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Di Girolamo N, Tollefson C. Computed tomographic diagnosis and clinical outcomes of small intestinal obstruction caused by trichobezoars in client-owned rabbits. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:264-274. [PMID: 38436052 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal obstruction in rabbits, although demonstrated to be common, is still poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to report features of small intestinal obstruction caused by trichobezoars in rabbits upon CT and their clinical outcomes. Rabbits with a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction that underwent CT scanning were included in this study. From each CT scan, obstruction location, appearance, Hounsfield units, size (mm), volume (mm3), distance from the stomach, and diameter of the small intestine proximal and distal to it, were extracted. Nine rabbits were included in the study. All rabbits presented for anorexia and had a distended or enlarged stomach (7) or abdomen (2). CT scan showed a non-contrast-enhancing, ovoid, smoothly marginated structure with a hyperattenuating rim, heterogeneous center, and variable amount of centrally located gas, in the duodenum (5), the jejunum (2), or the ileum (2). The density of the trichobezoars ranged from -156 to 58 HU (median, -44 HU) and volume ranged from 86.1 to 633.8 mm3 (median, 320.6 mm3). Three rabbits underwent medical management. Two of them survived, and one of them died. Six rabbits underwent surgery, of which three were successfully discharged from the hospital. CT proved to be a valuable imaging modality in rabbits with a suspected intestinal obstruction to provide the exact location of the obstruction and the characteristics of the obstructive material. The location and size of the trichobezoar may have relevant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Girolamo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Christopher Tollefson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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2
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An F, Yan H, Xu X, Kuang Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Ren Z, Zou J, Hou F, Wang K, Hua Y. Comparison of Venous Blood Gas and Biochemical Parameters in Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica) and Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) before and after Isoflurane Anesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071162. [PMID: 37048418 PMCID: PMC10093139 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous blood gas analytes are commonly examined in animals, and the results may be important when evaluating the overall health status of an animal. Pangolins are critically endangered mammals, and there is limited information on their physiological reference values in the literature. The aim of this study was to analyze venous blood gas and biochemical parameters before and during isoflurane anesthesia in wild healthy Sunda and Chinese pangolins. The results obtained showed that the blood gas index trends of the two pangolin species before and after isoflurane anesthesia were the same. After anesthesia, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), total carbon dioxide (CO2), mean blood bicarbonate (HCO3−), extracellular fluid compartment (BEecf) base excess and the mean blood glucose (Glu) levels of both pangolin species showed a significant increase compared to the pre-anesthesia period. In contrast, the mean blood potassium (K+), lactate (Lac) and mean blood pH levels were significantly lower. No significant differences in the mean blood sodium (Na+) or blood ionized calcium (iCa) levels were observed during anesthesia. This study is important for future comparisons and understanding the health status of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xuelin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yingjie Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xianghe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510550, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Zhenyu Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Jiejian Zou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Fanghui Hou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Correspondence:
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Kaye S, Stokol T. Hemostatic Testing in Companion Exotic Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:613-630. [PMID: 36122943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian hemostatic system is highly conserved, and companion exotic mammals are commonly used as biomedical models for normal and disordered hemostasis. Challenges associated with sample collection, test validation, and test interpretation have limited the use of these tests in clinical exotic animal practice. However, evaluation of platelet counts, coagulation screening times, and fibrin(ogen) degradation products can be valuable for monitoring exotic patients with a range of disease presentations including intoxications, anemia, systemic viral disease, hepatopathy, and endocrinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah Kaye
- Staten Island Zoo, 614 Broadway, Staten Island, NY 10310, USA.
| | - Tracy Stokol
- Cornell University, Upper Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
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Di Girolamo N, Petrini D, Szabo Z, Volait-Rosset L, Oglesbee BL, Nardini G, Possenti M, Gerosa S, Rota S, Huynh M, Vitolo D, Devescovi E, Nicoletti A, Selleri P, Guillier D, Reese D, Nicolier A, Reyes-Gomez E, Matteucci G, Reavill DR, Binanti D. Clinical, surgical, and pathological findings in client-owned rabbits with histologically confirmed appendicitis: 19 cases (2015-2019). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:82-93. [PMID: 34843442 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.08.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report clinical, surgical, and pathological findings in client-owned rabbits with histologically confirmed appendicitis. ANIMALS 19 rabbits. PROCEDURES Medical records for client-owned rabbits that had a histologic diagnosis of appendicitis were reviewed. RESULTS Median age of the rabbits at presentation was 24.0 months (range, 4 to 84 months). Seventeen cases occurred during the summer and fall seasons. Decreased appetite (17/19 rabbits), abnormal rectal temperature (hyperthermia, 9/16 rabbits; hypothermia, 4/16 rabbits), hypocalcemia (8/11 rabbits), and hypoglycemia (7/15 rabbits) were common signs. Abdominal ultrasonography and CT findings were suggestive of appendicitis in 6 of 8 rabbits and in 1 of 2 rabbits, respectively. Of the 6 rabbits that received medical treatment, 3 died at 48 hours, 1 died at 24 hours after hospitalization, and 1 died at 10 days after presentation; 1 rabbit was alive at 1,030 days after presentation. Of the 8 rabbits that underwent appendectomy, 3 died before discharge from the hospital and 1 died 113 days after surgery; 4 rabbits were alive at 315, 334, 1,433, and 1,473 days after presentation. The remaining 5 rabbits either died or were euthanized before treatment could be instituted. In each of the 19 rabbits, the appendix had evidence of severe inflammation with mucosal ulceration, heterophilic inflammation, and necrotic debris. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For rabbits with decreased appetite and an apparently painful abdomen, hyperthermia, hypocalcemia, or hypoglycemia, appendicitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis. Further comparisons of medical and surgical treatments are required to establish treatment recommendations for rabbits with appendicitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | | | - Zoltan Szabo
- Tai Wai Small Animal & Exotic Hospital, Tai Wai, Shatin, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Laetitia Volait-Rosset
- Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Alfort National Veterinary School, University of East Paris, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Marzia Possenti
- L'Arca Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Cassano d'Adda, Italy
| | | | | | - Minh Huynh
- Exotic Department, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, Arcueil, France
| | | | | | | | | | - David Guillier
- Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Alfort National Veterinary School, University of East Paris, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - David Reese
- VetCT Consultants in Telemedicine, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | | | - Edouard Reyes-Gomez
- Unité d'Histologie et d'Anatomie Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Diana Binanti
- AbLab Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Sarzana, Italy
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Kim J, Kwak S, Park MS, Rhee CH, Yang GH, Lee J, Son WC, Kang WH. Safety verification for polysorbate 20, pharmaceutical excipient for intramuscular administration, in Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256869. [PMID: 34449810 PMCID: PMC8396741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) has been widely used as a pharmaceutical excipient in Botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT/A) products that are indicated for use in therapeutics and cosmetics. However, HSA as a human-derived material has some concerns, such as the potential risk of transmission of infectious agents, an insufficient supply, and difficulty in maintaining a certain quality. For those reasons, newly developed BoNT/A products (CORETOX®, Medytox, Inc., Republic of Korea) contained polysorbate 20, a non-human-derived excipient, to replace the HSA. However, most safety studies of polysorbate 20 have been conducted with non-invasive routes of administration, and thus there are a few studies on the safety of polysorbate 20 when administered intramuscularly. To secure the in vivo safety profile of polysorbate 20, a four-week repeated intramuscular dose toxicity study (0.02, 0.1, and 0.4 mg/kg, one injection every two weeks for a total of three injections) was conducted in 66 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. An intradermal irritation study was further conducted with 18 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. The toxicological evaluation of HSA (0.06 and 0.12 mg/kg) was also carried out as a comparative substance. Systemic and local toxicities were not observed in any of the SD rats or NZW rabbits based on clinical signs, body weight, hematology, clinical biochemistry, macroscopic findings on necropsy, histopathology of the injection site, and allergic reactions. The current study suggested that intramuscular administration of polysorbate 20 was considered to be safe at a level similar to that of HSA, which has an in vivo safety profile accumulated over the years. This provided the basis for the in vivo safety profile of polysorbate 20 administered intramuscularly and the scientific reliability of the use of polysorbate 20 as an alternative to HSA, which is used as an excipient for various pharmaceuticals in terms of its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Kim
- Gwanggyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seongsung Kwak
- Gwanggyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Park
- Gwanggyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Rhee
- Osong R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Gi-Hyeok Yang
- Gwanggyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jangmi Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (WhK); (WCS)
| | - Won-ho Kang
- Gwanggyo R&D Center, Medytox Inc., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail: (WhK); (WCS)
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Anderson K, Keller J, Ramachandran A, Brandão J. Naturally occurring tetanus in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) associated with Psoroptes cuniculi otitis. J Exot Pet Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cugmas B, Šušterič P, Gorenjec NR, Plavec T. Comparison between rectal and body surface temperature in dogs by the calibrated infrared thermometer. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 9:100120. [PMID: 32734121 PMCID: PMC7386665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs poorly tolerate rectal temperature measurements with a contact thermometer. Existing alternative approaches used uncalibrated infrared thermometers. Gum and inguinal temperature are correlated moderately to rectal temperature. Hyperthermia was detected with sensitivity and specificity up to 90.0% and 78.6%. Future studies should include a calibrated thermometer and control external factors.
Because dogs tolerate conventional rectal temperature measurements poorly, a calibrated infrared thermometer was tested for assessing canine body surface temperature. Body surface temperature of 204 dogs was estimated on various sites (digit, snout, axilla, eye, gum, inguinal region, and anal verge). Having rectal temperature as the gold standard, temperature difference, Spearman's correlation coefficient, hyperthermia and hypothermia detection sensitivity and specificity, and stress response score was calculated for each measurement site. Although the canine body surface temperature was considerably lower than the rectal temperature, there was a moderate correlation between both temperatures. Spearman's coefficients were 0.60 (p < 0.001) for the inguinal region with a single operator and 0.50 (p < 0.001) for the gum with multiple operators. Measurement site on the gum additionally guaranteed hyperthermia detection sensitivity and specificity up to 90.0% (95% CI: [66.7 100]) and 78.6% (95% CI: [71.6 85.2]), respectively. Measurements with the infrared thermometer provoked a statistically significant lower stress response (mean stress scores between 1.89 and 2.48/5) compared to the contact rectal measurements (stress score of 3.06/5). To conclude, the correct body surface temperature measurement should include a calibrated thermometer, reliable sampling, and the control of external factors such as ambient temperature influence. The transformation of body surface temperature to the recognized rectal temperature interval allows more straightforward data interpretation. The gum temperature exhibited the best clinical potential since the differences to rectal temperatures were below 1°C, and hyperthermia was detected with the sensitivity of up to 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Cugmas
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Primož Šušterič
- Primavet Veterinary Clinic, 38 Ptujska Rd, SI-2327 Rače, Slovenia
| | - Nina Ružić Gorenjec
- Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 2 Vrazov Sq., SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Plavec
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 60 Gerbiceva Str., SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Small Animal Veterinary Hospital Hofheim, 7 Katharina-Kemmpler St., DE-65719 Hofheim, Germany
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Adami C, Sanchez RF, Monticelli P. Use of atracurium and its reversal with neostigmine in 14 pet rabbits undergoing ophthalmic surgery: a retrospective study. Vet Rec 2019; 184:443. [PMID: 30824599 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective study was to report the clinical use of atracurium and its reversal with neostigmine in pet rabbits. The medical records of 14 rabbits undergoing anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery were located through a search of the hospital's database. Demographic data and data pertaining to the use of the neuromuscular blocker and its reversal were analysed. After intravenous administration of 0.44±0.4 mg/kg atracurium (total dose), 11 rabbits experienced at least one of the following cardiovascular responses: hypotension, defined as systolic arterial pressure less than 75 mmHg (n=6), hypotension with decreased heart rate (HR) (n=1), hypotension with increased HR (n=1), decreased arterial blood pressure (ABP) without hypotension (n=6), decreased ABP with decreased HR (n=1), or increased HR (n=2, ABP reading could not be taken). Two of these 11 rabbits also experienced severe intraoperative hypothermia. The neuromuscular block was monitored with a train-of-four nerve-stimulation pattern, and reversed, with intramuscular 0.01-0.045 mg/kg neostigmine and 0.01-0.02 mg/kg glycopyrronium, after the return of at least two out of four muscular twitches following nerve stimulation. Decrease in ABP and possibly hypothermia are likely intraoperative complications when clinical doses of atracurium are administered to pet rabbits. Measures should be taken to detect their occurrence in order to treat them promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Adami
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA, UK
| | - Rick F Sanchez
- Specialistische Dierenkliniek Utrecht (SDU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Monticelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA, UK
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