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Origin verification of imported infant formula and fresh milk into China using stable isotope and elemental chemometrics. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zheng X, Shi X, Wang B. A Review on the General Cheese Processing Technology, Flavor Biochemical Pathways and the Influence of Yeasts in Cheese. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703284. [PMID: 34394049 PMCID: PMC8358398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheese has a long history and this naturally fermented dairy product contains a range of distinctive flavors. Microorganisms in variety cheeses are an essential component and play important roles during both cheese production and ripening. However, cheeses from different countries are still handmade, the processing technology is diverse, the microbial community structure is complex and the cheese flavor fluctuates greatly. Therefore, studying the general processing technology and relationship between microbial structure and flavor formation in cheese is the key to solving the unstable quality and standardized production of cheese flavor on basis of maintaining the flavor of cheese. This paper reviews the research progress on the general processing technology and key control points of natural cheese, the biochemical pathways for production of flavor compounds in cheeses, the diversity and the role of yeasts in cheese. Combined with the development of modern detection technology, the evolution of microbial structure, population evolution and flavor correlation in cheese from different countries was analyzed, which is of great significance for the search for core functional yeast microorganisms and the industrialization prospect of traditional fermented cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuewei Shi
- Food College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Food College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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3
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Rapid animal species identification of feta and mozzarella cheese using MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Identification and Detection of Bioactive Peptides in Milk and Dairy Products: Remarks about Agro-Foods. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153328. [PMID: 32707993 PMCID: PMC7435915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-based components represent major sources of functional bioactive compounds. Milk is a rich source of multiple bioactive peptides that not only help to fulfill consumers 'nutritional requirements but also play a significant role in preventing several health disorders. Understanding the chemical composition of milk and its products is critical for producing consistent and high-quality dairy products and functional dairy ingredients. Over the last two decades, peptides have gained significant attention by scientific evidence for its beneficial health impacts besides their established nutrient value. Increasing awareness of essential milk proteins has facilitated the development of novel milk protein products that are progressively required for nutritional benefits. The need to better understand the beneficial effects of milk-protein derived peptides has, therefore, led to the development of analytical approaches for the isolation, separation and identification of bioactive peptides in complex dairy products. Continuous emphasis is on the biological function and nutritional characteristics of milk constituents using several powerful techniques, namely omics, model cell lines, gut microbiome analysis and imaging techniques. This review briefly describes the state-of-the-art approach of peptidomics and lipidomics profiling approaches for the identification and detection of milk-derived bioactive peptides while taking into account recent progress in their analysis and emphasizing the difficulty of analysis of these functional and endogenous peptides.
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Fekete T, Šnirc M, Belej Ľ, Židek R, Golian J, Haščík P, Zeleňáková L, Zajác P. Authentication of caprine milk and cheese by commercial qPCR assay. POTRAVINARSTVO 2017. [DOI: 10.5219/780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate potential adulteration of commercial caprine milks and cheeses with bovine milk using commercial qPCR assay. The assay comprised of bovine-, ovine- and caprine-specific primers and TaqMan probe and mammalian internal control. Specificity, sensitivity, linearity, reproducibility and efficiency of the bovine assay were tested as well. Specificity was verified by running reaction on the DNA of other milk-producing species (caprine and ovine) and made-up bovine-caprine (v/v) milk mixes. In both experiments, a bovine DNA fragment was amplified whereas no amplification was obtained from the other species. Sensitivity, linearity, reproducibility and efficiency were tested on 10-fold dilution series of 10 ng bovine DNA. The assay has shown good linearity (R2 = 0.983) within whole range, with efficiency of 86% and excellent reproducibility (SD around the CT for the technical replicates <0.5). The sensitivity was adequate, as calculated LOD and LOQ were 1.44 pg and 2.94 pg of bovine DNA, respectively. Finally, the assay was used to authenticate 5 caprine milk samples and 5 caprine cheese samples, purchased from local supermarkets. Totally, 1 milk sample has shown the fluorescence signal, which exceeded baseline in cycle 39.01 ±0.69. However, the signal was above LOD and LOQ suggesting that there could not be unambiguously declared any adulteration with bovine milk. Amplification of bovine-specific DNA was not observed in the other samples indicating products were not adulterated. The commercial qPCR assay has proved that real-time PCR assays, as well as DNA-based techniques in a general, are the excellent and reliable tools for fighting with frauds in the food industry and protecting the public health.
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Agrimonti C, Bottari B, Sardaro MLS, Marmiroli N. Application of real-time PCR (qPCR) for characterization of microbial populations and type of milk in dairy food products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:423-442. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1375893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Agrimonti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bottari
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Savo Sardaro
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of Nutrition and Gastronomy, University San Raffaele Roma Srl, Rome, Italy
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Šnirc M, Fekete T, Belej Ľ, Židek R, Golian J, Haščík P, Zajác P, Čapla J. Detection of ovine milk adulteration using taqman real-time pcr assay. POTRAVINARSTVO 2017. [DOI: 10.5219/782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety, quality and composition have become the subjects of increasing public concern. To prevent fraud and enhance quality assurance, credible analysis of dairy products is crucial. Bovine milk is more widely available and cheaper than milk of sheep and goat. Bovine milk is also processed in large quantities to produce a range of dairy produce. DNA-based methods have proven to be more reliable, because of the stability of DNA under the conditions of high temperature, high pressure, and chemical treatment used during the processing of some food products. The commercial InnuDETECT cheese assay based on the principle TaqMan real-time PCR systems have been tested for the identification and quantification of bovine DNA in ovine milk samples. DNA was extracted using the InnuPREP DNA Mini Kit and quantified by the QuantiFluor dsDNA system. The assay showed good linearity, with correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.983 and efficiency of 86%. The internal control amplified fragment from different mammalian species (cow, sheep and goat), with similar CT values. Detection of bovine DNA in milk mixtures was achieved even in samples containing 0.5% of bovine milk. The InnuDETECT cheese assay has been successfully used to measure bovine DNA in ovine milk, and will prove useful for bovine species identification and quantitative authentication of animal-derived products.
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Tsartsianidou V, Triantafillidou D, Karaiskou N, Tarantili P, Triantafillidis G, Georgakis E, Triantafyllidis A. Caprine and ovine Greek dairy products: The official German method generates false-positive results due to κ-casein gene polymorphism. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3539-3547. [PMID: 28318592 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Caseins are widely used for species identification of dairy products. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of para-κ-casein peptide is used as the official German method for the differentiation between caprine (isoform A) and ovine (isoform B) dairy products, based on their different isoelectric points. The discrimination between Greek goat and ewe dairy products using IEF has, however, been shown to be problematic because of the existence of the ewe isoform in milk from Greek indigenous dairy goats. This could be due to nucleotide polymorphisms within the goat κ-casein gene of Greek indigenous breeds, which alter the isoelectric point of the para-κ-casein peptide and lead to false positive results. Previous DNA analysis of the goat κ-casein gene has shown high levels of polymorphism; however, no such information is available for Greek indigenous dairy goats. Therefore, 87 indigenous dairy goats were sequenced at exon IV of κ-casein gene. In total, 9 polymorphic sites were detected. Three nonsynonymous point mutations were identified, which change the isoelectric point of the goat para-κ-casein peptide so that it appears identical to that of the ewe peptide. Ten composite genotypes were reconstructed and 6 of them included the problematic point mutations. For the verification of genetic results, IEF was carried out. Both goat and ewe patterns appeared in the problematic genotypes. The frequency of these genotypes could be characterized as moderate (0.23) to high (0.60) within Greek indigenous breeds. However, this is not an issue restricted to Greece, as such genotypes have been detected in various non-Greek goat breeds. In conclusion, IEF based on the official German method is certainly inappropriate for ovine and caprine discrimination concerning Greek dairy goat products, and consequently a new method should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tsartsianidou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - D Triantafillidou
- Thessaloniki Subdivision of General Chemical State Laboratory, Thessaloniki 54625, Greece
| | - N Karaiskou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - P Tarantili
- Thessaloniki Subdivision of General Chemical State Laboratory, Thessaloniki 54625, Greece
| | | | - E Georgakis
- MEVGAL SA Dairy Company, Thessaloniki 51100, Greece
| | - A Triantafyllidis
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Di Domenico M, Di Giuseppe M, Wicochea Rodríguez JD, Cammà C. Validation of a fast real-time PCR method to detect fraud and mislabeling in milk and dairy products. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:106-112. [PMID: 27865504 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fast real-time PCR TaqMan assays were developed and validated for species identification in dairy products. Based on the amplification of 12S rRNA and cytB partial genes of mitochondrial DNA, the methods were demonstrated to be sensitive, fast, and species-specific for Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Bubalus bubalis, and Capra hircus. The limit of detection calculated was lower than 1%, and the efficiency was reported to be higher than 96% in every assay. An internal amplification control was used to detect possible false negatives. The method was validated by means of laboratory-prepared samples mixing different species. Moreover, 18 commercial dairy samples were analyzed by both real-time PCR and isoelectric focusing, the official European Union reference method. The 4 TaqMan assays were confirmed to be a useful tool for milk and dairy product authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Domenico
- Ricerca e Sviluppo Biotecnologie, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - M Di Giuseppe
- Ricerca e Sviluppo Biotecnologie, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - J D Wicochea Rodríguez
- Ricerca e Sviluppo Biotecnologie, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - C Cammà
- Ricerca e Sviluppo Biotecnologie, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Russo V, Fontanesi L, Scotti E, Tazzoli M, Dall’Olio S, Davoli R. Analysis of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene polymorphisms in some cattle breeds: their usefulness and application for breed traceability and authentication ofParmigiano Reggiano cheese. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Guerreiro JS, Fernandes P, Bardsley RG. Identification of the species of origin of milk in cheeses by multivariate statistical analysis of polymerase chain reaction electrophoretic patterns. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Teixeira L, Teixeira C, Caldeira L, Bastianetto E, Oliveira D. Extração de DNA e avaliação da composição espécie-específica de queijos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Foram testados três métodos de extração de DNA em amostras de queijo, com o objetivo de identificar uma técnica eficiente para extração de DNA em amostras com várias limitações, como alto teor de gordura, alto grau de degradação do DNA e grande concentração de impurezas. A técnica que faz uso do tiocianato de guanidina mostrou-se mais adequada para identificação de adição intencional não declarada de leite bovino em queijos bubalinos, podendo ser empregada para certificação de produto específico (selo de Identidade de Espécie).
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Dalmasso A, Sacchi P, Bottero MT. Development of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of cow and donkey milk. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Dalmasso A, Civera T, La Neve F, Bottero MT. Simultaneous detection of cow and buffalo milk in mozzarella cheese by Real-Time PCR assay. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Czerwenka C, Műller L, Lindner W. Detection of the adulteration of water buffalo milk and mozzarella with cow’s milk by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of β-lactoglobulin variants. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Lee SB, Choi SH. Rapid Identification of Cow and Goat Milk in Milk Products Using a Duplex PCR Technique. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2009. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2009.29.5.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Bai WL, Yin RH, Zhao SJ, Dou QL, Yang JC, Jiang WQ, Zhao ZH, Luo GB. Rapid detection of bovine milk in yak milk using a polymerase chain reaction technique. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:1354-60. [PMID: 19307616 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Yak milk contains a greater percentage of protein and has better quality than bovine milk. There has been an increasing focus on yak milk and milk products during the last few years. In the present study, a PCR-based assay was developed for the specific identification of bovine milk in yak milk by designing 3 primers targeting the mitochondrial ND1 gene. The use of 3 primers in a single PCR reaction set yielded 2 amplification fragments of 293 and 190 bp from bovine milk DNA, whereas only 1 amplification fragment of 293 bp was obtained in yak milk DNA. The technique was applied to raw and heat-treated binary mixtures of yak and bovine milks and enabled the specific detection of bovine milk with a detection limit of 0.1%. The assay developed is sensitive, fast, and straightforward, and it might be useful in the quality control of yak milk and milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
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21
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Otaviano AR, Lima ALF, Laureano MM, Sena JA, Albuquerque LGD, Tonhati H. β-casein gene polymorphism permits identification of bovine milk mixed with bubaline milk in mozzarella cheese. Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008005000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janete A.D. Sena
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Brazil
| | | | - Humberto Tonhati
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Brazil
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22
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23
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Zhang CL, Fowler MR, Scott NW, Lawson G, Slater A. A TaqMan real-time PCR system for the identification and quantification of bovine DNA in meats, milks and cheeses. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ahmed MM, Abdel-Rahm SM, El-Hanafy AA. Application of Species-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction and Cytocrome b Gene for Different Meat Species Authentication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2007.426.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Application of an indirect ELISA and a PCR technique for detection of cows’ milk in sheep's and goats’ milk cheeses. Int Dairy J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Díaz ILC, Alonso IG, Fajardo V, Martín I, Hernández P, Lacarra TG, de Santos RM. Application of a polymerase chain reaction to detect adulteration of ovine cheeses with caprine milk. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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EL-RADY AHMEDABD, SAYED MOHAMMED. IDENTIFICATION OF MILK SOURCE BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION-RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2006.00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Estimation of the genetic admixture composition of Iberian dry-cured ham samples using DNA multilocus genotypes. Meat Sci 2006; 72:560-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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López-Calleja I, Alonso IG, Fajardo V, Rodríguez M, Hernández P, García T, Martín R. PCR detection of cows’ milk in water buffalo milk and mozzarella cheese. Int Dairy J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Enne G, Elez D, Fondrini F, Bonizzi I, Feligini M, Aleandri R. High-performance liquid chromatography of governing liquid to detect illegal bovine milk's addition in water buffalo Mozzarella: Comparison with results from raw milk and cheese matrix. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1094:169-74. [PMID: 16257304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method to detect fraudulent addition of bovine milk in water buffalo Mozzarella cheese by gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), relying on the measurement of quantity ratios within beta-lactoglobulin protein family, is described. Analyses were performed on raw milk, cheese matrix and cheese governing liquid using a C4 column and UV detection. This work demonstrated that bovine milk addition during cheesemaking can be detected in governing liquid of Mozzarella down to the EU law limit of 1% as well as in raw milk and cheese matrix. A significant lowering of peaks' areas and heights was observed in cheese matrix and governing liquid samples in comparison with the corresponding milk ones, possibly due to proteins' degradation during the cheesemaking process. The results show that, unlike previous works reported, the use of a matrix-specific calibration curve is essential in order to achieve a proper quantitation of beta-lactoglobulin proteins, thus allowing a reliable estimation of bovine milk addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Enne
- Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, Viale Papa Giovanni XXIII 7, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Abstract
The authenticity of dairy products has become a focal point, attracting the attention of scientists, producers, consumers, and policymakers. Among many others, some of the practices not allowed in milk and milk products are the substitution of part of the fat or proteins, admixtures of milk of different species, additions of low-cost dairy products (mainly whey derivatives), or mislabeling of products protected by denomination of origin. A range of analytical methods to detect frauds have been developed, modified, and continually reassessed to be one step ahead of manufacturers who pursue these illegal activities. Traditional procedures to assess the authenticity of dairy products include chromatographic, electrophoretic, and immunoenzymatic methods. New approaches such as capillary electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction, and isotope ratio mass spectrometry have also emerged alongside the latest developments in the former procedures. This work intends to provide an updated and extensive overview since 1991 on the principal applications of all these techniques together with their advantages and disadvantages for detecting the authenticity of dairy products. The scope and limits of different tools are also discussed.
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López-Calleja I, González I, Fajardo V, Martín I, Hernández PE, García T, Martín R. Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Adulteration of Sheep's Milk with Goats’ Milk. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:3115-20. [PMID: 16107400 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction has been applied for the specific detection of goats' milk in sheep's milk using primers targeting the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene. The use of goat-specific primers yielded a 122-bp fragment from goats' milk DNA, whereas no amplification signal was obtained in sheep's, cows', and water buffaloes' milk DNA. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of raw and heat-treated milk binary mixtures of sheep/goat enabled the specific detection of goats' milk with a sensitivity threshold of 0.1%. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed polymerase chain reaction assay for authentication of milk products in routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I López-Calleja
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Steuber S, Abdel-Rady A, Clausen PH. PCR-RFLP analysis: a promising technique for host species identification of blood meals from tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Parasitol Res 2005; 97:247-54. [PMID: 15999278 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction with the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using universal primers complementary to the conserved region of the cytochrome b gene (cyt b) of the mitochondrion DNA (mtDNA) of vertebrates was applied to the identification of the origin of blood meals in tsetse flies. Blood samples from ten potential tsetse hosts of the family bovidae (cattle, water buffalo, red buffalo, waterbuck, springbok, goat, sheep, sable antelope, oryx and dik-dik) were included in this study. Sites for appropriate restriction endonucleases cuts were chosen by pairwise alignment of the amplified 359 bp fragments. A flow chart of endonucleases digestion using three restriction enzymes (e.g. TaqI, AluI and HindII) for the unequivocal identification of the respective bovid species was developed. A number of additional non-specific DNA fragments attributed to the co-amplification of cytochrome b pseudogenes were observed in some species (e.g. in red buffalo and dik-dik after digestion with AluI) but did not hamper assignment of bovid species. The detection rate of host DNA in tsetse by PCR-RFLP was 100, 80, 60 and 40% at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after in vitro feeding, respectively. Identification of the last blood meal was possible even when tsetse had previously fed on different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Steuber
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
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López-Calleja I, González I, Fajardo V, Rodríguez MA, Hernández PE, García T, Martín R. Rapid detection of cows' milk in sheeps' and goats' milk by a species-specific polymerase chain reaction technique. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:2839-45. [PMID: 15375042 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the specific identification of cows' milk in sheep's and goats' milk by using primers targeting the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. The use of a forward primer complementary to a conserved DNA sequence, along with a reverse primer specific for cow, yielded a 223-bp fragment from cows' milk DNA, whereas no amplification signal was obtained in sheep's and goats' milk DNA. The technique was applied to raw, pasteurized, and sterilized milk binary mixtures of cow-sheep and cow-goat, enabling the specific detection of cows' milk with a good sensitivity threshold (0.1%). The proposed PCR assay represents a rapid and straightforward method applicable to the authentication of milk and other dairy products in routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I López-Calleja
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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A multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the identification of cows’, goats’ and sheep's milk in dairy products. Int Dairy J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(02)00170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bottero MT, Civera T, Anastasio A, Turi RM, Rosati S. Identification of cow's milk in "buffalo" cheese by duplex polymerase chain reaction. J Food Prot 2002; 65:362-6. [PMID: 11848568 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to identify the milk of bovine and buffalo species in cheese products, particularly in mozzarella cheese, a typical Italian cheese made from buffalo's milk. Two sets of primers were designed on the basis of the alignment of the sequence codifying mitochondrial cyt b available in the GenBank database. The primers proved to be species-specific, giving rise to 279-bp (bovine) and 192-bp (buffalo) amplified fragments. Since the amplification conditions for bovine and buffalo primers were identical, a duplex PCR was successfully applied to identify the two species in a single reaction step. This technique, when used to test cheese products from the retail trade, allowed the detection of partial or even total substitution of cow's milk for buffalo's milk, in some cases in samples of cheese misleadingly labeled "pure buffalo" mozzarella.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Bottero
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università degli Studi Torino, Italy.
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