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Sánchez-Zúñiga K, Rivera-Méndez W, Campos-Boza S, Araya-Valverde E, Solano-Campos F, Vinas M. Factors influencing fumonisin B 1 contamination in maize: insights from two production regions in Costa Rica. Mycotoxin Res 2024:10.1007/s12550-024-00551-4. [PMID: 39153044 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop worldwide. Contaminated maize kernels pose a significant mycotoxin exposure risk for humans in Latin America. Fumonisins, the most prevalent mycotoxin in maize, typically occur during pre-harvest conditions leading to significant economic losses. Various factors, including weather conditions, may influence this contamination. This study aimed to determine the association between fumonisin B1 (FB1) contamination, prevalence of Fusarium verticillioides, weather conditions and kernel quality in the two primary maize production areas in Costa Rica (Brunca and Chorotega). All maize samples (100%) showed FB1 contamination, with higher concentrations in samples from Brunca region, consistent with the presence of F. verticilliodes. Weather conditions appeared to play an important role in this contamination, since Brunca region had the highest mean temperature and relative humidity after maize silking (R1) and the total monthly rainfall in this region was significantly higher during the last two months of maize cultivation (grain-filling and physiological maturity stages R3 to R6). Interestingly, this study found a negative correlation between grain damage and kernel contamination with FB1 and F. verticillioides. The concentration of mineral nutrients in kernels from both regions was largely similar. Most nutrients in kernels exhibited a negative correlation with FB1, particularly nitrogen. Zinc and phosphorus were the only nutrients in kernels showing a positive correlation with FB1 in samples from the Brunca region. The results highlight elevated levels of FB1 contamination in maize and contribute to a better understanding of pre-harvest factors influencing FB1 contamination in tropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sánchez-Zúñiga
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
- Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas (CIGRAS), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - William Rivera-Méndez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Stefany Campos-Boza
- Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas (CIGRAS), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Emanuel Araya-Valverde
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, Pavas, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Maria Vinas
- Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas (CIGRAS), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Wang P, Wang H, Wang X, Li Y, Sun J, Wang X, Zhang G. Mycotoxins in grains (products), Gansu province, China and risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024; 17:101-109. [PMID: 38234288 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2300652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the dietary exposure towards mycotoxins of residents in Gansu province, China, from 2014-2020 through surveillance data on mycotoxins in grains and grain products. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3- and 15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON), Tentoxin (TEN), Tenuazonic acid (TeA) and Zearalenone (ZEN) in 863 grains and grain products were detected by HPLC-MS and UPLC-MS. DON was the most detected mycotoxin of all samples. For women, the average dietary exposure to DON was 1.49 μg/kg bw/day, with 55.8% of the individuals eating dried noodles exceeding tolerable daily intake. The hazard quotient values were 1.24-12.60, so greater than 1 for DON at the average, 90th percentile, 95th percentile, and maximum levels: 44.6% of the HQ values for men and 45.7% for women were greater than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Gansu Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyun Sun
- Gansu Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Gexiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
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3
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Ding Y, Ma N, Haseeb HA, Dai Z, Zhang J, Guo W. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of toxigenic Fusarium verticillioides in response to variation of temperature and water activity on maize kernels. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 410:110494. [PMID: 38006847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is one of the important mycotoxigenic pathogens of maize since it causes severe yield losses and produces fumonisins (FBs) to threaten human and animal health. Previous studies showed that temperature and water activity (aw) are two pivotal environmental factors affecting F. verticillioides growth and FBs production during maize storage. However, the genome-wide transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in F. verticillioides under the stress combinations of temperature and aw has not been studied in detail. In this study, DEGs of F. verticillioides and their related regulatory pathways were analyzed in response to the stress of temperature and aw combinations using RNA-Seq. The results showed that the optimal growth conditions for F. verticillioides were 0.98 aw and 25 °C, whereas the highest per-unit yield of the fumonisin B1 (FB1) was observed at 0.98 aw and 15 °C. The RNA-seq analysis showed that 9648 DEGs were affected by temperature regardless of aw levels, whereas only 218 DEGs were affected by aw regardless of temperature variations. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that a decrease in temperature at both aw levels led to a significant upregulation of genes associated with 24 biological processes, while three biological processes were downregulated. Furthermore, when aw was decreased at both temperatures, seven biological processes were significantly upregulated and four were downregulated. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the genes, whose expression was upregulated when the temperature decreased, were predominantly associated with the proteasome pathway, whereas the genes, whose expression was downregulated when the aw decreased, were mainly linked to amino acid metabolism. For the FB1, except for the FUM15 gene, the other 15 biosynthetic-related genes were highly expressed at 0.98 aw and 15 °C. In addition, the expression pattern analysis of other biosynthetic genes involved in secondary metabolite production and regulation of fumonisins production was conducted to explore how this fungus responds to the stress combinations of temperature and aw. Overall, this study primarily examines the impact of temperature and aw on the growth of F. verticillioides and its production of FB1 using transcriptome data. The findings presented here have the potential to contribute to the development of novel strategies for managing fungal diseases and offer valuable insights for preventing fumonisin contamination in food and feed storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Nini Ma
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hafiz Abdul Haseeb
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; Directorate General of Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Thompson MEH, Shrestha A, Rinne J, Limay-Rios V, Reid L, Raizada MN. The Cultured Microbiome of Pollinated Maize Silks Shifts after Infection with Fusarium graminearum and Varies by Distance from the Site of Pathogen Inoculation. Pathogens 2023; 12:1322. [PMID: 38003787 PMCID: PMC10675081 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Styles transmit pollen-derived sperm nuclei from pollen to ovules, but also transmit environmental pathogens. The microbiomes of styles are likely important for reproduction/disease, yet few studies exist. Whether style microbiome compositions are spatially responsive to pathogens is unknown. The maize pathogen Fusarium graminearum enters developing grain through the style (silk). We hypothesized that F. graminearum treatment shifts the cultured transmitting silk microbiome (TSM) compared to healthy silks in a distance-dependent manner. Another objective of the study was to culture microbes for future application. Bacteria were cultured from husk-covered silks of 14 F. graminearum-treated diverse maize genotypes, proximal (tip) and distal (base) to the F. graminearum inoculation site. Long-read 16S sequences from 398 isolates spanned 35 genera, 71 species, and 238 OTUs. More bacteria were cultured from F. graminearum-inoculated tips (271 isolates) versus base (127 isolates); healthy silks were balanced. F. graminearum caused a collapse in diversity of ~20-25% across multiple taxonomic levels. Some species were cultured exclusively or, more often, from F. graminearum-treated silks (e.g., Delftia acidovorans, Klebsiella aerogenes, K. grimontii, Pantoea ananatis, Stenotrophomonas pavanii). Overall, the results suggest that F. graminearum alters the TSM in a distance-dependent manner. Many isolates matched taxa that were previously identified using V4-MiSeq (core and F. graminearum-induced), but long-read sequencing clarified the taxonomy and uncovered greater diversity than was initially predicted (e.g., within Pantoea). These isolates represent the first comprehensive cultured collection from pathogen-treated maize silks to facilitate biocontrol efforts and microbial marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. H. Thompson
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.E.H.T.)
| | - Anuja Shrestha
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.E.H.T.)
| | - Jeffrey Rinne
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.E.H.T.)
| | - Victor Limay-Rios
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main Street E, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - Lana Reid
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Manish N. Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.E.H.T.)
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Castano-Duque L, Winzeler E, Blackstock JM, Liu C, Vergopolan N, Focker M, Barnett K, Owens PR, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Vaughan MM, Rajasekaran K. Dynamic geospatial modeling of mycotoxin contamination of corn in Illinois: unveiling critical factors and predictive insights with machine learning. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1283127. [PMID: 38029202 PMCID: PMC10646420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1283127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of corn is a pervasive problem that negatively impacts human and animal health and causes economic losses to the agricultural industry worldwide. Historical aflatoxin (AFL) and fumonisin (FUM) mycotoxin contamination data of corn, daily weather data, satellite data, dynamic geospatial soil properties, and land usage parameters were modeled to identify factors significantly contributing to the outbreaks of mycotoxin contamination of corn grown in Illinois (IL), AFL >20 ppb, and FUM >5 ppm. Two methods were used: a gradient boosting machine (GBM) and a neural network (NN). Both the GBM and NN models were dynamic at a state-county geospatial level because they used GPS coordinates of the counties linked to soil properties. GBM identified temperature and precipitation prior to sowing as significant influential factors contributing to high AFL and FUM contamination. AFL-GBM showed that a higher aflatoxin risk index (ARI) in January, March, July, and November led to higher AFL contamination in the southern regions of IL. Higher values of corn-specific normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in July led to lower AFL contamination in Central and Southern IL, while higher wheat-specific NDVI values in February led to higher AFL. FUM-GBM showed that temperature in July and October, precipitation in February, and NDVI values in March are positively correlated with high contamination throughout IL. Furthermore, the dynamic geospatial models showed that soil characteristics were correlated with AFL and FUM contamination. Greater calcium carbonate content in soil was negatively correlated with AFL contamination, which was noticeable in Southern IL. Greater soil moisture and available water-holding capacity throughout Southern IL were positively correlated with high FUM contamination. The higher clay percentage in the northeastern areas of IL negatively correlated with FUM contamination. NN models showed high class-specific performance for 1-year predictive validation for AFL (73%) and FUM (85%), highlighting their accuracy for annual mycotoxin prediction. Our models revealed that soil, NDVI, year-specific weekly average precipitation, and temperature were the most important factors that correlated with mycotoxin contamination. These findings serve as reliable guidelines for future modeling efforts to identify novel data inputs for the prediction of AFL and FUM outbreaks and potential farm-level management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Castano-Duque
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Edwin Winzeler
- Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Joshua M. Blackstock
- Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Cheng Liu
- Microbiology and Agrochains Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Noemi Vergopolan
- Atmospheric and Ocean Science Program, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Marlous Focker
- Microbiology and Agrochains Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kristin Barnett
- Agricultural Products Inspection, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Phillip Ray Owens
- Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Booneville, AR, United States
| | | | - Martha M. Vaughan
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Kanniah Rajasekaran
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA, United States
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A secondary function of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is required for resistance to oxidative and desiccation stress in Fusarium verticillioides. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:918-926. [PMID: 36906382 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose has long been recognized for its role as a stress solute, but in recent years some of the protective effects previously ascribed to trehalose have been suggested to arise from a function of the trehalose biosynthesis enzyme trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase that is distinct from its catalytic activity. In this study, we use the maize pathogenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides as a model to explore the relative contributions of trehalose itself and a putative secondary function of T6P synthase in protection against stress as well as to understand why, as shown in a previous study, deletion of the TPS1 gene coding for T6P synthase reduces pathogenicity against maize. We report that a TPS1-deletion mutant of F. verticillioides is compromised in its ability to withstand exposure to oxidative stress meant to simulate the oxidative burst phase of maize defense and experiences more ROS-induced lipid damage than the wild-type strain. Eliminating T6P synthase expression also reduces resistance to desiccation, but not resistance to phenolic acids. Expression of catalytically-inactive T6P synthase in the TPS1-deletion mutant leads to a partial rescue of the oxidative and desiccation stress-sensitive phenotypes, suggesting the importance of a T6P synthase function that is independent of its role in trehalose synthesis.
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Wenndt A, Boyles R, Ackerman A, Sapkota S, Repka A, Nelson R. Host Determinants of Fungal Species Composition and Symptom Manifestation in the Sorghum Grain Mold Disease Complex. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:315-325. [PMID: 36800304 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-22-0675-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum grain mold (SGM) is an important multifungal disease complex affecting sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) production systems worldwide. SGM-affected sorghum grain can be contaminated with potent fumonisin mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides, a prevalent SGM-associated taxon. Historically, efforts to improve resistance to SGM have achieved only limited success. Classical approaches to evaluating SGM resistance are based solely on disease severity, which offers little insight regarding the distinct symptom manifestations within the disease complex. In this study, three novel phenotypes were developed to facilitate assessment of SGM symptom manifestation. A sorghum diversity panel composed of 390 accessions was inoculated with endogenous strains of F. verticillioides and evaluated for these phenotypes, as well as for the conventional panicle grain mold severity rating phenotype, in South Carolina, U.S.A., in 2017 and 2019. Distributions of phenotype values were examined, broad-sense heritability was estimated, and relationships to botanical race were explored. A typology of SGM symptom manifestations was developed to classify accessions using principal component analysis and k-means clustering, constituting a novel option for basing breeding decisions on SGM outcomes more nuanced than disease severity. Genome-wide association studies were performed using SGM trait data, resulting in the identification of 19 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium with a total of 86 gene models. Our findings provide a basis of exploratory evidence regarding the genetic architecture of SGM symptom manifestation and indicate that traits other than disease severity could be tractable targets for SGM resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wenndt
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Richard Boyles
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC 29506
| | - Arlyn Ackerman
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC 29506
| | - Sirjan Sapkota
- Advanced Plant Technology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Ace Repka
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Rebecca Nelson
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Micro-climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 39:33-44. [PMID: 36443622 PMCID: PMC10156841 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study reports levels of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize samples (n = 1294) from all agroecological zones (AEZs) in Malawi. Most maize samples (> 75%) were contaminated with aflatoxins and 45% with fumonisins, which co-occurred in 38% of the samples. Total aflatoxins varied across the AEZs, according to mean annual temperature (P < 0.05) of the AEZs. Samples from the lower Shire AEZ (median = 20.8 µg/kg) had higher levels of aflatoxins (P < 0.05) than those from the other AEZs (median = 3.0 µg/kg). Additionally, the majority (75%) of the positive samples from the lower Shire AEZ had aflatoxin levels exceeding the EU regulatory limit (4 µg/kg), whereas 25%, 37%, and 39% of positive samples exceeded the threshold in the mid-elevation, Lake Shore and upper and middle Shire, and highlands AEZs, respectively. The lower Shire AEZ is characterised by higher mean temperatures throughout the year and low erratic rainfall. However, total fumonisins did not show significant variation across AEZs, but all positive samples exceeded 150 µg/kg, required for tolerable daily intake of 1.0 µg/kg body weight per day, established by the European Food Safety Authority Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Therefore, results of this study suggest that contamination of maize with aflatoxin responds to micro-climate more than with fumonisins. In addition, the data will be useful to public health policy-makers and stakeholders to articulate and implement monitoring and mitigation programs.
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Bryła M, Pierzgalski A, Zapaśnik A, Uwineza PA, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Modrzewska M, Waśkiewicz A. Recent Research on Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize-A Review. Foods 2022; 11:3465. [PMID: 36360078 PMCID: PMC9659149 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most susceptible crops to pathogenic fungal infections, and in particular to the Fusarium species. Secondary metabolites of Fusarium spp.-mycotoxins are not only phytotoxic, but also harmful to humans and animals. They can cause acute or chronic diseases with various toxic effects. The European Union member states apply standards and legal regulations on the permissible levels of mycotoxins in food and feed. This review summarises the most recent knowledge on the occurrence of toxic secondary metabolites of Fusarium in maize, taking into account modified forms of mycotoxins, the progress in research related to the health effects of consuming food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins, and also the development of biological methods for limiting and/or eliminating the presence of the same in the food chain and in compound feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pierzgalski
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zapaśnik
- Department of Microbiology, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pascaline Aimee Uwineza
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Modrzewska
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
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Kumar A, Kanak KR, Arunachalam A, Dass RS, Lakshmi PTV. Comparative transcriptome profiling and weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify core genes in maize ( Zea mays L.) silks infected by multiple fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:985396. [PMID: 36388593 PMCID: PMC9647128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.985396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most popular Poaceae crop after wheat and rice and used in feed and pharmaceutical sectors. The maize silk contains bioactive components explored by traditional Chinese herbal medicine for various pharmacological activities. However, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, Trichoderma atroviride, and Ustilago maydis can infect the maize, produce mycotoxins, hamper the quantity and quality of silk production, and further harm the primary consumer's health. However, the defense mechanism is not fully understood in multiple fungal infections in the silk of Z. mays. In this study, we applied bioinformatics approaches to use the publicly available transcriptome data of Z. mays silk affected by multiple fungal flora to identify core genes involved in combatting disease response. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among intra- and inter-transcriptome data sets of control versus infected Z. mays silks. Upon further comparison between up- and downregulated genes within the control of datasets, 4,519 upregulated and 5,125 downregulated genes were found. The DEGs have been compared with genes in the modules of weighted gene co-expression network analysis to relevant specific traits towards identifying core genes. The expression pattern of transcription factors, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZyme), and resistance genes was analyzed. The present investigation is supportive of our findings that the gene ontology, immunity stimulus, and resistance genes are upregulated, but physical and metabolic processes such as cell wall organizations and pectin synthesis were downregulated respectively. Our results are indicative that terpene synthase TPS6 and TPS11 are involved in the defense mechanism against fungal infections in maize silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Phytomatics Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Kanak Raj Kanak
- Fungal Genetics and Mycotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Annamalai Arunachalam
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Botany, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Regina Sharmila Dass
- Fungal Genetics and Mycotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - P. T. V. Lakshmi
- Phytomatics Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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Fusilier K, Chilvers MI, Limay-Rios V, Singh MP. Mycotoxin Co-Occurrence in Michigan Harvested Maize Grain. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:431. [PMID: 35878169 PMCID: PMC9324039 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that, depending on the type and exposure levels, can be a threat to human and animal health. When multiple mycotoxins occur together, their risk effects on human and animal health can be additive or synergistic. Little information is known about the specific types of mycotoxins or their co-occurrence in the state of Michigan and the Great Lakes region of the United States. To understand the types, incidences, severities, and frequency of co-occurrence of mycotoxins in maize grain (Zea mays L.), samples were collected from across Michigan over two years and analyzed for 20 different mycotoxins. Every sample was contaminated with at least four and six mycotoxins in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Incidence and severity of each mycotoxin varied by year and across locations. Correlations were found between mycotoxins, particularly mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. Environmental differences at each location played a role in which mycotoxins were present and at what levels. Overall, data from this study demonstrated that mycotoxin co-occurrence occurs at high levels in Michigan, especially with mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp., such as deoxynivalenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlin Fusilier
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.F.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Martin I. Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.F.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Victor Limay-Rios
- Ridgetown Campus, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON NOP 2CO, Canada;
| | - Maninder P. Singh
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.F.); (M.I.C.)
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12
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Biodegradation of Fumonisins by the Consecutive Action of a Fusion Enzyme. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040266. [PMID: 35448875 PMCID: PMC9025740 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) are toxic mycotoxins that commonly exist in food and feed. FBs can induce many aspects of toxicity, leading to adverse effects on human and animal health; therefore, investigating methods to reduce fumonisin contamination is necessary. In our study, we generated a recombinant fusion enzyme called FUMDI by linking the carboxylesterase gene (fumD) and the aminotransferase gene (fumI) by overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The fusion enzyme FUMDI was successfully, secretively expressed in the host Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) GS115, and its expression was optimized. Our results demonstrated that the fusion enzyme FUMDI had high biodegradation activity of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and other common FBs, such as fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3), and almost completely degraded 5 μg/mL of each toxin within 24 h. We also found that FUMDI enzyme and its reaction products had no negative effect on cell viability and did not induce cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in a human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1). The results indicated that these FBs degradation products cannot have adverse effects in a cell model. In conclusion, a safe and efficient fumonisin-degrading enzyme was discovered, which could be a new a technical method for hazard control of FBs in the future.
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Nichea MJ, Cendoya E, Haidukowski M, Torres AM, Ramirez ML. Ecophysiology of Fusarium chaquense a Novel Type A Trichothecene Producer Species Isolated from Natural Grasses. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:895. [PMID: 34941732 PMCID: PMC8705393 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium chaquense, a recently formally described novel species, has been identified as an T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and other toxins producer in natural grasses (Poaceae) from Argentina. The major objective of this study was to describe the effect of water activity (aW, 0.995, 0.98, 0.95, 0.93 and 0.91), temperature (15, 25 and 30 °C) and incubation time (5, 15 and 25 days) on growth and to evaluate the production of T-2, HT-2 toxins and beauvericin (BEA) by two F. chaquense strains in a grass-based media. The results showed a wide range of conditions for F. chaquense growth and mycotoxin production. Both strains had a maximum growth rate at the highest aW (0.995) and 25 °C. Regarding mycotoxin production, more T-2 than the other analysed mycotoxins were produced by the two strains. T-2 production was favoured at 0.995 aW and 30 °C, while HT-2 production at 0.98-0.95 aW and 15 °C. The maximum levels of BEA were produced at 0.995 aW and 25-30 °C. Two-dimensional profiles of aW by temperature interactions were obtained from these data in order to identify areas where conditions indicate a significant risk of mycotoxins accumulation on grass. For its versatility on growth and mycotoxin production in a wide range of aW and temperatures, F. chaquense would have an adaptive advantage over other Fusarium species, and this would explain its high frequency of isolation in natural grasses grown up in the Chaco wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Nichea
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.J.N.); (E.C.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.J.N.); (E.C.); (A.M.T.)
| | | | - Adriana M. Torres
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.J.N.); (E.C.); (A.M.T.)
| | - María L. Ramirez
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (M.J.N.); (E.C.); (A.M.T.)
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14
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Pok PS, García Londoño VA, Vicente S, Pacin A, Alzamora SM, Resnik SL. Citrus flavonoids against Fusarium verticillioides in post-harvest maize: Minimization of fumonisins and alteration of fungal ultrastructure. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2234-2248. [PMID: 34800317 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To minimize fumonisins (FBs) accumulation by Fusarium verticillioides in post-harvest maize, using flavonoids obtained from citrus residues: naringin (NAR), neohesperidin (NEO), quercetin (QUER), and its mixtures. METHODS AND RESULTS Response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design was applied in maize at 0.98 and 0.95 aw . The optimal mixture found, composed of 0.40 mmol kg-1 NAR, 0.16 mmol kg-1 NEO and 0.37 mmol kg-1 QUER, reduced the accumulation of FBs B1, B2, and B3 by 88 ± 6%, 90 ± 6% and 85 ± 5%, respectively, when applied to maize at 0.98 aw . The mentioned mixture led to a 54 ± 9% reduction of fumonisin B1 accumulation in maize adjusted to 0.95 aw . These flavonoids applied individually and as a mixture, affected the structure of both the cell wall and the cytoplasm of F. verticillioides. The cell wall lost rigidity and the cells appeared highly deformed, with ruptured plasmalemma and disrupted endomembranes. CONCLUSIONS It was possible to diminish the accumulation of FBs in maize by a highly toxigenic Fusarium strain, producing severe damage to its ultrastructure. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The results indicate the possible use of flavonoids from citrus industry residues as natural and environmentally friendly antifungal agents to restrain the accumulation of FBs in stored maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sol Pok
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamentos de Química Orgánica e Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Víctor Alonso García Londoño
- Departamentos de Química Orgánica e Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Vicente
- Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Pacin
- Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Alzamora
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Liliana Resnik
- Departamentos de Química Orgánica e Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Sequencing of non-virulent strains of Fusarium fujikuroi reveals genes putatively involved in bakanae disease of rice. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 156:103622. [PMID: 34464707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bakanae, one of the most important diseases of rice, is caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. The elongation of internodes is the most common symptom induced by the pathogen, and it is related to the production of gibberellins. Despite this, the pathogenicity mechanism of F. fujikuroi is still not completely clear, and there are some strains inducing stunting instead of elongation. Even if there are relatively many genomes of F. fujikuroi strains available in online databases, none of them belongs to an isolate of proven non-virulence, and therefore there has been no comparative genomics study conducted between virulent and non-virulent strains. In the present work, the genomes of non-virulent strain SG4 and scarcely virulent strain C2S were compared to the ones of 12 available virulent isolates. Genes present in the majority of available virulent strains, but not in the non-virulent one, underwent functional annotation with multiple tools, and their expression level during rice infection was checked using pre-existing data. Nine genes putatively related to pathogenicity in F. fujikuroi were identified throughout comparative and functional analyses. Among these, many are involved in the degradation of plant cell wall, which is poorly studied in F. fujikuroi-rice interactions. Three of them were validated through qPCR, showing higher expression in the virulent strain and low to no expression in the low virulent and non virulent strains during rice infection. This work helps to clarify the mechanisms of pathogenicity of F. fujikuroi on rice.
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16
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Plasma Technology Increases the Efficacy of Prothioconazole against Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium proliferatum Contamination of Maize ( Zea mays) Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179301. [PMID: 34502209 PMCID: PMC8431335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of maize by Fusarium species able to produce mycotoxins raises great concern worldwide since they can accumulate these toxic metabolites in field crop products. Furthermore, little information exists today on the ability of Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium graminearum, two well know mycotoxigenic species, to translocate from the seeds to the plants up to the kernels. Marketing seeds coated with fungicide molecules is a common practice; however, since there is a growing need for reducing chemicals in agriculture, new eco-friendly strategies are increasingly tested. Technologies based on ionized gases, known as plasmas, have been used for decades, with newer material surfaces, products, and approaches developed continuously. In this research, we tested a plasma-generated bilayer coating for encapsulating prothioconazole at the surface of maize seeds, to protect them from F. graminearum and F. proliferatum infection. A minimum amount of chemical was used, in direct contact with the seeds, with no dispersion in the soil. The ability of F. graminearum and F. proliferatum species to translocate from seeds to seedlings of maize has been clearly proven in our in vitro experiments. As for the use of plasma technology, the combined use of the plasma-generated coating with embedded prothioconazole was the most efficient approach, with a higher reduction of the infection of the maize seminal root system and stems. The debated capability of the two Fusarium species to translocate from seeds to seedlings has been demonstrated. The plasma-generated coating with embedded prothioconazole resulted in a promising sustainable approach for the protection of maize seedlings.
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17
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Tatsch ÉF, Meyer K, Vogel RF, Niessen L. Characterization of the influence of carbon sources on fum1 gene expression in the fumonisin producer Fusarium verticillioides using RT - LAMP assay. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 354:109323. [PMID: 34298484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is one of the major fumonisin producers. The ingestion of this mycotoxin represents a risk for both human and animal health. The development of F. verticillioides is associated with environmental conditions, especially carbon sources. We developed a reliable and fast reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay and determined fum1 gene expression upon growth of two F. verticillioides strains isolated from maize and wheat in Czapek's medium containing four different sugars as sole carbon sources. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) production was determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. High growth and production of FB1 were observed in fructose-containing medium for the strain that originated from maize. Less production of FB1 occurred using maltose as sole carbon source for both strains. The fum1 gene expression started between 2 and 4 days of incubation, and positive signals were detected prior to the initial production of FB1. The RT-LAMP assay was effective in the detection of fum1 gene expression at very early stages of F. verticillioides growth and allowed the prediction of FB1 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Évelin F Tatsch
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi F Vogel
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ludwig Niessen
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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18
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Phylogenetic analysis and growth profiles of Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex strains isolated from Tunisian cereals. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 353:109297. [PMID: 34153829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) is a phylogenetically rich complex. It includes more than 30 cryptic phylogenetic species, making morphological identification problematic. FIESC has previously been detected in Tunisian cereals, but knowledge on the phylogeny and the ecophysiology of their species is lacking. In this work a phylogenetic analysis was performed using partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1a gene (EF1a) of three FIESC strains isolated from barley and wheat from Tunisia, situated south in the Mediterranean basin, and additional strains from other countries. The results indicated that all Tunisian strains clustered with FIESC 5 group (F. clavum) together with other Spanish FIESC 5 strains also isolated from cereals. Growth rate profiles of the Tunisian strains were also determined on wheat and sorghum based media at a range of temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C) and water potential values (-0.7, -2.8, -7.0, and -9.8 MPa, corresponding to 0.995, 0.98, 0.95 and 0.93 aw values). Optimal growth was observed at 20-30 °C and between -0.7 and -7.0 MPa on both substrates (wheat and sorghum). The highest growth rate for the three strains was seen at 25 °C combined with -2.8 MPa. The comparison between the growth profiles of Tunisian and Spanish FIESC 5 strains showed similar trends with some interesting differences regarding temperature and water potential factors. Tunisian strains seem to perform better between 15 and 30 °C and, notably, at even lower water potentials included -9.8 Mpa. This might suggest that tolerance to low water potentials might be for Tunisian strains a more important selective clue than to higher temperatures. These results appeared to be consistent with a population well adapted to the present climatic conditions and predicted scenarios for North Africa.
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19
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Yu S, Jia B, Li K, Zhou H, Lai W, Tang Y, Yan Z, Sun W, Liu N, Yu D, Wu A. Pre-warning of abiotic factors in maize required for potential contamination of fusarium mycotoxins via response surface analysis. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Usseglio VL, Dambolena JS, Martinez MJ, Zunino MP. The Role of Fumonisins in the Biological Interaction between Fusarium verticillioides and Sitophilus zeamais. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:1059-1068. [PMID: 32946025 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the entomopathogenic capacity of the mold Fusarium verticillioides and the effect of its mycotoxins fumonisins, on the grain beetle Sitophilus zeamais. We evaluated the capacity of this fungus to infect live insects, the antifungal activity of constituents of the insect's epicuticle, and the effect of a fumonisin extract on the fitness of the insects. We found that F. verticillioides could not penetrate the cuticle of S. zeamais and that the fumonisin extract had no negative effects on the fitness of the insects. However, the progeny of the insects increased, and the fumonisin extract had repellent effects. This is the first report about the effects of fumonisins on the relationship between F. verticillioides and S. zeamais, which may provide useful information about interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and insects, especially on stored product pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Usseglio
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBiV-CONICET-UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA-FCEFyN-UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J S Dambolena
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBiV-CONICET-UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA-FCEFyN-UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - M J Martinez
- Área Mejoramiento Genético Vegetal (EEA INTA Manfredi), Ruta N° 9 km 636, Manfredi, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M P Zunino
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBiV-CONICET-UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA-FCEFyN-UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
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21
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Peter Mshelia L, Selamat J, Iskandar Putra Samsudin N, Rafii MY, Abdul Mutalib NA, Nordin N, Berthiller F. Effect of Temperature, Water Activity and Carbon Dioxide on Fungal Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Acclimatised Isolates of Fusarium verticillioides and F. graminearum. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080478. [PMID: 32731333 PMCID: PMC7472189 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is primarily manifested by elevated temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and is projected to provide suitable cultivation grounds for pests and pathogens in the otherwise unsuitable regions. The impacts of climate change have been predicted in many parts of the world, which could threaten global food safety and food security. The aim of the present work was therefore to examine the interacting effects of water activity (aw) (0.92, 0.95, 0.98 aw), CO2 (400, 800, 1200 ppm) and temperature (30, 35 °C and 30, 33 °C for Fusarium verticillioides and F. graminearum, respectively) on fungal growth and mycotoxin production of acclimatised isolates of F. verticillioides and F. graminearum isolated from maize. To determine fungal growth, the colony diameters were measured on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. The mycotoxins produced were quantified using a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QTOF-MS) combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system. For F. verticillioides, the optimum conditions for growth of fumonisin B1 (FB1), and fumonisin B2 (FB2) were 30 °C + 0.98 aw + 400 ppm CO2. These conditions were also optimum for F. graminearum growth, and zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. Since 30 °C and 400 ppm CO2 were the baseline treatments, it was hence concluded that the elevated temperature and CO2 levels tested did not seem to significantly impact fungal growth and mycotoxin production of acclimatised Fusarium isolates. To the best of our knowledge thus far, the present work described for the first time the effects of simulated climate change conditions on fungal growth and mycotoxin production of acclimatised isolates of F. verticillioides and F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladi Peter Mshelia
- Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.P.M.); (N.I.P.S.); (N.-A.A.M.); (N.N.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Borno State 600230, Nigeria
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.P.M.); (N.I.P.S.); (N.-A.A.M.); (N.N.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +603-97691146
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.P.M.); (N.I.P.S.); (N.-A.A.M.); (N.N.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Y. Rafii
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor-Azira Abdul Mutalib
- Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.P.M.); (N.I.P.S.); (N.-A.A.M.); (N.N.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Borno State 600230, Nigeria
| | - Noordiana Nordin
- Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.P.M.); (N.I.P.S.); (N.-A.A.M.); (N.N.)
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
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22
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Links S, van Zyl K, Cassiem A, Flett B, Viljoen A, Rose L. The association of maize characteristics with resistance to Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin accumulation in commercial maize cultivars. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is the primary fungus that causes Fusarium ear rot (FER) of maize. Infection results in reduced grain yield and quality due to moulding and the contamination of grain with toxic compounds namely fumonisins. Resistance to fungal infection and fumonisin accumulation in maize and maize grain is governed at different levels. In this study, the structural, physico-chemical and genetic basis of resistance to F. verticillioides was investigated in two, replicated field trials at Potchefstroom and Vaalharts in South Africa. Phenotypic data (silk length, husk coverage, pericarp thickness hundred-kernel mass and kernel hardness), physico-chemical data (kernel pH, moisture content, total nitrogen and carbon as well as phenolic acid content) and the expression of pathogenesis-related-5 gene (PR5) and peroxidase gene expression was evaluated in 15 commercial cultivars under artificially inoculated and natural infection conditions. The data were correlated to FER severity, fumonisin accumulation and fungal DNA (referred to as infection indicators). Disease development and fumonisin contamination in Vaalharts was significantly more than in Potchefstroom. There were no significant correlations (r=≥0.60) between phenotypic characteristics and infection indicators. Kernel pH was the most important trait associated with disease development and was negatively correlated (between r=-0.58 and r=-0.75) to all infection indicators. PR5 gene expression had significant positive correlations (r=0.69 and r=0.72) with the fungal and fumonisin levels, respectively. This study presents of the first data demonstrating the use of gene expression in identifying FER/fumonisin-resistant plant material and could aid breeders and growers in selecting resistant material more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Links
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Grain SA, Research and Policy Centre, 457 Witherite Street, Willow Acres, Pretoria, 7600, South Africa
| | - K. van Zyl
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - A. Cassiem
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - B.C. Flett
- Agricultural Research Council, Grain Crops, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - A. Viljoen
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - L.J. Rose
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Beccari G, Stępień Ł, Onofri A, Lattanzio VMT, Ciasca B, Abd-El Fatah SI, Valente F, Urbaniak M, Covarelli L. In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020241. [PMID: 32053959 PMCID: PMC7074703 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the in vitro fumonisin biosynthesis and the genetic structure of Fusarium verticillioides populations can provide important insights into the relationships between strains originating from various world regions. In this study, 90 F. verticillioides strains isolated from maize in five Mediterranean countries (Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Egypt and Iran) were analyzed to investigate their ability to in vitro biosynthesize fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and fumonisin B3 and to characterize their genetic profile. In general, 80% of the analyzed strains were able to biosynthesize fumonisins (range 0.03–69.84 μg/g). Populations from Italy, Spain, Tunisia and Iran showed a similar percentage of fumonisin producing strains (>90%); conversely, the Egyptian population showed a lower level of producing strains (46%). Significant differences in fumonisin biosynthesis were detected among strains isolated in the same country and among strains isolated from different countries. A portion of the divergent FUM1 gene and of intergenic regions FUM6-FUM7 and FUM7-FUM8 were sequenced to evaluate strain diversity among populations. A high level of genetic uniformity inside the populations analyzed was detected. Apparently, neither geographical origin nor fumonisin production ability were correlated to the genetic diversity of the strain set. However, four strains from Egypt differed from the remaining strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (Ł.S.); (M.U.)
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
| | - Veronica M. T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA-CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy; (V.M.T.L.); (B.C.)
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA-CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy; (V.M.T.L.); (B.C.)
| | - Sally I. Abd-El Fatah
- Food Toxins and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Francesco Valente
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (Ł.S.); (M.U.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0755856464
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García-Díaz M, Gil-Serna J, Vázquez C, Botia MN, Patiño B. A Comprehensive Study on the Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Their Producing Fungi during the Maize Production Cycle in Spain. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E141. [PMID: 31968531 PMCID: PMC7023295 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is one of the main problems affecting corn production, due to its significant risk to human and animal health. The Fusarium and Aspergillus species are the main producers of mycotoxins in maize, infecting both pre-harvest and during storage. In this work, we evaluated the presence of mycotoxins and their producing species along maize production cycles in three different stages (anthesis, harvest, and storage) during three consecutive seasons (2016-2018). Fungal occurrences were studied using species-specific PCR protocols, whereas mycotoxin levels were determined by LC-MS/MS. Fumonisin-producing Fusarium species (F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum), as well as the aflatoxin producer Aspergillus flavus, were the most predominant species at all stages; although, during some seasons, the presence of F. graminearum and A. niger aggregate species were also identified. Contrastingly, fumonisins were the only mycotoxins detected and levels were always under legal regulations. The results presented here demonstrate that even when fungal contamination occurs at the early stages of the maize production cycle, the application of good agricultural and storage practices might be crucial to ensure mycotoxin-free grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (C.V.); (B.P.)
| | - Jéssica Gil-Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (C.V.); (B.P.)
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (C.V.); (B.P.)
| | | | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-D.); (C.V.); (B.P.)
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25
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Tarazona A, Mateo EM, Gómez JV, Romera D, Mateo F. Potential use of machine learning methods in assessment of Fusarium culmorum and Fusariumproliferatum growth and mycotoxin production in treatments with antifungal agents. Fungal Biol 2019; 125:123-133. [PMID: 33518202 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium-controlling fungicides are necessary to limit crop loss. Little is known about the effect of antifungal formulations at sub-lethal doses, and their interaction with abiotic factors, on Fusarium culmorum and F. proliferatum development and on zearalenone and fumonisin biosynthesis, respectively. In the present study different treatments based on sulfur, trifloxystrobin and demethylation inhibitor fungicides (cyproconazole, tebuconazole and prothioconazole) under different environmental conditions, in Maize Extract Medium, are assayed in vitro. Several machine learning methods (neural networks, random forest and extreme gradient boosted trees) have been applied for the first time for modeling growth of F. culmorum and F. proliferatum and zearalenone and fumonisin production, respectively. The most effective treatment was prothioconazole, 250 g/L + tebuconazole, 150 g/L. Effective doses of this formulation for reduction or total growth inhibition ranged as follows ED50 0.49-1.70, ED90 2.57-6.02 and ED100 4.0-8.0 µg/mL, depending on the species, water activity and temperature. Overall, the growth rate and mycotoxin levels in cultures decreased when doses increased. Some treatments in combination with certain aw and temperature values significantly induced toxin production. The extreme gradient boosted tree was the model able to predict growth rate and mycotoxin production with minimum error and maximum R2 value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tarazona
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva M Mateo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Romera
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Mateo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, ETSE, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Influence of Two Garlic-Derived Compounds, Propyl Propane Thiosulfonate (PTS) and Propyl Propane Thiosulfinate (PTSO), on Growth and Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium Species In Vitro and in Stored Cereals. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090495. [PMID: 31461909 PMCID: PMC6783911 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two garlic-derived compounds, Propyl Propane Thiosulfonate (PTS) and Propyl Propane Thiosulfinate (PTSO), were examined for their efficacy against mycotoxigenic Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. langsethiae, F. verticillioides). The objectives were to assess the inhibitory effect of these compounds on growth and mycotoxin production in vitro, and in situ in artificially inoculated wheat, oats and maize with one isolate of each respectively, at different water activity (aw) conditions when stored for up to 20 days at 25 °C. In vitro, 200 ppm of either PTS or PTSO reduced fungal growth by 50-100% and mycotoxin production by >90% depending on species, mycotoxin and aw conditions on milled wheat, oats and maize respectively. PTS was generally more effective than PTSO. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) were decreased by 50% with 80 ppm PTSO. One-hundred ppm of PTS reduced DON and ZEN production in wheat stored at 0.93 aw for 20 days, although contamination was still above the legislative limits. Contrasting effects on T-2/HT-2 toxin contamination of oats was found depending on aw, with PTS stimulating production under marginal conditions (0.93 aw), but at 0.95 aw effective control was achieved with 100 ppm. Treatment of stored maize inoculated with F. verticilliodies resulted in a stimulation of total fumonsins in most treatments. The potential use of such compounds for mycotoxin control in stored commodities is discussed.
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27
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Vismer HF, Shephard GS, van der Westhuizen L, Mngqawa P, Bushula-Njah V, Leslie JF. Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium proliferatum and F. pseudonygamai on maize, sorghum and pearl millet grains in vitro. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 296:31-36. [PMID: 30826540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) are basic staple foods for many rural or poorer communities. These crops are susceptible to plant diseases caused by multiple species of Fusarium, some of which also produce mycotoxins, including fumonisins and moniliformin that are detrimental to both humans and domesticated animals. Eighteen potentially toxigenic Fusarium strains were isolated from maize (n = 10), sorghum (n = 7) and pearl millet (n = 1) growing in the same field in Nigeria. The 17 strains from maize and sorghum were all F. proliferatum and the one strain from pearl millet was F. pseudonygamai. Under conducive conditions, the 17 F. proliferatum strains produced fumonisins, 11 in relatively large quantities (700-17,000 mg total fumonisins, i.e., FB1 + FB2 + FB3/kg culture material), and six at <45 mg/kg. Ten F. proliferatum strains produced >100 mg of moniliformin per kg culture material with a maximum of 8900 mg/kg culture material. All strains could use all grains for growth and toxin production, regardless of the host from which they were isolated. Isolates varied in the amount of toxin produced on each substrate, with toxin production a property of the strain and not the host from which the strain was recovered. However, the extent to which a toxin-producing phenotype could be altered by the grain on which the fungus was grown is consistent with subtle genetic × environment interactions that require a larger data set than the one presented here to rigorously identify. In conclusion, there is significant variation in the ability of strains of F. proliferatum to produce fumonisins and moniliformin on maize, sorghum and millet. If the amount of toxin produced on the various grains in this study reflects real-world settings, e.g., poor storage, then the consumers of these contaminated grains could be exposed to mycotoxin levels that greatly exceed the tolerable daily intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester F Vismer
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Gordon S Shephard
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Liana van der Westhuizen
- Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Pamella Mngqawa
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Vuyiswa Bushula-Njah
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - John F Leslie
- Kansas State University, 4024 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506-5502, USA.
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28
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Witaszak N, Stępień Ł, Bocianowski J, Waśkiewicz A. Fusarium Species and Mycotoxins Contaminating Veterinary Diets for Dogs and Cats. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7010026. [PMID: 30669691 PMCID: PMC6352256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinary diets are intended for diseased animals and may contain cereal grains, mainly maize and/or wheat. These, in turn, are often infected with pathogens of the Fusarium genus, which are able to produce numerous harmful mycotoxins. Forty-two samples of veterinary diets for dogs and cats were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins. Species were identified using molecular methods and the ergosterol and mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) were quantified using HPLC methods. Two Fusarium species were identified: Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides. The highest concentrations of fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone were 74.83, 2318.05, 190.90, and 45.84 ng/g, respectively. Only 9.5% of the samples were free from Fusarium mycotoxins. The acceptable limits of mycotoxin content in animal feed, specified by the EU regulations, were not exceeded in any of the samples tested. The mean mycotoxin content in veterinary diets for cats was lower than for dogs. Thus, it is recommended that veterinary diets are examined, since the mycotoxin contamination pose additional risk to animal health. The knowledge on Fusarium occurrence in veterinary diets is scarce and as far as we are aware this is the first report concerning the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and their important secondary metabolites—mycotoxins—in different types of veterinary diets for companion animals in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Witaszak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland.
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, Poznań 60-637, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
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Ponce-García N, Serna-Saldivar SO, Garcia-Lara S. Fumonisins and their analogues in contaminated corn and its processed foods - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2183-2203. [PMID: 30028638 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1502476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the food security problems faced worldwide is the occurrence of mycotoxins in grains and their foods. Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins which are prevalent in corn (Zea mays L.) and its based foods. Their intake and exposure have been epidemiologically and inconclusively associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in humans, and other harmful health effects in animals. The toxic effects of FBs can be acute or chronic and these metabolites bioaccumulate mainly in liver and kidney tissues. Among FBs, fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most relevant moiety although the 'hidden' forms produced after food thermal processes are becoming relevant. Corn is the grain most susceptible to Fusarium and FBs contamination and the mould growth is affected both by abiotic and biotic factors during grain maturation and storage. Mould counts are mainly affected by the grain water activity, the environmental temperature during grain maturation and insect damage. The abiotic factors affected by climatic change patterns have increased their incidence in other regions of the world. Among FBs, the hidden forms are the most difficult to detect and quantify. Single or combined physical, chemical and biological methods are emerging to significantly reduce FBs in processed foods and therefore diminish their toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Ponce-García
- a Center of Biotechnology FEMSA , School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico.,b Faculty of Agricultural Sciences , Autonomous University of Mexico State, UAEM, Campus Universitario "El Cerrillo" , Toluca , Mexico
| | - Sergio O Serna-Saldivar
- a Center of Biotechnology FEMSA , School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Silverio Garcia-Lara
- a Center of Biotechnology FEMSA , School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico
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30
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Thompson MEH, Raizada MN. Fungal Pathogens of Maize Gaining Free Passage Along the Silk Road. Pathogens 2018; 7:E81. [PMID: 30314351 PMCID: PMC6313692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silks are the long threads at the tips of maize ears onto which pollen land and sperm nuclei travel long distances to fertilize egg cells, giving rise to embryos and seeds; however fungal pathogens also use this route to invade developing grain, causing damaging ear rots with dangerous mycotoxins. This review highlights the importance of silks as the direct highways by which globally important fungal pathogens enter maize kernels. First, the most important silk-entering fungal pathogens in maize are reviewed, including Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, and Aspergillus flavus, and their mycotoxins. Next, we compare the different modes used by each fungal pathogen to invade the silks, including susceptible time intervals and the effects of pollination. Innate silk defences and current strategies to protect silks from ear rot pathogens are reviewed, and future protective strategies and silk-based research are proposed. There is a particular gap in knowledge of how to improve silk health and defences around the time of pollination, and a need for protective silk sprays or other technologies. It is hoped that this review will stimulate innovations in breeding, inputs, and techniques to help growers protect silks, which are expected to become more vulnerable to pathogens due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish N Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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32
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Orina I, Manley M, Kucheryavskiy S, Williams PJ. Application of Image Texture Analysis for Evaluation of X-Ray Images of Fungal-Infected Maize Kernels. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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33
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Rolli E, Righetti L, Galaverna G, Suman M, Dall'Asta C, Bruni R. Zearalenone Uptake and Biotransformation in Micropropagated Triticum durum Desf. Plants: A Xenobolomic Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1523-1532. [PMID: 29368509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A model was set up to elucidate the uptake, translocation, and metabolic fate of zearalenone (ZEN) in durum wheat. After treatment with ZEN, roots and shoots were profiled with LC-HRMS. A comprehensive description of in planta ZEN biotransformation and a biotechnological evaluation of the model were obtained. Up to 200 μg ZEN were removed by each plantlet after 14 days. Most ZEN and its masked forms were retained in roots, while minimal amounts were detected in leaves. Sixty-two chromatographic peaks were obtained, resulting in 7 putative phase I and 18 putative phase II metabolites. ZEN16Glc and ZEN14Glc were most abundant in roots, sulfo-conjugates and zearalenol derivatives were unable to gain systemic distribution, while distinct isomers of malonyl conjugates were found in leaves and roots. This study underlines the potential ZEN occurrence in plants without an ongoing Fusarium infection. Micropropagation may represent a tool to investigate the interplay between mycotoxins and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Rolli
- Deparment of Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma , Via G.P. Usberti 11/a, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Suman
- Advanced Laboratory Research, Barilla G.R. F.lli SpA , via Mantova 166, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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34
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Cendoya E, Monge MDP, Chiacchiera SM, Farnochi MC, Ramirez ML. Influence of water activity and temperature on growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum strains on irradiated wheat grains. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:158-166. [PMID: 29216556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is the most important cereal consumed by the Argentine population. In previous studies performed in durum and common wheat grains in this country it has been observed fumonisin contamination as well as high incidence of Fusarium proliferatum. Fumonisins are toxic fungal metabolites, and consumption of fumonisin-contaminated maize has been epidemiologically associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in some human populations. Using irradiated wheat-grains, the effects of abiotic factors, temperature (15, 25, and 30°C) and water activity (aW; 0.995, 0.98, 0.96, 0.94, 0.92, and 0.88), on mycelial growth and fumonisin biosynthesis were compared for three F. proliferatum strains isolated from wheat grains in Argentina. Although all isolates showed similar profiles of growth, the fumonisin production profiles were slightly different. Maximum growth rates were obtained at the highest aW (0.995) and 25°C, with growth decreasing as the aW of the medium was reduced. Maximum amounts of total fumonisins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) were produced at 0.995 aW and 15°C for 2 strains, and at 25°C and 0.995 aW for the third one. Fumonisins concentrations varied considerably depending on the aW and temperature interactions assayed. Studied strains showed different fumonisin production profiles. Two-dimensional profiles of aW by temperature interactions were developed from these data to identify areas where conditions indicate a significant risk of fumonisins accumulation on wheat. As a result, temperature and aW conditions that resulted in fumonisins production are those found during wheat grain development (especially milk and dough stages) in the field. This is the first study made using irradiated wheat grains and provides useful baseline data on conditions representing a low or a high risk for fumonisins contamination of wheat grains which is of concern because this cereal is destined mainly for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Del Pilar Monge
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Chiacchiera
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Farnochi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Castaño SM, Medina A, Magan N. Impact of storage environment on respiration, dry matter losses and fumonisin B1 contamination of stored paddy and brown rice. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different storage moisture conditions (0.90 and 0.95 water activity, aw) and temperatures (25, 30 °C) on (1) respiration rates (CO2; R), (2) dry matter loss (DML) of paddy and brown rice, (3) inoculation of both rice types with Fusarium verticillioides under these storage conditions on R, DML, and (4) effects on fumonisin B1 (FB1) contamination of these rice types. There was an increase in temporal CO2 production with wetter and warmer conditions in naturally contaminated rice. Higher R and consequently, percentage (%) DML were generally observed for brown rice (up to 21%) while in paddy rice this was only up to 3.5% DML. The FB1 production in paddy rice was low and similar in all treatments regardless of aw × temperature conditions. In the dehusked brown rice there were higher levels of contamination with FB1, with a maximum at 0.95 aw and 25 °C. A significant correlation between %DMLs and FB1 contamination was obtained (R=0.7454, P<0.01). These results suggest that monitoring of CO2 may provide an early indication of fungal activity in moist rice and help in evaluating the relative risk of spoilage and potential for mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Martín Castaño
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds., MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - A. Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds., MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - N. Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds., MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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Oldenburg E, Höppner F, Ellner F, Weinert J. Fusarium diseases of maize associated with mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products intended to be used for food and feed. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:167-182. [PMID: 28455556 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infections of maize with phytopathogenic and toxinogenic Fusarium spp. may occur throughout the cultivation period. This can cause different types of diseases in vegetative and generative organs of the plant. Along with these infections, mycotoxins are often produced and accumulated in affected tissues, which could pose a significant risk on human and animal health when entering the food and feed chain. Most important fungal species infecting European maize belong to the Fusarium sections Discolour and Liseola, the first being more prevalent in cooler and humid climate regions than the second predominating in warmer and dryer areas. Coexistence of several Fusarium spp. pathogens in growing maize under field conditions is the usual case and may lead to multi-contamination with mycotoxins like trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. The pathways how the fungi gain access to the target organs of the plant are extensively described in relation to specific symptoms of typical rot diseases regarding ears, kernels, rudimentary ears, roots, stem, leaves, seed and seedlings. Both Gibberella and Fusarium ear rots are of major importance in affecting the toxinogenic quality of grain or ear-based products as well as forage maize used for human or animal nutrition. Although rudimentary ears may contain high amounts of Fusarium toxins, the contribution to the contamination of forage maize is minor due to their small proportion on the whole plant dry matter yield. The impact of foliar diseases on forage maize contamination is regarded to be low, as Fusarium infections are restricted to some parts on the leaf sheaths and husks. Mycotoxins produced in rotted basal part of the stem may contribute to forage maize contamination, but usually remain in the stubbles after harvest. As the probability of a more severe disease progression is increasing with a prolonged cultivation period, maize should be harvested at the appropriate maturity stage to keep Fusarium toxin contamination as low as possible. Ongoing surveillance and research is needed to recognise changes in the spectrum of dominating Fusarium pathogens involved in mycotoxin contamination of maize to ensure safety in the food and feed chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Oldenburg
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Frank Höppner
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Ellner
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Products, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Weinert
- Department of Plant Protection, The Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Wunstorfer Landstrasse 9, 30453, Hannover, Germany
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Cendoya E, Pinson-Gadais L, Farnochi MC, Ramirez ML, Chéreau S, Marcheguay G, Ducos C, Barreau C, Richard-Forget F. Abiotic conditions leading to FUM gene expression and fumonisin accumulation by Fusarium proliferatum strains grown on a wheat-based substrate. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 253:12-19. [PMID: 28463723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum produces fumonisins B not only on maize but also on diverse crops including wheat. Using a wheat-based medium, the effects of abiotic factors, temperature and water activity (aW), on growth, fumonisin biosynthesis, and expression of FUM genes were compared for three F. proliferatum strains isolated from durum wheat in Argentina. Although all isolates showed similar profiles of growth, the fumonisin production profiles were slightly different. Regarding FUM gene transcriptional control, both FUM8 and FUM19 expression showed similar behavior in all tested conditions. For both genes, expression at 25°C correlated with fumonisin production, regardless of the aw conditions. However, at 15°C, these two genes were as highly expressed as at 25°C although the amounts of toxin were very weak, suggesting that the kinetics of fumonisin production was slowed at 15°C. This study provides useful baseline data on conditions representing a low or a high risk for contamination of wheat kernels with fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - María C Farnochi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María L Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Sylvain Chéreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Giselè Marcheguay
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Christine Ducos
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Christian Barreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Florence Richard-Forget
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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Efficacy of fungal and bacterial antagonists for controlling growth, FUM1 gene expression and fumonisin B 1 production by Fusarium verticillioides on maize cobs of different ripening stages. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 246:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Orina I, Manley M, Williams PJ. Use of High-Resolution X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography for the Analysis of Internal Structural Changes in Maize Infected with Fusarium verticillioides. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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The effect of enhanced carotenoid content of transgenic maize grain on fungal colonization and mycotoxin content. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:221-228. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Environmental stress and elicitors enhance taxol production by endophytic strains of Paraconiothyrium variabile and Epicoccum nigrum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 90:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Garcia LP, Savi GD, Santos K, Scussel VM. Fumonisins and fungi in dry soybeans (Glycine Max L.) for human consumption. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2016; 9:79-84. [PMID: 26727078 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1135484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This survey reports the occurrence of fumonisins (FBs) and fungi in dry soybeans sold for human consumption. The variation levels were 138-1495 µg kg(-1) and 178-552 µg kg(-1) for FB1 and FB2, respectively. In addition, potentially toxigenic fungi as Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium genera were isolated in the samples. These can be considered as indicator-toxin and can produce considerable amounts of mycotoxins. Despite FB presence in the soybeans for human consumption, there is no legal regulation. Therefore, it is important to emphasise the need for frequent monitoring of these contaminants in soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Garcia
- a Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis , Brazil
| | - Geovana D Savi
- a Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis , Brazil
| | - Karolina Santos
- a Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis , Brazil
| | - Vildes M Scussel
- a Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis , Brazil
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Díaz-Gómez J, Marín S, Capell T, Sanchis V, Ramos A. The impact of Bacillus thuringiensis technology on the occurrence of fumonisins and other mycotoxins in maize. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In many developing countries, maize is both a staple food crop and a widely-used animal feed. However, adventitious colonisation or damage caused by insect pests allows fungi to penetrate the vegetative parts of the plant and the kernels, the latter resulting in mycotoxin contamination. Maize seeds contaminated with fumonisins and other mycotoxins pose a serious threat to both humans and livestock. However, numerous studies have reported a significant reduction in pest damage, disease symptoms and fumonisin levels in maize hybrids expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene cry1Ab, particularly in areas where the European corn borer is prevalent. When other pests are also present, the cry1Ab gene alone offers insufficient protection, and combinations of insecticidal genes are required to reduce damage to plants caused by insects. The combination of Cry1Ab protein with other Cry proteins (such as Cry1F) or Vip proteins has reduced the incidence of pests and, indirectly, mycotoxin levels. Maize hybrids expressing multiple Bt genes, such as SmartStax®, are less susceptible to damage by insects, but mycotoxin levels are not routinely and consistently compared in these crops. Bt maize has a greater economic impact on Fusarium toxins than aflatoxins. The main factors that determine the effectiveness of Bt hybrids are the type of pest and the environmental conditions, but the different fungal infection pathways must also be considered. An alternative strategy to reduce mycotoxin levels in crops is the development of transgenic plants expressing genes that protect against fungal infection or reduce mycotoxin levels by in situ detoxification. In this review article, we summarise what is known about the relationship between the cultivation of Bt maize hybrids and contamination levels with different types of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Díaz-Gómez
- Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - S. Marín
- Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - T. Capell
- Plant Production and Forestry Science Department, University of Lleida, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - V. Sanchis
- Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - A.J. Ramos
- Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Anti-idiotypic nanobody-alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins: Development of a one-step competitive enzyme immunoassay for fumonisin B 1 detection in cereal. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 924:53-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Causin R. Fusarium Toxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Legislation, Factors Promoting the Appearance and Their Management. Molecules 2016; 21:E627. [PMID: 27187340 PMCID: PMC6274039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium diseases of small grain cereals and maize cause significant yield losses worldwide. Fusarium infections result in reduced grain yield and contamination with mycotoxins, some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health. Regulations on maximum limits have been established in various countries to protect consumers from the harmful effects of these mycotoxins. Several factors are involved in Fusarium disease and mycotoxin occurrence and among them environmental factors and the agronomic practices have been shown to deeply affect mycotoxin contamination in the field. In the present review particular emphasis will be placed on how environmental conditions and stress factors for the crops can affect Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production, with the aim to provide useful knowledge to develop strategies to prevent mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Roberto Causin
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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Chatterjee S, Kuang Y, Splivallo R, Chatterjee P, Karlovsky P. Interactions among filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioides and Clonostachys rosea: fungal biomass, diversity of secreted metabolites and fumonisin production. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:83. [PMID: 27165654 PMCID: PMC4862089 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions among fungi colonizing dead organic matter involve exploitation competition and interference competition. Major mechanism of interference competition is antibiosis caused by secreted secondary metabolites. The effect of competition on secondary metabolite production by fungi is however poorly understood. Fungal biomass was rarely monitored in interaction studies; it is not known whether dominance in pairwise interactions follows congruent patterns. Results Pairwise interactions of three fungal species with different life styles were studied. The saprophyte Aspergillus niger (A.n.), the plant pathogen Fusarium verticillioides (F.v.), and the mycoparasite Clonostachys rosea (C.r.) were grown in single and dual cultures in minimal medium with asparagine as nitrogen source. Competitive fitness shifted with time: in dual C.r./F.v. cultures after 10 d F.v. grew well while C.r. was suppressed; after 20 d C.r. recovered while F.v. became suppressed; and after 30 d most F.v. was destroyed. At certain time points fungal competitive fitness exhibited a rock–paper–scissors pattern: F.v. > A.n., A.n. > C.r., and C.r. > F.v. Most metabolites secreted to the medium at early stages in single and dual cultures were not found at later times. Many metabolites occurring in supernatants of single cultures were suppressed in dual cultures and many new metabolites not occurring in single cultures were found in dual cultures. A. niger showed the greatest ability to suppress the accumulation of metabolites produced by the other fungi. A. niger was also the species with the largest capacity of transforming metabolites produced by other fungi. Fumonisin production by F. verticillioides was suppressed in co-cultures with C. rosea but fumonisin B1 was not degraded by C. rosea nor did it affect the growth of C. rosea up to a concentration of 160 μg/ml. Conclusions Competitive fitness in pairwise interactions among fungi is incongruent, indicating that species-specific factors and/or effects are involved. Many metabolites secreted by fungi are catabolized by their producers at later growth stages. Diversity of metabolites accumulating in the medium is stimulated by fungus/fungus interactions. C. rosea suppresses the synthesis of fumonisins by F. verticillioides but does not degrade fumonisins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0698-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Chatterjee
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yi Kuang
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paramita Chatterjee
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Fumero MV, Sulyok M, Chulze S. Ecophysiology of Fusarium temperatum isolated from maize in Argentina. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:147-56. [PMID: 26535974 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of water activity (aw = 0.95, 0.98 and 0.995), temperature (15, 25 and 30°C), incubation time (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), and their interactions on growth and moniliformin (MON), beauvericin (BEA), fusaproliferin (FUS) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) production by two strains of Fusarium temperatum isolated from Argentinean maize were determined in vitro on sterile layers of maize grains. The results showed that there was a wide range of conditions for growth and mycotoxins production by F. temperatum. Both strains were found to grow faster with increasing aw and at 30°C. In relation to mycotoxin production, the two strains produced more FUS than the other mycotoxins regardless of aw or temperature evaluated (maximum = 50,000 μg g(-1)). For FUS, MON and BEA, the maximum levels were observed at 0.98 aw and 30°C (50,000, 5000 and 2000 μg g(-1) respectively). The lowest levels for these three mycotoxins were detected at 15°C and 0.95 aw (1700 and 100 μg g(-1) for FUS and MON respectively), and at 0.98 aw (400 μg g(-1) for BEA). The maximum levels of FB1 were produced at 15°C and 0.98 aw (1000 μg g(-1)). At all aw and temperatures combinations evaluated there was an increase in toxin concentrations with time incubation. The maximum levels were detected at 21 days. Statistical analyses of aw, temperature, incubation time, and the two- and three-way interactions between them showed significant effects on mycotoxins production by F. temperatum. For its versatility on growth and mycotoxin production, F. temperatum represents a toxicological risk for maize in the field and also during grain storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Verónica Fumero
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Physical-Chemical and Natural Sciences , National University of Rio Cuarto , Cordoba , Argentina.,b National Research Council from Argentina (CONICET) , Cordoba , Argentina
| | - Michael Sulyok
- c Center of Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Tulln , Austria
| | - Sofía Chulze
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Physical-Chemical and Natural Sciences , National University of Rio Cuarto , Cordoba , Argentina.,b National Research Council from Argentina (CONICET) , Cordoba , Argentina
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Falavigna C, Lazzaro I, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C, Battilani P. Oleoyl and linoleoyl esters of fumonisin B1 are differently produced by Fusarium verticillioides on maize and rice based media. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:79-84. [PMID: 26492388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of fumonisins, namely oleoyl- and linoleoyl esters of fumonisin B1 (EFB1OA and EFB1LA, respectively), are modified forms of fumonisins whose formation and occurrence have been reported so far in naturally infected maize and in artificially inoculated rice. There is a lack of knowledge about the mechanism of formation, mainly in relation to the role played by the substrate. Therefore, in this work we studied the dynamics of accumulation of the toxin and its esters, together with their precursor, in maize and rice based media inoculated with different strains of F. verticillioides and incubated at 25 °C for 7-45 days. The production pattern of FB1 and its modified forms was significantly influenced by growth media, reaching a higher concentration in cornmeal compared to rice based medium. Similarly, cornmeal was more supportive for the conversion of FB1 by considering the esterification rate, with a prevalence of linoleoyl esters compared to oleoyl esters resembling the OA/LA rate in both media. The conversion of FB1 into fatty acid esters was also shown as strain-related. Results, thus, strongly support the hypothesis that fatty acid esters of FB1 are produced by the fungus itself at a late stage of growth, or at a certain point of FB1 accumulation in the medium, using fatty acids from the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Falavigna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - I Lazzaro
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - G Galaverna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - C Dall'Asta
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 95/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - P Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Shu M, Xu Y, Wang D, Liu X, Li Y, He Q, Tu Z, Qiu Y, Ji Y, Wang X. Anti-idiotypic nanobody: A strategy for development of sensitive and green immunoassay for Fumonisin B 1. Talanta 2015; 143:388-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Santiago R, Cao A, Butrón A. Genetic Factors Involved in Fumonisin Accumulation in Maize Kernels and Their Implications in Maize Agronomic Management and Breeding. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3267-96. [PMID: 26308050 PMCID: PMC4549750 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7083267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of maize with fumonisins depends on the environmental conditions; the maize resistance to contamination and the interaction between both factors. Although the effect of environmental factors is a determinant for establishing the risk of kernel contamination in a region, there is sufficient genetic variability among maize to develop resistance to fumonisin contamination and to breed varieties with contamination at safe levels. In addition, ascertaining which environmental factors are the most important in a region will allow the implementation of risk monitoring programs and suitable cultural practices to reduce the impact of such environmental variables. The current paper reviews all works done to address the influence of environmental variables on fumonisin accumulation, the genetics of maize resistance to fumonisin accumulation, and the search for the biochemical and/or structural mechanisms of the maize plant that could be involved in resistance to fumonisin contamination. We also explore the outcomes of breeding programs and risk monitoring of undertaken projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Santiago
- Facultad de Biología, Dpt Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo 36310, Spain.
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a la Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pontevedra 36143, Spain.
| | - Ana Cao
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Box 28, Pontevedra 36080, Spain.
| | - Ana Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Box 28, Pontevedra 36080, Spain.
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