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Soni A, Bremer P, Brightwell G. A Comprehensive Review of Variability in the Thermal Resistance (D-Values) of Food-Borne Pathogens-A Challenge for Thermal Validation Trials. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244117. [PMID: 36553859 PMCID: PMC9777713 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal processing of food relies heavily on determining the right time and temperature regime required to inactivate bacterial contaminants to an acceptable limit. To design a thermal processing regime with an accurate time and temperature combination, the D-values of targeted microorganisms are either referred to or estimated. The D-value is the time required at a given temperature to reduce the bacterial population by 90%. The D-value can vary depending on various factors such as the food matrix, the bacterial strain, and the conditions it has previously been exposed to; the intrinsic properties of the food (moisture, water activity, fat content, and pH); the method used to expose the microorganism to the thermal treatment either at the laboratory or commercial scale; the approach used to estimate the number of survivors; and the statistical model used for the analysis of the data. This review focused on Bacillus cereus, Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium perfringens owing to their pathogenicity and the availability of publications on their thermal resistance. The literature indicates a significant variation in D-values reported for the same strain, and it is concluded that when designing thermal processing regimes, the impact of multiple factors on the D-values of a specific microorganism needs to be considered. Further, owing to the complexity of the interactions involved, the effectiveness of regimes derived laboratory data must be confirmed within industrial food processing settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathi Soni
- Food System Integrity, Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-6350-0819
| | - Phil Bremer
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Gale Brightwell
- Food System Integrity, Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Sinnelä MT, Pawluk AM, Jin YH, Kim D, Mah JH. Effect of Calcium and Manganese Supplementation on Heat Resistance of Spores of Bacillus Species Associated With Food Poisoning, Spoilage, and Fermentation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:744953. [PMID: 34707595 PMCID: PMC8542979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.744953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spores often survive thermal processing used in the food industry, while heat treatment leads not only to a decrease in the nutritional and organoleptic properties of foods, but also to a delay in fermentation of fermented foods. Selective reduction of undesirable spores without such impediments is an ongoing challenge for food scientists. Thus, increased knowledge of the spore-forming bacteria is required to control them. In this study, the heat resistance results (D100°C) of the spores of four Bacillus species were determined and compared to previous literature, and found that B. cereus has significantly lower heat resistance than the other Bacillus species, B. coagulans, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis. Using the spores of these strains, this study also evaluated the effects of single and combined supplementation of calcium (0.00–2.00 mM) and manganese (0.00–0.50 mM) on heat resistance (D100°C). The results revealed that the spores of B. licheniformis and B. cereus displayed the smallest heat resistance when sporulated on media rich in calcium. Conversely, B. coagulans spores and B. subtilis spores exhibited the greatest heat resistance when sporulated under calcium-rich conditions. The opposite results (stronger heat resistance for B. licheniformis spores and B. cereus spores, and smaller heat resistance for B. coagulans spores and B. subtilis spores) were obtained when the spores were formed on media poor in the minerals (particularly calcium). Based on the results, the Bacillus species were divided into two groups: B. licheniformis and B. cereus; and B. coagulans and B. subtilis. The study provides valuable insight to selectively reduce spores of undesirable Bacillus species in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Young Hun Jin
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Dabin Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Mah
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
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Hahne J, Lipski A. Growth interferences between bacterial strains from raw cow's milk and their impact on growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2019-2032. [PMID: 33660914 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to detect growth enhancing or inhibiting activity between bacterial populations from raw milk under different conditions (temperature, medium). METHODS AND RESULTS The interference of 24 raw milk isolates on growth of each other and on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus was screened by drop assay and for selected pairs in co-cultivation experiments. By drop assay, antibacterial activity was observed for 40% of the strains. About 30% of the strains showed growth-enhancing activity on other strains. Most of the isolates were well adapted to cold temperatures and showed consistent or even increased inhibiting or enhancing effects on growth of other strains at 10°C. The growth of L. monocytogenes DSM 20600T and S. aureus DSM 1104T was significantly (P < 0·05) reduced in co-cultivation with Pseudomonas protegens JZ R-192. CONCLUSIONS Growth interferences between bacterial populations have an impact on the structure of raw milk microbiota, especially when it develops under cold storage, and it may have an effect on the prevalence of certain foodborne pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates growth-inhibiting and also growth-enhancing interactions between raw milk bacteria, which must be considered when predicting bacterial growth and spoilage in food. A Ps. protegens strain isolated from raw milk showed an antagonistic effect on growth of L. monocytogenes in refrigerated raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hahne
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Nutritional and Food Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Lipski
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Nutritional and Food Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Risk of Bacillus cereus in Relation to Rice and Derivatives. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020302. [PMID: 33540849 PMCID: PMC7913059 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is a very popular food throughout the world and the basis of the diet of the citizens of many countries. It is used as a raw material for the preparation of many complex dishes in which different ingredients are involved. Rice, as a consequence of their cultivation, harvesting, and handling, is often contaminated with spores of Bacillus cereus, a ubiquitous microorganism found mainly in the soil. B. cereus can multiply under temperature conditions as low as 4 °C in foods that contain rice and have been cooked or subjected to treatments that do not produce commercial sterility. B. cereus produces diarrhoeal or emetic foodborne toxin when the consumer eats food in which a sufficient number of cells have grown. These circumstances mean that every year many outbreaks of intoxication or intestinal problems related to this microorganism are reported. This work is a review from the perspective of risk assessment of the risk posed by B. cereus to the health of consumers and of some control measures that can be used to mitigate such a risk.
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Gharsallaoui A, Oulahal N, Joly C, Degraeve P. Nisin as a Food Preservative: Part 1: Physicochemical Properties, Antimicrobial Activity, and Main Uses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1262-74. [PMID: 25675115 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.763765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nisin is a natural preservative for many food products. This bacteriocin is mainly used in dairy and meat products. Nisin inhibits pathogenic food borne bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and many other Gram-positive food spoilage microorganisms. Nisin can be used alone or in combination with other preservatives or also with several physical treatments. This paper reviews physicochemical and biological properties of nisin, the main factors affecting its antimicrobial effectiveness, and its food applications as an additive directly incorporated into food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Gharsallaoui
- a Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1-ISARA Lyon, Laboratoire BioDyMIA (Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires) , Equipe Mixte d'Accueil n°3733, IUT Lyon 1, Bourg en Bresse , France
| | - Nadia Oulahal
- a Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1-ISARA Lyon, Laboratoire BioDyMIA (Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires) , Equipe Mixte d'Accueil n°3733, IUT Lyon 1, Bourg en Bresse , France
| | - Catherine Joly
- a Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1-ISARA Lyon, Laboratoire BioDyMIA (Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires) , Equipe Mixte d'Accueil n°3733, IUT Lyon 1, Bourg en Bresse , France
| | - Pascal Degraeve
- a Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1-ISARA Lyon, Laboratoire BioDyMIA (Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires) , Equipe Mixte d'Accueil n°3733, IUT Lyon 1, Bourg en Bresse , France
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6
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Investigation into the antibacterial behavior of suspensions of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in combination with nisin and heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Egan K, Field D, Rea MC, Ross RP, Hill C, Cotter PD. Bacteriocins: Novel Solutions to Age Old Spore-Related Problems? Front Microbiol 2016; 7:461. [PMID: 27092121 PMCID: PMC4824776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria, which have the ability to kill or inhibit other bacteria. Many bacteriocins are produced by food grade lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Indeed, the prototypic bacteriocin, nisin, is produced by Lactococcus lactis, and is licensed in over 50 countries. With consumers becoming more concerned about the levels of chemical preservatives present in food, bacteriocins offer an alternative, more natural approach, while ensuring both food safety and product shelf life. Bacteriocins also show additive/synergistic effects when used in combination with other treatments, such as heating, high pressure, organic compounds, and as part of food packaging. These features are particularly attractive from the perspective of controlling sporeforming bacteria. Bacterial spores are common contaminants of food products, and their outgrowth may cause food spoilage or food-borne illness. They are of particular concern to the food industry due to their thermal and chemical resistance in their dormant state. However, when spores germinate they lose the majority of their resistance traits, making them susceptible to a variety of food processing treatments. Bacteriocins represent one potential treatment as they may inhibit spores in the post-germination/outgrowth phase of the spore cycle. Spore eradication and control in food is critical, as they are able to spoil and in certain cases compromise the safety of food by producing dangerous toxins. Thus, understanding the mechanisms by which bacteriocins exert their sporostatic/sporicidal activity against bacterial spores will ultimately facilitate their optimal use in food. This review will focus on the use of bacteriocins alone, or in combination with other innovative processing methods to control spores in food, the current knowledge and gaps therein with regard to bacteriocin-spore interactions and discuss future research approaches to enable spores to be more effectively targeted by bacteriocins in food settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Egan
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Des Field
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary C Rea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkFermoy, Ireland; APC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College Cork, Ireland; College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland; APC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkFermoy, Ireland; APC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College Cork, Ireland
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Zhao S, Han J, Bie X, Lu Z, Zhang C, Lv F. Purification and Characterization of Plantaricin JLA-9: A Novel Bacteriocin against Bacillus spp. Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum JLA-9 from Suan-Tsai, a Traditional Chinese Fermented Cabbage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2754-64. [PMID: 26985692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized peptides with antimicrobial activity produced by numerous bacteria. A novel bacteriocin-producing strain, Lactobacillus plantarum JLA-9, isolated from Suan-Tsai, a traditional Chinese fermented cabbage, was screened and identified by its physiobiochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A new bacteriocin, designated plantaricin JLA-9, was purified using butanol extraction, gel filtration, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The molecular mass of plantaricin JLA-9 was shown to be 1044 Da by MALDI-TOF-MS analyses. The amino acid sequence of plantaricin JLA-9 was predicted to be FWQKMSFA by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS, which was confirmed by Edman degradation. This bacteriocin exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially Bacillus spp., high thermal stability (20 min, 121 °C), and narrow pH stability (pH 2.0-7.0). It was sensitive to α-chymotrypsin, pepsin, alkaline protease, and papain. The mode of action of this bacteriocin responsible for outgrowth inhibition of Bacillus cereus spores was studied. Plantaricin JLA-9 had no detectable effects on germination initiation over 1 h on monitoring the hydration, heat resistance, and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (DPA) release of spores. Rather, germination initiation is a prerequisite for the action of plantaricin JLA-9. Plantaricin JLA-9 inhibited growth by preventing the establishment of oxidative metabolism and disrupting membrane integrity in germinating spores within 2 h. The results suggest that plantaricin JLA-9 has potential applications in the control of Bacillus spp. in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhi Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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9
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Eliasson L, Libander P, Lövenklev M, Isaksson S, Ahrné L. Infrared Decontamination of Oregano: Effects onBacillus cereusSpores, Water Activity, Color, and Volatile Compounds. J Food Sci 2014; 79:E2447-55. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Eliasson
- Authors Eliasson, Isaksson and Ahrné are with Dept. of Process and Technology Development; SIK - The Swedish Inst. of Food and Biotechnology; Box 5401 SE-402 29 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Patrik Libander
- Dept. of Sensory and Flavor Science; SIK - The Swedish Inst. of Food and Biotechnology; Box 5401 SE-402 29 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Maria Lövenklev
- Authors Lövenklev are with Dept. of Microbiology and Process Hygiene; SIK - The Swedish Inst. of Food and Biotechnology; Box 5401 SE-402 29 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Sven Isaksson
- Authors Eliasson, Isaksson and Ahrné are with Dept. of Process and Technology Development; SIK - The Swedish Inst. of Food and Biotechnology; Box 5401 SE-402 29 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lilia Ahrné
- Authors Eliasson, Isaksson and Ahrné are with Dept. of Process and Technology Development; SIK - The Swedish Inst. of Food and Biotechnology; Box 5401 SE-402 29 Gothenburg Sweden
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10
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Aouadhi C, Rouissi Z, Mejri S, Maaroufi A. Inactivation of Bacillus sporothermodurans spores by nisin and temperature studied by design of experiments in water and milk. Food Microbiol 2013; 38:270-5. [PMID: 24290651 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Spores of Bacillus sporothermodurans are known to be a contaminant of dairy products and to be extremely heat-resistant. A central composite experimental design with three factors using response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of nisin (50-150 UI/mL), temperature (80-100 °C), and temperature-holding time (10-20 min) on the inactivation of B. sporothermodurans LTIS27 spores in distilled water, in skim milk and in chocolate milk. The experimental values were shown to be significantly in good agreement with the values predicted by the quadratic equation since the adjusted determination coefficients (Radj(2)) were around 0.97. By analyzing the response surfaces plots, the inactivation was shown to be higher in distilled water than in skim milk under all the conditions tested. Five-log cycle reductions of B. sporothermodurans spores were obtained after a treatment at 95 °C for 12 min in presence of 125 UI of nisin/mL in distilled water or at 100 °C for 13 min in presence of 134 UI of nisin/mL in skim milk or at 100 °C for 15 min in presence of 135 UI of nisin/mL in chocolate milk. This study showed the efficiency of nisin (15-184 UI/mL) in combination with temperature (73-106 °C) to inactivate spores of B. sporothermodurans in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chedia Aouadhi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT), BP 74, 13 place Pasteur, Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Animal Resources and Food, National Institute of Agronomy, Tunis (INAT), 43, Rue Charles Nicole, Cité Mahrajène, Le Belvédère, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia.
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Ruiz SP, Anjos MMD, Carrara VS, deLima JN, Cortez DAG, Nakamura TU, Nakamura CV, de Abreu Filho BA. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity ofPiperaceaeExtracts and Nisin onAlicyclobacillus Acidoterrestris. J Food Sci 2013; 78:M1772-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suelen P. Ruiz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Univ; Estadual de Maringá Maringá Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria dos Anjos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Univ; Estadual de Maringá Maringá Brazil
| | - Vanessa S. Carrara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ; Estadual de Maringá Maringá Brazil
| | - Juliana N. deLima
- Dept. de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Univ; Estadual de Maringá Maringá Brazil
| | | | - Tânia U. Nakamura
- Dept. de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Univ; Estadual de Maringá Maringá Brazil
| | - Celso V. Nakamura
- Dept. de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Univ; Estadual de Maringá Maringá Brazil
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12
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Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on a polyethylene surface modified by layer-by-layer deposition of the antimicrobial N-halamine. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Desai SV, Varadaraj MC. Behavior of Vegetative Cells and Spores of Bacillus cereus
in Two Food Systems. J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Merle J, Montville TJ. Alicyclobacillus Acidoterrestris: The Organism, the Challenge, Potential Interventions. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Bermúdez-Aguirre D, Dunne CP, Barbosa-Cánovas GV. Effect of processing parameters on inactivation of Bacillus cereus spores in milk using pulsed electric fields. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Sant'Anna V, Utpott M, Cladera-Olivera F, Brandelli A. Influence of pH and sodium chloride on kinetics of thermal inactivation of the bacteriocin-like substance P34. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:156-62. [PMID: 21040272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the kinetics of thermal inactivation of the bacteriocin-like substance P34 at different pH and sodium chloride concentration. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples of bacteriocin were treated at different time-temperature combinations in the range of 0-300 min and 90-120°C and the kinetic parameters for bacteriocin inactivation were calculated. For all treatments, the thermal inactivation reaction fitted adequately to first-order model. D- and k-values were smaller and higher, respectively, for pH 4·5 than for 6·0 or 7·0, indicating that bacteriocin P34 was less thermostable at lower pH. At 120, 115 and 100°C, the addition of sodium chloride decreased thermal stability. For other temperatures, addition of NaCl increased stability of the peptide. The presence of greater amount of the salt (50 g l(-1) ) resulted in a higher thermal stability of bacteriocin P34, suggesting that the reduction in water activity of the solution interfered on the stability of the peptide. CONCLUSIONS Based on an isothermal experiment in the temperature range of 90-120°C, and by thermal death time models, bacteriocin P34 is less heat stable at low pH and has increased thermal stability in the presence of NaCl. Addition of NaCl improved the stability of the peptide P34 at high temperatures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Studies on kinetics of thermal inactivation of bacteriocins are essential to allow their proper utilization in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sant'Anna
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Byelashov OA, Adler JM, Geornaras I, Ko KY, Belk KE, Smith GC, Sofos JN. Evaluation of Brining Ingredients and Antimicrobials for Effects on Thermal Destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a Meat Model System. J Food Sci 2010; 75:M209-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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de Arauz LJ, Jozala AF, Mazzola PG, Vessoni Penna TC. Nisin biotechnological production and application: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2009.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Cabo ML, Torres B, Herrera JJR, Bernárdez M, Pastoriza L. Application of nisin and pediocin against resistance and germination of Bacillus spores in sous vide products. J Food Prot 2009; 72:515-23. [PMID: 19343939 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.3.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sous vide and other mild preservation techniques are increasingly demanded by consumers. However, spores often will survive in minimally processed foods, causing both spoilage and safety problems. The main objective of the present work was to solve an industrial spoilage problem associated with two sous vide products: mushrooms and shellfish salad. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis predominated as the most heat-resistant organisms isolated from mushrooms and shellfish salad, respectively. The combined effects of nisin and pediocin against resistance and germination of both Bacillus species were described by empirical equations. Whereas nisin was more effective for decreasing thermal resistance of B. subtilis spores, pediocin was more effective against B. licheniformis. However, a significant positive interaction between both biopeptides for decreasing the proportion of vegetative cells resulting from thermoresistant spores was demonstrated in later experiments, thus indicating the increased efficacy of applying high concentrations of both bacteriocins. This efficacy was further demonstrated in additional challenge studies carried out at 15 degrees C in the two sous vide products: mushrooms and shellfish salad. Whereas no vegetative cells were detected after 90 days in the presence of bacteriocins, almost 100% of the population in nontreated samples of mushrooms and shellfish salad was in the vegetative state after 17 and 43 days of storage at 15 degrees C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cabo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (C.S.I.C.), Eduardo Cabello, 6-36208 Vigo, Spain.
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Bevilacqua A, Sinigaglia M, Corbo MR. Effects of pH, cinnamaldehyde and heat-treatment time on spore viability ofAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Staack N, Ahrné L, Borch E, Knorr D. Effects of temperature, pH, and controlled water activity on inactivation of spores of Bacillus cereus in paprika powder by near-IR radiation. J FOOD ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Sobrino-López A, Martín-Belloso O. Use of nisin and other bacteriocins for preservation of dairy products. Int Dairy J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cruz J, Montville TJ. Influence of nisin on the resistance of Bacillus anthracis sterne spores to heat and hydrostatic pressure. J Food Prot 2008; 71:196-9. [PMID: 18236684 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.1.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The influence of nisin on the heat and pressure resistance of Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores was examined. The decimal reduction times (D-value) of spores in milk (2% fat) at 80, 85, and 90 degrees C were determined. In the absence of nisin, the D-values were 30.09, 9.30, and 3.86 min, respectively. The D-values of spores heated in the presence of nisin (1 mg/ml) were not significantly different (P = 0.05). However, spores heated in the presence of nisin had a 1- to 2-log reduction in viability, after which the death kinetics became similar to those of spores in the absence of nisin. The z-values all were 11.2 degrees C regardless of the presence or absence of nisin. The pressure sensitivity of B. anthracis Sterne spores in the presence and absence of nisin also was determined. Spores treated with nisin were 10 times more pressure sensitive than were spores subjected to pressure in the absence of nisin under the conditions used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cruz
- The George H. Cook Undergraduate Scholars Program, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
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Montville TJ, De Siano T, Nock A, Padhi S, Wade D. Inhibition of Bacillus anthracis and potential surrogate bacilli growth from spore inocula by nisin and other antimicrobial peptides. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2529-33. [PMID: 17066940 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of nisin, synthetic temporin analogs, magainins, defensins, and cecropins to inhibit Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus mycoides, and Bacillus subtilis growth from spore inocula was determined using well diffusion assays. Nisin, magainin II amide, and defensins were inhibitory in screening against B. anthracis Sterne or B. cereus ATCC 7004, but only nisin inhibited virulent B. anthracis strains. The MICs of nisin against the 10 Bacillus strains examined were 0.70 to 13.51 microg/ml. Synthetic temporin analogs also inhibited B. anthracis but were not as potent as nisin. None of the strains examined were appropriate B. anthracis surrogates for testing sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Montville
- Department of Food Science, Cook College, Rutgers- State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA.
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Lindström M, Kiviniemi K, Korkeala H. Hazard and control of group II (non-proteolytic) Clostridium botulinum in modern food processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 108:92-104. [PMID: 16480785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Group II (non-proteolytic) Clostridium botulinum poses a safety hazard in modern food processing, which consists of mild pasteurization treatments, anaerobic packaging, extended shelf lives and chilled storage. The high risk is reflected in the relatively large number of botulism cases due to group II C. botulinum in commercially produced foods during the past decades. Because of the high prevalence of group II C. botulinum in the environment, food raw materials may carry spores. Although group II spores are less heat-resistant than group I (proteolytic) spores, they can tolerate the heat treatments employed in the chilled food industry. Some food components may actually provide spores with protection from heat. Spore heat resistance should therefore be investigated for each food in order to determine the efficiency of industrial heat treatments. Group II strains are psychrotrophic and thus they are able to grow at refrigeration temperatures. Anaerobic packages and extended shelf lives provide C. botulinum with favourable conditions for growth and toxin formation. As the use of salt and other preservatives in these foods is limited, microbiological safety relies mainly on refrigerated storage. This sets great challenges on the production of chilled packaged foods. To ensure the safety of these foods, more than one factor should safeguard against botulinal growth and toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia Lindström
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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26
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Membré JM, Amézquita A, Bassett J, Giavedoni P, Blackburn CDW, Gorris LGM. A probabilistic modeling approach in thermal inactivation: estimation of postprocess Bacillus cereus spore prevalence and concentration. J Food Prot 2006; 69:118-29. [PMID: 16416909 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.1.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The survival of spore-forming bacteria is linked to the safety and stability of refrigerated processed foods of extended durability (REPFEDs). A probabilistic modeling approach was used to assess the prevalence and concentration of Bacillus cereus spores surviving heat treatment for a semiliquid chilled food product. This product received heat treatment to inactivate nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum during manufacture and was designed to be kept at refrigerator temperature postmanufacture. As key inputs for the modeling, the assessment took into consideration the following factors: (i) contamination frequency (prevalence) and level (concentration) of both psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains of B. cereus, (ii) heat resistance of both types (expressed as decimal reduction times at 90 degrees C), and (iii) intrapouch variability of thermal kinetics during heat processing (expressed as the time spent at 90 degrees C). These three inputs were established as statistical distributions using expert opinion, literature data, and specific modeling, respectively. They were analyzed in a probabilistic model in which the outputs, expressed as distributions as well, were the proportion of the contaminated pouches (the likely prevalence) and the number of spores in the contaminated pouches (the likely concentration). The prevalence after thermal processing was estimated to be 11 and 49% for psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains, respectively. In the positive pouches, the bacterial concentration (considering psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains combined) was estimated to be 30 CFU/g (95th percentile). Such a probabilistic approach seems promising to help in (i) optimizing heat processes, (ii) identifying which key factor(s) to control, and (iii) providing information for subsequent assessment of B. cereus resuscitation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Membré
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK.
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Peleg M. Calculation of the Non-Isothermal Inactivation Patterns of Microbes Having Sigmoidal Isothermal Semi-Logarithmic Survival Curves. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2003; 43:645-58. [PMID: 14669882 DOI: 10.1080/10408690390251156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sigmoidal isothermal semi-logarithmic survival curves are of two main types; starting with a downward and changing to upward concavity and vice versa. Both can be described by a variety of mathematical models having 3-4 adjustable parameters. The temperature dependence of these models' parameters can be described by empirical models, which account for the progressive change in the sigmoidal shape, including its disappearance at either high or low temperatures. If the temperature history of a heat-treated population of microbial cells or spores ('temperature profile') can be described algebraically, then there is a way to estimate the survival pattern under these non-isothermal conditions without invoking the traditional D and z values, which require forcing straight lines through the curved experimental data. The described method is based on the assumption that the local slope of the non-isothermal survival curve is that of the isothermal curve at the momentary temperature, at a time, which corresponds to the momentary survival ratio. It is similar to the method previously proposed for microbial populations with a 'power law' type isothermal survival curves, except that the time, which corresponds to the momentary survival ratio, is calculated either symbolically or numerically as a procedure incorporated in the governing differential equation. The method's capabilities are demonstrated with simulated survival curves under temperature histories that resemble thermal processing of foods. They include heating to different target temperatures and starting the cooling at different times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Peleg
- Department of Food Science, Chenoweth Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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28
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Thomas LV, Ingram RE, Bevis HE, Davies EA, Milne CF, Delves-Broughton J. Effective use of nisin to control Bacillus and Clostridium spoilage of a pasteurized mashed potato product. J Food Prot 2002; 65:1580-5. [PMID: 12380742 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.10.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heat-resistant spore-forming bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium can survive and grow in cooked potato products. This situation represents both a public health problem and an economic problem. The natural food preservative nisin is used in heat-treated foods to prevent the growth of such bacteria. A cocktail of Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores was inoculated into cooked mashed potatoes, which were vacuum packed, pasteurized, and incubated at 8 and 25 degrees C. The shelf life of the mashed potatoes at 25 degrees C was extended by at least 58 days with the addition 6.25 microg of nisin per g. At 8 degrees C, in control samples not containing nisin, the natural contaminant Bacillus grew, but the inoculated Clostridium strains did not until the temperature was raised to 20 degrees C after 39 days. No bacterial growth occurred in nisin-containing samples. The shelf life of the mashed potatoes was extended by at least 30 days with 6.25 microg of nisin per g. In trials involving a cocktail of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis strains, 6.25 microg of nisin per g extended the shelf life of mashed potato samples that were not vacuum packed by at least 27 days at 8 degrees C. At 25 degrees C, 25 microg of nisin per g extended shelf life by a similar period. Shelf life extension was also observed at lower nisin levels. Microbiological analysis of the mashed potato ingredients showed that a high spore level was associated with the onion powder. It is emphasized that the preservative and the ingredients must be well mixed to ensure good nisin efficacy. Nisin remained at effective levels after pasteurization, and good retention was observed throughout the shelf life of the mashed potatoes.
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