun Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou First People's HospitalHangzhou, China
| | - Songzhe He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guilin Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuilin, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Automatic Monitoring, Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring CenterHangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Dean's Office, Hangzhou Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational DiseasesHangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wen
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhou, China
| | - Liping Shu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhou, China
| | - Shuchang Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cui M, Wu C, Zhang P, Wu C. Development of Multiplex-Mismatch Amplification Mutation-PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection ofCampylobacter jejuniand Mutation ingyrAGene Related to Fluoroquinolone Resistance. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:642-645. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, MOA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenbin Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, MOA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, MOA, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Famewo EB, Clarke AM, Afolayan AJ. Identification of bacterial contaminants in polyherbal medicines used for the treatment of tuberculosis in Amatole District of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, using rapid 16S rRNA technique. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2016; 35:27. [PMID: 27549141 PMCID: PMC5025967 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-016-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyherbal medicines are used for the treatment of many diseases in many African and Asian communities. With the increasing use of these remedies, several investigations have shown that they are associated with a broad variety of residues and contaminants. This study investigates the presence of bacteria in the polyherbal medicines used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. METHODS Bacterial DNA was extracted from the polyherbal medicines, and a fragment of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR with universal primers 27F and 518R. The amplicons were visualised on agarose gel electrophoresis, followed by end repair and adaptor ligation. They were further purified and quantified using Library Preparation kit NEBNext® UltraT DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina, and the amplicons were run on illumina's MiSeq platform. RESULTS Different bacterial species were identified in all each of the polyherbal medicines. Generally, the most prominent and common bacteria recovered from all the samples were Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Rahnella sp., Paenibacillus sp., Clostridium sp. and Pantoea sp. Others are Pseudomonas sp., Raoultella ornithinolytica, Salmonella enterica and Eubacterium moniliforme. CONCLUSIONS This study, thus, revealed the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in the polyherbal medicines used for the treatment of tuberculosis in the study area. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the health care of the patients of tuberculosis in the study area, having in mind that they are immunocompromised individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Maria Clarke
- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Anthony Jide Afolayan
- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qin J, Yang C, An Y, Liu E, Bai L, Liu H. Preparation of an ionic liquid-functionalized polymer monolith and its application in the separation of Chinese herb with HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1204552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junxiao Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Chunliu Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yingying An
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Erpin Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ligai Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|