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Niu Z, Xue H, Jiang Z, Chai L, Wang H. Effects of temperature on intestinal microbiota and lipid metabolism in Rana chensinensis tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:35398-35412. [PMID: 36534254 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Climate change such as global warming is considered a major threat to amphibians. The guts of amphibians are home to trillions of microbes, which are key regulators of gastrointestinal digestion and play a crucial role in lipid metabolites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature change on intestinal microbiota and lipid metabolism in Rana chensinensis tadpoles. Morphological and intestinal microbiota data of R. chensinensis larvae exposed to different temperatures (15 °C, 21 °C, and 26 °C) were measured. The results show that the warm temperature causes histological damage to the intestinal epithelium. In addition, temperature treatments alter the diversity and composition of gut microbes in R. chensinensis tadpoles. At the phylum level of intestinal microbial community, Campilobacterota was detected only in the warm group. At the genera level, unclassified_f__Enterobacteriaceae was markedly declined in the warm group but was notably enriched in the cold group. For lipid metabolism-related genes, the expression levels of GPR109A, HDAC1, and APOA-I decreased significantly in both warm and cold treatment groups, while the expression levels of CLPS and LIPASE increased significantly. Collectively, these observations demonstrated that warm and cold temperatures may reduce the immune capacity of tadpoles by changing the composition of intestinal microorganisms and the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, affecting the survival of tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Niu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - HaoYu Xue
- School of Philosophy and Government, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jiang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Golden CE, Mishra A. Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in Alternative and Conventionally Produced Chicken in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1181-1197. [PMID: 32294168 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The burden of foodborne illness linked to the consumption of contaminated broiler meat is high in the United States. With the increase in popularity of alternative poultry rearing and production systems, it is important to identify the differences in food safety risks presented by alternative systems compared with conventional methods. Although many studies have been conducted that surveyed foodborne pathogen prevalence along the broiler supply chain, a systematic overview of all of the results is lacking. In the current study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to quantify the differences in prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in farm environment, rehang, prechill, postchill, and retail samples between conventional and alternative production systems. A systematic search of Web of Science and PubMed databases was conducted to identify eligible studies. Studies were then evaluated by inclusion criteria, and the included studies were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. In total, 137 trials from 72 studies were used in the final meta-analysis. Meta-analysis models were individually constructed for subgroups that were determined by sample type, pathogen, and production type. All subgroups possessed high amounts of heterogeneity (I2 > 75%). For environmental sample subgroups, Campylobacter prevalence was estimated to be 15.8 and 52.8% for conventional and alternative samples, respectively. Similar prevalence estimates for both production types were observed for Salmonella environmental samples and all retail samples. For conventional samples, Campylobacter and Salmonella prevalence was highest in prechill samples followed by rehang and postchill samples, respectively. The results herein will be useful in future quantitative microbial risk assessments for characterizing the differences in foodborne illness risks presented by different broiler production systems. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase E Golden
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9214-0745 [A.M.])
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9214-0745 [A.M.])
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Nastasijevic I, Proscia F, Boskovic M, Glisic M, Blagojevic B, Sorgentone S, Kirbis A, Ferri M. The European Union control strategy for
Campylobacter
spp. in the broiler meat chain. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marija Boskovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Milica Glisic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Bojan Blagojevic
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Veterinary Medicine University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | | | - Andrej Kirbis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Maurizio Ferri
- Italian Society of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Rome Italy
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Mucosal delivery of live Lactococcus lactis expressing functionally active JlpA antigen induces potent local immune response and prevent enteric colonization of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens. Vaccine 2020; 38:1630-1642. [PMID: 31932136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Successful colonization of the mucosal epithelial cells is the key early step for Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) pathogenesis in humans. A set of Surface Exposed Colonization Proteins (SECPs) are known to take leading role in bacterial adhesion and subsequent host pathogenesis. Among the major SECPs, the constitutively expressed C. jejuni surface lipoprotein Jejuni lipoprotein A (JlpA), interacts with intestinal heat shock protein 90α (Hsp90α) and contributes in disease progression by triggering pro-inflammatory responses via activation of NF-κB and p38 MAP kinase pathways. In addition to its ability to express on the surface, high sequence conservation of JlpA protein among different Campylobacter spp make it a suitable vaccine target against C. jejuni. Given that chickens are the primary source for C. jejuni infection in humans and persistent cecal colonization significantly contribute in pathogen transmission, we explicitly used chickens as a model to test the immune-protective efficacy of JlpA protein. Taking into account that gastro-intestinal tract is the major site for C. jejuni colonization, we chose to use mucosal (intragastric) route as mode for JlpA antigen delivery. To deliver JlpA via mucosal route, we engineered a food grade Lactic acid producing bacteria, Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) to express functionally active JlpA protein in the surface. Further, we demonstrated its ability to substantially improve the antigen specific local immune responses in the intestine along with significant immune-protection against enteric colonization of C. jejuni in chickens.
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Habib I, Coles J, Fallows M, Goodchild S. A Baseline Quantitative Survey of Campylobacter spp. on Retail Chicken Portions and Carcasses in Metropolitan Perth, Western Australia. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:180-186. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - John Coles
- Department of Health Western Australia, Grace Vaughan House, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark Fallows
- Department of Health Western Australia, Grace Vaughan House, Perth, Australia
| | - Stan Goodchild
- Department of Health Western Australia, Grace Vaughan House, Perth, Australia
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Kim YJ, Kim HS, Chon JW, Kim DH, Hyeon JY, Seo KH. New colorimetric aptasensor for rapid on-site detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken carcass samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1029:78-85. [PMID: 29907294 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most common cause of infectious intestinal disease, with nearly all cases caused by two species: C. jejuni and C. coli. We recently reported a gold nanoparticle-based two-stage aptasensing platform, which was improved in the present study for the rapid and on-site detection of both C. jejuni and C. coli in food samples. Compared to the previous platform, the improved platform yielded a more obvious colour change from red to purple due to the aggregation of gold nanoparticles, and does not require additional time or a pH optimization step for the aptamers to be adsorbed onto the gold nanoparticles. Using a highly specific aptamer that binds to live C. jejuni and C. coli, the improved aptasensor was highly effective for testing pure culture samples. The accuracy of the newly developed platform was comparable (p = 0.688) to that of the gold-standard detection method of tazobactam-supplemented culture, whereas it was superior to the official agar-based detection method (p = 0.016) in a validation study with 50 naturally contaminated chicken carcass samples. This is the first study on a colorimetric sensor that targets both live C. coli and C. jejuni in naturally contaminated samples. In addition, we provide the first evidence that both morphological status and the amount of Campylobacter present play key roles in the effectiveness of colorimetric detection. Thus, suitable selection of an antibody or aptamer with consideration of the morphological status of pathogens in samples is essential for direct detection without enrichment. Our data suggest that the sensor developed in this study can provide an excellent screening method, with a reduction in the detection time from 48 h to 30 min after enrichment, thus saving time, labour, and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ji Kim
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Kim
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jung-Whan Chon
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyeon Kim
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Sahin O, Kassem II, Shen Z, Lin J, Rajashekara G, Zhang Q. Campylobacter in Poultry: Ecology and Potential Interventions. Avian Dis 2015; 59:185-200. [PMID: 26473668 DOI: 10.1637/11072-032315-review] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian hosts constitute a natural reservoir for thermophilic Campylobacter species, primarily Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, and poultry flocks are frequently colonized in the intestinal tract with high numbers of the organisms. Prevalence rates in poultry, especially in slaughter-age broiler flocks, could reach as high as 100% on some farms. Despite the extensive colonization, Campylobacter is essentially a commensal in birds, although limited evidence has implicated the organism as a poultry pathogen. Although Campylobacter is insignificant for poultry health, it is a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, and contaminated poultry meat is recognized as the main source for human exposure. Therefore, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the development of interventions to diminish Campylobacter contamination in poultry, with the intention to reduce the burden of food-borne illnesses. During the past decade, significant advance has been made in understanding Campylobacter in poultry. This review summarizes the current knowledge with an emphasis on ecology, antibiotic resistance, and potential pre- and postharvest interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Sahin
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- B Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Zhangqi Shen
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jun Lin
- C Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- B Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Qijing Zhang
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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Williams MS, Ebel ED, Allender HD. Industry-level changes in microbial contamination on market hog and broiler chicken carcasses between two locations in the slaughter process. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Sproston EL, Carrillo CD, Boulter-Bitzer J. The quantitative and qualitative recovery of Campylobacter from raw poultry using USDA and Health Canada methods. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:258-63. [PMID: 25084671 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Harmonisation of methods between Canadian government agencies is essential to accurately assess and compare the prevalence and concentrations present on retail poultry intended for human consumption. The standard qualitative procedure used by Health Canada differs to that used by the USDA for both quantitative and qualitative methods. A comparison of three methods was performed on raw poultry samples obtained from an abattoir to determine if one method is superior to the others in isolating Campylobacter from chicken carcass rinses. The average percent of positive samples was 34.72% (95% CI, 29.2-40.2), 39.24% (95% CI, 33.6-44.9), 39.93% (95% CI, 34.3-45.6) for the direct plating US method and the US enrichment and Health Canada enrichment methods, respectively. Overall there were significant differences when comparing either of the enrichment methods to the direct plating method using the McNemars chi squared test. On comparison of weekly data (Fishers exact test) direct plating was only inferior to the enrichment methods on a single occasion. Direct plating is important for enumeration and establishing the concentration of Campylobacter present on raw poultry. However, enrichment methods are also vital to identify positive samples where concentrations are below the detection limit for direct plating.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Sproston
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - C D Carrillo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Bldg 22, CEF, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C9
| | - J Boulter-Bitzer
- Food Safety Science Unit, Food Safety and Environment Division, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 4Y2
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11
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CampylobacterSpecies. Food Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Sudarwanto M, Setiyaningsih S, Dewantari Kusumaningrum H. Isolation of Campylobacter from Poultry Carcasses using Conventional and Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2013. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2013.24.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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13
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Chenu JW, Pavic A, Cox JM. A novel miniaturized most probable number method for the enumeration of Campylobacter spp. from poultry-associated matrices. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 93:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chokboonmongkol C, Patchanee P, Gölz G, Zessin KH, Alter T. Prevalence, quantitative load, and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. from broiler ceca and broiler skin samples in Thailand. Poult Sci 2013; 92:462-7. [PMID: 23300314 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks by testing cecal contents at slaughter and to detect and quantify Campylobacter on broiler carcass skin samples of the corresponding slaughter batches, to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns of the Campylobacter isolates, and to genotype selected Campylobacter jejuni isolates using multilocus sequence typing analysis. Ninety-eight broiler flocks were included in the study. Intact ceca were randomly taken at the time of evisceration throughout a slaughter batch to detect Campylobacter spp. at the broiler flock level and one whole carcass per slaughter batch was taken for the detection of Campylobacter spp. on broiler skin. The prevalences of Campylobacter spp. in broiler ceca and broiler skin samples were 11.2% (11/98) and 51% (50/98), respectively. Even though most Campylobacter-positive broiler skin samples were contaminated with only up to 230 most probable number per gram, a substantial share (13.3%) showed very high Campylobacter numbers on the broiler skin samples (most probable number = ∞; lower confidence limit T(0) 580/g). From 32 C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates tested, the highest antimicrobial resistance rates were found for ciprofloxacin (81.2%), followed by tetracycline (40.6%), ampicillin (31.2%), and erythromycin (9.4%). All tested strains were sensitive to gentamicin. By multilocus sequence typing analysis, a total of 9 different sequence types were identified among 16 C. jejuni isolates. Campylobacter jejuni isolated from cecal content and carcass skin of the same farm or slaughter batch showed corresponding allelic profiles. Our data suggest that intense cross-contamination during the slaughter process led to a strong increase of Campylobacter prevalence on broiler skin compared with the prevalence in broiler ceca. To reduce Campylobacter prevalences on broiler skin, on-farm biosecurity measures need to be accompanied by control measures at the slaughterhouse to reduce fecal contamination of broiler skin and to minimize cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chokboonmongkol
- Veterinary Public Health Center for Asia Pacific, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Kudra LL, Sebranek JG, Dickson JS, Mendonca AF, Zhang Q, Jackson-Davis A, Prusa KJ. Control of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken breast meat by irradiation combined with modified atmosphere packaging including carbon monoxide. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1728-33. [PMID: 23043819 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the leading causes of human foodborne illnesses originating from meat and poultry products. Cross-contamination of this organism occurs in many poultry processing plants, and can occur in the kitchens and refrigerators of consumers. Therefore, new intervention strategies are needed for meat and poultry products to better protect consumers from this pathogen. Vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging is a common packaging technique used by the meat and poultry industry to extend the shelf life of meat products. In addition, irradiation has been well established as an antibacterial treatment to reduce pathogens on meat and poultry products. Irradiation in combination with high-CO(2) + CO modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was investigated in this study for the control of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken breast meat. The radiation sensitivity (D(10)-value) of this foodborne pathogen in chicken breast meat was similar in vacuum or high-O(2) MAP (0.31 ± 0.01 kGy in vacuum packaging and 0.29 ± 0.03 kGy in MAP). C. jejuni survived in both vacuum and high-CO(2) MAP through 6 weeks of refrigerated storage. Irradiation was effective for eliminating C. jejuni from meat or poultry packaged in vacuum or MAP, and should reduce the chance of cross-contamination in retail stores or home kitchens. However, irradiated off-odor and sour aroma were observed for raw, irradiated chicken breast packaged with either vacuum or MAP. Therefore, additional means to mitigate quality changes appear necessary for these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li L Kudra
- Johnsonville Sausage, L.L.C., N6927 Johnsonville Way, Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin 53085, USA
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Scientific Opinion onCampylobacterin broiler meat production: control options and performance objectives and/or targets at different stages of the food chain. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Rapid quantification of viable Campylobacter bacteria on chicken carcasses, using real-time PCR and propidium monoazide treatment, as a tool for quantitative risk assessment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5097-104. [PMID: 20562292 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00411-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of intervention strategies against Campylobacter-contaminated poultry focus on postslaughter reduction of the number of cells, emphasizing the need for rapid and reliable quantitative detection of only viable Campylobacter bacteria. We present a new and rapid quantitative approach to the enumeration of food-borne Campylobacter bacteria that combines real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) with simple propidium monoazide (PMA) sample treatment. In less than 3 h, this method generates a signal from only viable and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) Campylobacter bacteria with an intact membrane. The method's performance was evaluated by assessing the contributions to variability by individual chicken carcass rinse matrices, species of Campylobacter, and differences in efficiency of DNA extraction with differing cell inputs. The method was compared with culture-based enumeration on 50 naturally infected chickens. The cell contents correlated with cycle threshold (C(T)) values (R(2) = 0.993), with a quantification range of 1 x 10(2) to 1 x 10(7) CFU/ml. The correlation between the Campylobacter counts obtained by PMA-PCR and culture on naturally contaminated chickens was high (R(2) = 0.844). The amplification efficiency of the Q-PCR method was not affected by the chicken rinse matrix or by the species of Campylobacter. No Q-PCR signals were obtained from artificially inoculated chicken rinse when PMA sample treatment was applied. In conclusion, this study presents a rapid tool for producing reliable quantitative data on viable Campylobacter bacteria in chicken carcass rinse. The proposed method does not detect DNA from dead Campylobacter bacteria but recognizes the infectious potential of the VBNC state and is thereby able to assess the effect of control strategies and provide trustworthy data for risk assessment.
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Nannapaneni R, Chalova VI, Story R, Wiggins KC, Crandall PG, Ricke SC, Johnson MG. Ciprofloxacin-sensitive and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni are equally susceptible to natural orange oil-based antimicrobials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2009; 44:571-577. [PMID: 20183064 DOI: 10.1080/03601230903000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A total of 10 ciprofloxacin-sensitive (ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC < 0.5 micro g/ml) and 10 ciprofloxacin-resistant (MIC 16 to 32 micro g/ml) presumptive C. jejuni were further characterized and evaluated for their inhibition by natural orange oil fractions. Partial species identification was performed by using a hippuricase gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. One of the isolates appeared to be atypical and failed to hydrolyze hippurate. Of the ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni isolates tested, six were found to have their quinolone resistance determined by a C --> T mutation in codon 86 of gyrA. Both groups of ciprofloxacin-sensitive and -resistant C. jejuni isolates were most susceptible to cold-pressed terpeneless Valencia orange oil (C4) which yielded inhibition zones from 44.0 +/- 1.4 to 80 +/- 0.0 mm. Less inhibitory responses were recorded for 5-fold concentrated Valencia orange oil (C3) and distilled d-limonene (C7) which exerted similar effects on both ciprofloxacin-sensitive and -resistant C. jejuni isolates. In general, ciprofloxacin-resistant and -sensitive C. jejuni isolates were equally susceptible to the respective orange oil fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nannapaneni
- Center for Food Safety-IFSE, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Figueroa G, Troncoso M, López C, Rivas P, Toro M. Occurrence and enumeration of Campylobacter spp. during the processing of Chilean broilers. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:94. [PMID: 19445680 PMCID: PMC2689229 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermotolerant Campylobacter is among the more prevalent bacterial pathogens that cause foodborne diseases. This study aimed at evaluating the occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter contamination in chicken carcasses and processing plant stations (chilling water, scalding water, defeathering machinery, evisceration machine, and transport crates) in two of the Chilean main slaughterhouses. In addition, the isolation rates of thermotolerant Campylobacter during evisceration and following chiller processing were compared. RESULTS The overall slaughterhouse contamination with thermotolerant Campylobacter was 54%. Differences were evident when the results from each plant were compared (plant A and plant B was 72% and 36%, respectively). The sampling points with the greatest contamination rates in both plants were after evisceration (90% and 54%, for plants A and B respectively). The decrease of thermotolerant Campylobacter contamination after chilling was significant (2 and 1.6 logs for plant A and B respectively P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that chilling process has a limited effect in the final products Campylobacter contamination because poultry enter the slaughter processing with high counts of contamination. This may represent a health risk to consumers, if proper cooking practices are not employed. The levels and frequencies of Campylobacter found during the processing of Chilean poultry appear to be similar to those reported elsewhere in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Figueroa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul 5540 Santiago, Chile
| | - Miriam Troncoso
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul 5540 Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián López
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul 5540 Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Rivas
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul 5540 Santiago, Chile
| | - Magaly Toro
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul 5540 Santiago, Chile
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Richardson LJ, Cox NA, Bailey JS, Berrang ME, Cox JM, Buhr RJ, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Harrison MA. Evaluation of TECRA broth, Bolton broth, and direct plating for recovery of Campylobacter spp, from broiler carcass rinsates from commercial processing plants. J Food Prot 2009; 72:972-7. [PMID: 19517723 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.5.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare a conventional culture broth method (Bolton enrichment), a newly developed proprietary broth method (TECRA Campylobacter enrichment), and direct plating for recovery of Campylobacter spp. from chicken carcass rinsates. Whole carcass rinses were taken from 140 carcasses at rehang (immediately after defeathering but before evisceration) and from 140 carcasses at postchill from eight different processing plants in the United States. The rinsate samples were packed in ice and shipped overnight to the laboratory. Aliquots of the rinsate were transferred into Bolton and TECRA enrichment broths and were direct plated. Standard laboratory procedures with Campy-cefex plates were followed for recovery of Campylobacter spp. For rehang carcasses, 94% were positive for Campylobacter spp. with the TECRA enrichment broth and 74% were positive with the Bolton enrichment broth. For postchill carcasses, 74% were positive for Campylobacter spp. with the TECRA enrichment broth and 71% were positive with the Bolton enrichment broth. Compared with the Bolton enrichment broth, TECRA enrichment broth significantly suppressed non-Campylobacter microflora (P < 0.05). Overall, TECRA enrichment broth yielded an 11% higher total number of Campylobacter-positive samples compared with the Bolton enrichment broth. Campylobacter spp. detection in postchill samples was significantly greater (P < 0.05) by enrichment (84%) than by direct plating (19%). The high number of Campylobacter-positive samples obtained with all procedures indicated that 99% of the carcass rinsates obtained at rehang and 84% obtained at postchill contained Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Richardson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
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21
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Enumeration of Escherichia coli cells on chicken carcasses as a potential measure of microbial process control in a random selection of slaughter establishments in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3522-7. [PMID: 19363066 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02685-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate whether the number of Escherichia coli bacteria in carcass rinses from chicken slaughter establishments could be monitored for the purpose of microbial process control, we drew a random sample from 20 of 127 large USDA-inspected operations. In 2005, every 3 months, two sets of 10 carcass rinses, 100 ml each, were collected from establishments, netting 80 sample sets from the rehang and postchill stages. E. coli and Campylobacter numbers and Salmonella prevalence were measured. Mixed-effect models were used to estimate variance of mean log(10) E. coli cell numbers of 10-carcass rinse sample sets. Relationships between E. coli and Campylobacter and Salmonella were examined. For 10-carcass rinse sets, at both the rehang and postchill stages the mean log(10) E. coli CFU/ml fit the logistic distribution better than the normal distribution. The rehang overall mean log(10) E. coli was 3.3 CFU/ml, with a within-sample set standard deviation of 0.6 CFU/ml. The overall postchill mean log(10) E. coli was 0.8 CFU/ml, with 13 establishments having mean log(10) E. coli CFU/ml values of less than 1.0 and 7 having mean values of 1.2 or more. At the midpoint separating these establishments, a mean log(10) E. coli CFU/ml of 1.1, the within-sample set standard deviation was 0.5 CFU/ml, with smaller standard deviations as means increased. Postchill sample sets with mean log(10) E. coli counts less than or equal to 1.1 CFU/ml had lower overall prevalence of Salmonella and mean log(10) Campylobacter CFU/ml than sample sets with higher means. These findings regarding reductions in E. coli numbers provide insight relevant to microbial process control.
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22
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Examination of Campylobacter jejuni putative adhesins leads to the identification of a new protein, designated FlpA, required for chicken colonization. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2399-407. [PMID: 19349427 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01266-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni colonization of chickens is presumably dependent upon multiple surface-exposed proteins termed adhesins. Putative C. jejuni adhesins include CadF, CapA, JlpA, major outer membrane protein, PEB1, Cj1279c, and Cj1349c. We examined the genetic relatedness of 97 C. jejuni isolates recovered from human, poultry, bovine, porcine, ovine, and canine sources by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and examined their profile of putative adhesin-encoding genes by dot blot hybridization. To assess the individual contribution of each protein in bacterium-host cell adherence, the C. jejuni genes encoding the putative adhesins were disrupted by insertional mutagenesis. The phenotype of each mutant was judged by performing in vitro cell adherence assays with chicken LMH hepatocellular carcinoma epithelial cells and in vivo colonization assays with broiler chicks. MLST analysis indicated that the C. jejuni isolates utilized in this study were genetically diverse. Dot blot hybridization revealed that the C. jejuni genes encoding the putative adhesins, with the exception of capA, were conserved among the isolates. The C. jejuni CadF, CapA, Cj1279c, and Cj1349c proteins were found to play a significant role in the bacterium's in vitro adherence to chicken epithelial cells, while CadF, PEB1, and Cj1279c were determined to play a significant role in the bacterium's in vivo colonization of broiler chicks. Collectively, the data indicate that Cj1279c is a novel adhesin. Because Cj1279c harbors fibronectin type III domains, we designated the protein FlpA, for fibronectin-like protein A.
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CHANSIRIPORNCHAI N, SASIPREEYAJAN J. PCR Detection of Four Virulence-Associated Genes of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Thai Broilers and Their Abilities of Adhesion to and Invasion of INT-407 Cells. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:839-44. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niwat CHANSIRIPORNCHAI
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University
| | - Jiroj SASIPREEYAJAN
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University
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24
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BAILEY J, FEDORKA-CRAY P, RICHARDSON L, COX N, COX J. DETECTION OFCAMPYLOBACTERFROM BROILER CARCASS RINSE SAMPLES UTILIZING THE TECRA VISUAL IMMUNOASSAY (VIA). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2008.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Chrystal ND, Hargraves SJ, Boa AC, Ironside CJ. Counts of Campylobacter spp. and prevalence of Salmonella associated with New Zealand broiler carcasses. J Food Prot 2008; 71:2526-32. [PMID: 19244909 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.12.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In common with many other countries around the world, the most frequently reported cause of gastrointestinal illness in New Zealand is campylobacteriosis. The poultry industry and regulatory agencies are working to address this. Similarly, the control of Salmonella on poultry has been a focus of industry and regulatory agencies for some time. However, recent data are limited on the prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella on retail chicken products in New Zealand. A survey was carried out to determine the prevalence and number of Campylobacter and the prevalence of Salmonella on chickens sold at retail in New Zealand. In total, 163 samples (representing the major chicken processors in New Zealand) were purchased from retail outlets in Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch and analyzed. Salmonella was not detected on any carcasses or associated external packaging. Campylobacter was isolated from 73 (44.8%) carcass rinse samples collected and from weep water samples associated with 20 (12.3%) of the 163 carcasses, but was not detected on the external packaging of any samples. Counts of Campylobacter present on whole bird carcasses ranged from less than 400 CFU per carcass (not detected) to more than 600,000 CFU per carcass. The overall mean count of Campylobacter on positive carcasses was 3.6 log CFU per carcass. The difference between processing plants in the overall mean count of Campylobacter on broiler carcasses or on the frequency of Campylobacter-positive carcasses was not significant. The levels of Campylobacter found to be associated with broiler carcasses were similar to levels reported in other developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Chrystal
- Poultry Industry Association of New Zealand, 96 D Carlton Gore Road, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand.
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26
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Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and strain type diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from turkeys in eastern North Carolina. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:474-82. [PMID: 19028914 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02012-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis, and recent findings suggest that turkeys are an important reservoir for this organism. In this study, 80 C. jejuni isolates from eastern North Carolina were characterized for resistance to nine antimicrobials, and strain types were determined by fla typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with SmaI and KpnI, and (for 41 isolates) multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PFGE analysis suggested that many of the isolates (37/40 [ca. 93%]) in a major genomic cluster had DNA that was partially methylated at SmaI sites. Furthermore, 12/40 (30%) of the isolates in this cluster were completely resistant to digestion by KpnI, suggesting methylation at KpnI sites. MLST of 41 isolates identified 10 sequence types (STs), of which 4 were new. Three STs (ST-1839, ST-2132 and the new ST-2934) were predominant and were detected among isolates from different farms. The majority of the isolates (74%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials, and resistance to ciprofloxacin was common (64%), whereas resistance to the other drug of choice for treatment of human campylobacteriosis, erythromycin, was never encountered. Most (33/34) of the kanamycin-resistant isolates were also resistant to tetracycline; however, only ca. 50% of the tetracycline-resistant isolates were also kanamycin resistant. Isolates with certain antimicrobial resistance profiles had identical or closely related strain types. Overall, the findings suggest dissemination of certain clonal groups of C. jejuni isolates in the turkey production industry of this region.
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Botteldoorn N, Van Coillie E, Piessens V, Rasschaert G, Debruyne L, Heyndrickx M, Herman L, Messens W. Quantification of Campylobacter spp. in chicken carcass rinse by real-time PCR. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1909-18. [PMID: 19016974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was examined for its ability to quantify Campylobacter spp. in chicken carcass rinses and compared with bacteriological culturing. METHODS AND RESULTS The linearity of the real-time PCR quantification protocol was assessed on pure DNA. The amplification efficiency was 100% and the square regression coefficient (R(2)) was 0.998. Quantification was linear over at least 7 log units. Using a crude cell lysate gave the highest sensitivity and the detection limit of the method was 3.3 log CFU per carcass. The statistical correlation between the bacteriological enumeration and the real-time quantitative (Q)-PCR determined using chicken carcasses sampled at the end of the slaughter line was 0.733. The difference in detection levels was probably because of the detection of stressed, dead or viable but not culturable cells by Q-PCR. CONCLUSION The real-time Q-PCR method described in this study is a powerful tool for determining the number of Campylobacter cells on carcasses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The real-time Q-PCR method is available to quantify the Campylobacter contamination at the slaughterhouse level and could be used to evaluate primary production.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Botteldoorn
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Unit Technology and Food, Product Quality and Food Safety, Brusselsesteenweg, Melle, Belgium.
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28
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Flock health indicators and Campylobacter spp. in commercial housed broilers reared in Great Britain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:5408-13. [PMID: 18641155 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00462-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between flock health and Campylobacter infection of housed commercial broilers in Great Britain. Thirty ceca were collected at slaughter from batches of broilers from 789 flocks, at either full or partial depopulation, between December 2003 and March 2006 and examined individually for Campylobacter by direct plating onto selective media. Management and health data were collected from each flock and included information on mortality or culling during rearing, the number of birds rejected for infectious or noninfectious causes at slaughter, the proportion of birds with digital dermatitis (also termed hock burn), and other general characteristics of the flock. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 280 (35%) flocks. The relationship between bird health and welfare and Campylobacter status of flocks was assessed using random-effects logistic regression models, adjusting for region, month, year, and rearing regime. Campylobacter-positive batches of ceca were associated with higher levels of rejection due to infection (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI(95%)], 0.98 to 2.30) and digital dermatitis (OR, 2.08; CI(95%), 1.20 to 3.61). Furthermore, higher levels of these conditions were also associated with the highest-level category of within-flock Campylobacter prevalence (70 to 100%). These results could indicate that improving health and welfare may also reduce Campylobacter in broilers.
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29
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Rozynek E, Dzierzanowska-Fangrat K, Korsak D, Konieczny P, Wardak S, Szych J, Jarosz M, Dzierzanowska D. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from humans and chicken carcasses in Poland. J Food Prot 2008; 71:602-7. [PMID: 18389707 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.3.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter-associated gastroenteritis remains an important cause of morbidity worldwide, and some evidence suggests that poultry is an important source of this foodborne infection in humans. This study was conducted to analyze the prevalence and genetic background of resistance of 149 Campylobacter jejuni and 54 Campylobacter coli strains isolated from broiler chicken carcasses and from stool samples of infected children in Poland from 2003 through 2005. Nearly all isolates were susceptible to macrolides and aminoglycosides. The highest resistance in both human and chicken strains was observed for ciprofloxacin (more than 40%), followed by ampicillin (13 to 21%), and tetracycline (8 to 29%). Resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline rose significantly between 2003 and 2005. Slight differences in resistance between human and chicken isolates indicate that although chicken meat is not the only source of Campylobacter infection in our population, it can be involved in the transmission of drug-resistant Campylobacter strains to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Rozynek
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Hong J, Jung WK, Kim JM, Kim SH, Koo HC, Ser J, Park YH. Quantification and differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in raw chicken meats using a real-time PCR method. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2015-22. [PMID: 17900077 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.9.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter species are one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea in humans worldwide. The consumption of foods contaminated with two Campylobacter species, C. jejuni and C. coli, is usually associated with most of the infections in humans. In this study, a rapid, reliable, and sensitive multiplex real-time quantitative PCR was developed for the simultaneous detection, identification, and quantification of C. jejuni and C. coli. In addition, the developed method was applied to the 50 samples of raw chicken meat collected from retail stores in Korea. C. jejuni and C. coli were detected in 88 and 86% of the samples by real-time quantitative PCR and the conventional microbiological method, respectively. The specificity of the primer and probe sets was confirmed with 30 C. jejuni, 20 C. coli, and 35 strains of other microbial species. C. jejuni and C. coli could be detected with high specificity in less than 4 h, with a detection limit of 1 log CFU/ml by the developed real-time PCR. The average counts (log CFU per milliliter) of C. jejuni or C. coli obtained by the conventional methods and by the real-time PCR assay were statistically correlated with a correlation coefficient (R2) between 0.73 and 0.78. The real-time PCR assay developed in this study is useful for screening for the presence and simultaneous differential quantification of C. jejuni and C. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonbae Hong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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31
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Berrang ME, Bailey JS, Altekruse SF, Patel B, Shaw WK, Meinersmann RJ, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Prevalence and numbers of Campylobacter on broiler carcasses collected at rehang and postchill in 20 U.S. processing plants. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1556-60. [PMID: 17685325 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.7.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter is a human pathogen associated with chicken and chicken meat products. This study was designed to examine the prevalence and number of Campylobacter on broiler chicken carcasses in commercial processing plants in the United States. Carcass samples were collected from each of 20 U.S. plants four times, roughly approximating the four seasons of 2005. At each plant on each sample day, 10 carcasses were collected at rehang (prior to evisceration), and 10 carcasses from the same flock were collected postchill. A total of 800 carcasses were collected at rehang and another 800 were collected postchill. All carcasses were subjected to a whole-carcass rinse, and the rinse diluent was cultured for Campylobacter. The overall mean number of Campylobacter detected on carcasses at rehang was 2.66 log CFU per ml of carcass rinse. In each plant, the Campylobacter numbers were significantly reduced by broiler processing; the mean concentration after chill was 0.43 log CFU/ml. Overall prevalence was also reduced by processing from a mean of > or =30 of 40 carcasses at rehang to > or =14 of 40 carcasses at postchill. Seven different on-line reprocessing techniques were applied in the test plants, and all techniques resulted in <1 log CFU/ml after chilling. Use of a chlorinated carcass wash before evisceration did not affect the postchill Campylobacter numbers. However, use of chlorine in the chill tank was related to lower numbers on postchill carcasses. Overall, U.S. commercial poultry slaughter operations are successful in significantly lowering the prevalence and number of Campylobacter on broiler carcasses during processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Berrang
- US. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
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32
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Stern NJ, Georgsson F, Lowman R, Bisaillon JR, Reiersen J, Callicott KA, Geirsdóttir M, Hrolfsdóttir R, Hiett KL. Frequency and Enumeration of Campylobacter Species from Processed Broiler Carcasses by Weep and Rinse Samples. Poult Sci 2007; 86:394-9. [PMID: 17234856 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.2.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency and numbers of Campylobacter spp. were assessed per freshly processed, contaminated broiler carcass. Campylobacter-positive flocks were identified by cecal sample analysis at slaughter. These flocks had been tested as Campylobacter negative at 4.1 +/- 0.9 d prior to slaughter. Levels of contamination were estimated using 2 sampling approaches per carcass: (1) free weep fluids and (2) whole-carcass, 100 mL of distilled water rinses. Estimations of counts were determined by directly plating dilutions of weeps and rinses onto Campy-Cefex agar and incubating the plates at 41.5 degrees C under microaerobic atmosphere. Confirmation was provided by latex agglutination to quantify levels per milliliter of weep and per 100 mL of rinse. Thirty-two slaughter groups ( approximately 20 carcasses per group) were compared from 2003 to 2004. The Campylobacter-positive weep frequency was 84.8%, whereas the frequency for rinse samples was 74.4% (P < 0.001). Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. on positive samples ranged from 0.70 to 6.13 log(10) cfu/mL of weep (geometric mean of 2.84) and from 2.30 to 7.72 log(10) cfu/100 mL of rinse (geometric mean of 4.38). The correlations between weep and rinse were 0.814 with 0.5 mL of rinse and 0.6294 when applying 0.1 mL of rinse The quantitative regression analyses for these 2 corresponding tests were log(10) rinse (for 0.5 mL of inoculum) = 1.1965 log(10) weep + 0.4979, and log(10) rinse (for 0.1 mL of inoculum) = 1.322 log(10) weep - 0.1521. FlaA SVR sequencing of isolates indicated that the same genotypes were found in weep and rinse samples. Weep and rinse sampling led to different proportions of Campylobacter-positive carcasses detection, but we demonstrated that this difference was reduced by increasing the amount of rinse fluid used for plating.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Stern
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Athens, GA 30604, USA.
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