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Selvaraj R, Cheng EJ, Gan P, Oh JQ, Aung KT. Microbiological Profiles of Disposable Gloves Used for Handling Ready-to-Eat Foods. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100146. [PMID: 37619692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Hand hygiene is critical in the food service industry. Bacteria can easily be transferred between different surfaces to food during food preparation. Common hygiene practices include hand washing and usage of disposable gloves. Food handlers are often susceptible to transferring pathogenic bacteria to food, thus proper hand hygiene can limit such transmission. While gloves serve as a barrier between bare hands and food, their misuse, including reuse or lack of change, can potentially result in cross-contamination, compromising on food safety. In Singapore, strict regulations and consumer perceptions have encouraged the use of gloves in food handling. This study assessed the microbiological profile of gloves used by food handlers across fifty randomly chosen food establishments, by swabbing samples from the inner and outer surfaces of gloves. Glove samples were also subjected to a watertight test to detect significant physical damage. The results revealed that gloves with damage exhibited significantly higher mean Standard Plate Counts (SPCs), suggesting the likelihood that damaged gloves promoted the transfer of bacteria. Damaged gloves used to handle certain types of food, like noodles and rice dishes, also had significantly higher mean SPC than those used for beverages and snacks. However, gloves without visible damage showed no significant difference in mean SPC across different food types. The study highlighted that proper glove use can help in preventing bacterial transfer and consequently, maintaining food safety. Regular glove changes, particularly when damaged, are imperative. The findings underscore the importance of proper glove use in conjunction with other hand hygiene practices to uphold food hygiene and safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Selvaraj
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Er Jun Cheng
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Patrick Gan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Jia Quan Oh
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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2
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Analyzing aggregate environmental monitoring data for Listeria spp. in frozen food manufacturing environments. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mengistu DA, Baraki N, Gobena Tesema T. Pathogenic Bacterial Species in Locally Prepared Fresh Fruit Juices Sold in Juice Houses of Eastern Ethiopia. Microbiol Insights 2022; 14:11786361211060736. [PMID: 35185337 PMCID: PMC8855452 DOI: 10.1177/11786361211060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit juices are important components of a healthy diet and a dietary source of nutrients, vitamins, and fiber and vital for human health. However, unless it is handled with safety and hygienic conditions, food can be a vehicle for the transmission of various agents of diseases resulting in food borne outbreaks. Thus, this study aimed to determine common pathogenic bacterial species in locally prepared fresh fruit juices sold in juice houses of Eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was conducted from 1 January to 27 March 2020, in eastern Ethiopia. Seventy-eight juice samples were collected aseptically using a sterilized collecting jar from each juice house. Pour plate count method was used to determine Staphylococcus, Salmonella, and Shigella species. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests such as Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. P-value of .05 was considered as a cut point for statistical significance. The study found Staphylococcus count ranged from 1.68 log CFU/mL with the mean value of 4.204 log CFU/mL. Overall, 58 (74.4%) of the fruit juice samples had Staphylococcus count, 19 (24.4%) had Salmonella and 12 (15.4%) had Shigella higher than the maximum permitted limit of Gulf standard, 2000 set for any type of fruit juice. In general, the study found more than two-thirds of fruit juice samples had at least 1 pathogenic bacteria species higher than the maximum permitted limit and potentially hazardous to consumer health. Thus, regular supervision and application of food hygiene and safety are essential to improve the quality of fruit juice and to prevent the consumption of contaminated fruit juices, which leads to food borne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechasa Adare Mengistu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Negga Baraki
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Gobena Tesema
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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A Bukhari M, M Banasser T, El-Bali M, A Bulkhi R, A Qamash R, Trenganno A, Khayyat M, A Kurdi M, Al Majrashi A, Bahewareth F. Assessment of microbiological quality of food preparation process in some restaurants of Makkah city. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5993-5997. [PMID: 34588916 PMCID: PMC8459123 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiological contamination of food processing surfaces and utensils increases considerably the risk of food-borne illnesses via cross-contamination. Hence, the safety of served meals and beverages can be evaluated through the assessment of the microbiological quality of food contact surfaces in food-serving establishments. This study carried out in Makkah city aimed to assess the microbiological contamination levels on food processing surfaces and utensils in 43 restaurants from the 9 main districts in the city. A total of 294 swab preparations were taken from 16 types of food contact surfaces including cutting boards, food containers, knives, serving dishes and other utensils were examined. Ninety samples (31%) showed more than 10 CFU/cm2 which were considered positive for microbiological contamination. Meat chopping devices and cutting boards were found as the most contaminated food contact surfaces (60% and 50%), while washed serving dishes and fridge handles were the least contaminated (21% and 18%). Microorganisms detected in the study were Klebsiella spp. (18.7%), Escherichia coli (17,7%), Staphylococcus aureus (4,4%), Pseudomonas spp. (1.7%), Proteus spp. (0.7%), Bacillus cereus (0.7%), and Candida sp. (0.3%). Klebsiella spp. and E. coli were observed in at least one sample from each of the sixteen different food contact surfaces. The incidence of restaurants with contaminated food contact surfaces was significantly variable among the different districts, with a value as high as 57% in the most affected district and 20% in the less affected. No contamination with Salmonella spp. or Listeria spp. was detected, however, the detection of Bacillus cereus, a toxin-forming microorganism, in two different restaurants underlines the need for continuous microbiological assessment to ensure standard sanitation levels in restaurants and catering establishments of Makkah city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh A Bukhari
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talib M Banasser
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed El-Bali
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha A Bulkhi
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razaz A Qamash
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Trenganno
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher Khayyat
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Kurdi
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al Majrashi
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayez Bahewareth
- King Faisal Hospital, Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Implications of differences in safety and hygiene control practices for microbial safety and aflatoxin M1 in an emerging dairy chain: The case of Tanzania. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kretchy JP, Dzodzomenyo M, Ayi I, Dwomoh D, Agyabeng K, Konradsen F, Dalsgaard A. Risk of faecal pollution among waste handlers in a resource-deprived coastal peri-urban settlement in Southern Ghana. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239587. [PMID: 33006973 PMCID: PMC7531843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resource-deprived coastal peri-urban settlements in Southern Ghana are characterized by indiscriminate solid waste disposal and open defecation practices. Persons engaged in waste handling in such communities perform their activities with little or no personal protective equipment. They are thus confronted with the risk of faecal pollution of the hands and other bodily parts. A mixed method approach was used to investigate 280 waste handlers performing different activities to estimate recent faecal pollution of their hands and to observe the utilization of personal protective equipment and sanitation/hygiene facilities during work. The log concentration of E. coli on hands of waste handlers after work (8.60 ± 4.20 CFU/hand, mean ± standard deviation) was significantly higher compared with the E. coli log concentration before work (2.95 ± 1.89 CFU/hand, mean ± standard deviation) (p<0.001). The odds of faecal pollution was significantly higher (aOR 4.2; 95% CI: 1.9-9.1) for workers aged 35 years and above compared with those less than 35 years; and for workers at public toilet facilities (aOR 3.0; 95% CI: 1.0-8.4) compared with those who worked for private waste handling companies. Female workers were, however, 60% less likely (aOR 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.8) to experience faecal pollution of their hands compared with males. The workers had limited access to water and sanitation and hygiene facilities, and about one-fifth (n = 59; 21.1%) did not use personal protective equipment during work. Waste handlers should be provided and instructed in proper use of personal protective equipment, have access to sanitation facilities and adopt improved hygiene behaviour to avoid the risk of faecal pollution and associated disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James-Paul Kretchy
- Department of Physician Assistantship Studies, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Central University, Miotso, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mawuli Dzodzomenyo
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Irene Ayi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Duah Dwomoh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kofi Agyabeng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Flemming Konradsen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Bendjama E, Loucif L, Chelaghma W, Attal C, Bellakh FZ, Benaldjia R, Kahlat I, Meddour A, Rolain JM. First detection of an OXA-48-producing Enterobacter cloacae isolate from currency coins in Algeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 23:162-166. [PMID: 32966913 PMCID: PMC7502170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
First report of blaOXA-48 gene in enterobacterial strain isolated from coins. Coins as a reservoir of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. First detection of CTX-M-27-producing Raoultella ornithinolytica from money. First detection of CTX-M-14-producing Escherichia coli from money.
Objectives The aim of this study was to screen for the presence of β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from Algerian currency collected from food vendors in Batna city, Algeria. Methods During two periods (May 2018 and March–April 2019), a total of 408 coins and currency notes of different denominations of Algerian Dinar were randomly recovered from several food vendors. Samples were subjected to selective isolation of extended-spectrum cephalosporin- and carbapenem-resistant GNB. Bacterial species identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method. Carbapenemase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes were searched for by real-time PCR, standard PCR and sequencing. The clonal relationship of carbapenemase-producing isolates was investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The transferability of the detected carbapenemase-encoding gene was verified by conjugation experiments. Results Twelve cefotaxime- and/or carbapenem-resistant strains were isolated in this study and were identified as Enterobacter cloacae, Raoultella ornithinolytica, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas libanensis and Pseudomonas stutzeri. The blaOXA-48 gene was detected in only one E. cloacae strain belonging to sequence type 108 (ST108), whilst the two R. ornithinolytica isolates harboured blaCTX-M-27 and one E. coli strain carried blaCTX-M-14. The detected blaOXA-48 gene was transferable by conjugation. Conclusions We report for the first time the detection of an OXA-48-producing E. cloacae isolate from money. This calls for consciousness development on the potential risks associated with poor handling of currency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Bendjama
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Molécules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Université Batna 2, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Algeria
| | - Lotfi Loucif
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Molécules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Université Batna 2, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Algeria.
| | - Widad Chelaghma
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée à l'Agroalimentaire au Biomédical et à l'Environnement, Département de Biologie, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid-Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Chahrazed Attal
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Molécules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Université Batna 2, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Algeria
| | - Fatma Zohra Bellakh
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Molécules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Université Batna 2, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Algeria
| | - Randa Benaldjia
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Molécules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Université Batna 2, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Algeria
| | - Imène Kahlat
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Molécules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Université Batna 2, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Algeria
| | - Amna Meddour
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Molécules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Université Batna 2, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Algeria
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
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8
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Ledo J, Hettinga KA, Luning PA. A customized assessment tool to differentiate safety and hygiene control practices in emerging dairy chains. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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9
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Barros ER, Pons W, Young I, McEwen SA, Papadopoulos A. The Effect of Food Handler Certification on Food Premises in Ontario, Canada. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:472-478. [PMID: 31934783 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although health units have implemented food handler certification to operators of food premises, evidence on its effectiveness to improve premise food safety remains inconclusive. Regression models were constructed using inspection data from a health unit in Ontario, Canada, to measure the effect of certification on premise inspection results. We found that premises without certified food handlers at the time of inspection were significantly more likely to fail inspections. The odds of inspection failure were significantly different depending on the premise's cultural cuisine classification. Independently owned establishments had lower odds of inspection failure versus chain operations. Inspector was a significant random effect explaining a small percentage of data variations. These results support the use of food handler certification to improve food safety outcomes at establishments. Further efforts should ensure training programs are accessible and relatable to premise operators, particularly those serving all types of cultural cuisines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Rafael Barros
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | - Wendy Pons
- School of Health and Life Science, Conestoga College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, Kitchener, Canada
| | - Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Scott A McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | - Andrew Papadopoulos
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
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A Novel Method for Sampling and Long-Term Monitoring of Microbes That Uses Stickers of Plain Paper. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00766-19. [PMID: 31126944 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00766-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of pathogens is crucial in food production areas. While it is well established, swabbing as a state-of-the-art sampling method offers several drawbacks with respect to yield, standardization, overall handling, and long-term monitoring. This led us to develop and evaluate a method that is easier to use at a lower cost and that should be at least as sensitive. After evaluating sundry promising materials, we tested text-marking paper stickers for their suitability to take up and release Listeria monocytogenes with their nonsticky paper side over a 14-day time period using quantitative PCR. The recovery rate was similar to that in previous studies using conventional swabs, and we also confirmed the feasibility of pooling besides resilience to cleansing and disinfection. In a proof-of-concept experiment that sampled several locations, such as door handles, the occurrences of L. monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were determined. The results suggest that the presented sticker system might offer a promising cost-effective alternative sampling system with improved handling characteristics.IMPORTANCE As a ubiquitous bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes has a propensity to enter food production areas inadvertently via fomites such as door handles and switches. While the bacterium might not be in direct contact with the food products, knowing the microbial status of the surroundings is essential for risk assessment. Our investigation into a novel quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based sampling system with the highest sensitivity and ability to monitor over long periods of time, yet based on paper, proved to be cost-effective and reasonably convenient to handle.
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El-Nemr I, Mushtaha M, Irungu P, Asim H, Tang P, Hasan M, Goktepe I. Assessment of Food Safety Knowledge, Self-Reported Practices, and Microbiological Hand Hygiene Levels of Produce Handlers in Qatar. J Food Prot 2019; 82:561-569. [PMID: 30907666 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Workers' hygiene is one of the most important risk factors in transferring pathogens to foods. Produce handlers lacked basic knowledge on personal hygiene and food safety. Produce handlers' hand hygiene levels were below set standards. This study is the first of its kind in the region; thus, it helps fill an existing knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa El-Nemr
- 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohanad Mushtaha
- 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Patrick Irungu
- 2 College of Business & Economics, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1419-143X [I.G.])
| | - Hammad Asim
- 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Patrick Tang
- 3 Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.,4 Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Hasan
- 3 Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.,4 Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ipek Goktepe
- 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Assessment of Dairy Product Safety Supervision in Sales Link: A Fuzzy-ANP Comprehensive Evaluation Method. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/1389879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An evaluation index system is developed to assess food safety supervision in the sales links of dairy products. Evaluation research is conducted using the fuzzy-ANP comprehensive evaluation model to assess the product safety supervision of dairy products in the sales link based on 307,705 survey data acquired from 1,501 online and offline dairy businesses in China. Evaluation results show that (1) the overall situation of dairy product safety supervision in the sales link is encumbered by the fact that the online situation of dairy product safety supervision in the sales link is general. It does not achieve a relatively good level; (2) the investment in food safety supervision of dairy products in the sales link is insufficient for the online e-commerce platforms. Especially, the processes of reviewing and approving relevant business sales qualification must be improved; (3) online business types do not directly determine the situation of dairy product safety supervision in the sales link, but the operating environment, sales staff quality, and warehousing management are common regulatory weaknesses; and (4) for offline provinces, the level of economic development can affect the situation of dairy product safety supervision in the sales link. Aside from emphasizing sales qualifications, economically backward provinces should improve the supervision of the operating environment, sales equipment, sanitary status of workers, and other aspects.
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Clark J, Crandall PG, O’Bryan C. Climbing the Intervention Ladder to handwashing compliance: A review and directions for future research. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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TEGEGNE H, PHYO H. Food safety knowledge, attitude and practices of meat handler in abattoir and retail meat shops of Jigjiga Town, Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2017; 58:E320-E327. [PMID: 29707664 PMCID: PMC5912786 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2017.58.4.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 91 meat handlers by using structured questionnaire to determine the food safety knowledge, attitude and practices in abattoir and retail meat shops of Jigjiga Town. The result shows that majority of the meat handlers were illiterate (30.8%) and primary school leaver (52.7%), and no one went through any food safety training except one meat inspector. The food-handlers' knowledge and safety practices were below acceptable level with the mean score of 13.12 ± 2.33 and 7.7 ± 2.1 respectively. Only few respondents knew about Staphylococcus aureus (3.3% correct answer), hepatitis A virus (19.8% correct answer), and E. coli (5.5% correct answer) as food borne pathogens. About 64% of meat handlers have good attitude about safety of food with mean of total score 14.4 ± 2. All respondents answer correctly questions about proper meat handling and hand washing but they did not translate into strict food hygiene practices. Chi2 analysis testing for the association between knowledge, attitude and practices did not show any significant association. It may be due to meat handlers' below acceptable level safety practices regardless of sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude. However, there was strong association between level of education and knowledge, and knowledge and hand washing (p < 0.05). There was also association between age and knowledge though it was not statistically significant. Thus, continuous education and hands on training for meat handlers that can enhance good safety practices through better understanding and positive attitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.A. TEGEGNE
- Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - H.W.W. PHYO
- Population Services International, Bahan Twonship, Yangon, Myanmar
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Abstract
Gloves can serve as barriers to decrease the transfer of microorganisms from hands to food. Glove changing by food vendors is particularly important when handling paper currency, as bills can carry and transmit microbes from person to person. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) To ascertain the extent to which gloves are changed after monetary transactions in food vendors at a major mall in New Jersey; and (2) to document the level of bacterial contamination and the presence of coliform bacteria on paper currency handled by these vendors. This study was conducted with two phases: Phase 1, in which 10 min of observation of food workers was completed followed by a monetary sample collection and testing, and Phase 2, in which 1 h of observations were conducted. During Phase 1, gloves were changed after 4 (2.3%) of the 174 transactions. All the dollar bills collected from all 17 vendors during Phase 1 exhibited bacterial contamination. The number of CFUs ranged from 1.18 × 107 to 1.13 × 1010, and bills collected from 6 of the 17 vendors (35.3%) tested positive for coliform bacteria. In Phase 2, gloves were changed after 3.35% of the 1193 transactions observed. This study makes the critical connection between the lack of compliance by food workers with the health code, and the contaminated money they may be handling while dispensing food.
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Ercoli L, Gallina S, Nia Y, Auvray F, Primavilla S, Guidi F, Pierucci B, Graziotti C, Decastelli L, Scuota S. Investigation of a Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Outbreak from a Chantilly Cream Dessert, in Umbria (Italy). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:407-413. [PMID: 28402712 PMCID: PMC5512467 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On August 28, 2015, a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak occurred in Umbria, Italy, affecting 24 of the 42 customers who had dinner at a local restaurant. About 3 h after ingesting a variety of foods, the customers manifested gastrointestinal symptoms. Within 24 h of notification from the hospital emergency department, Sanitary Inspectors of the local Public Health Unit performed an epidemiological investigation. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the customers. Food and environmental samples were collected. Due to the rapid onset of symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea), the food samples were analyzed for the presence of toxigenic bacteria and their toxins; nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the waiters and cooks. Among the food tested, high levels of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) (3.4 × 108 CFU/g) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (2.12 ng SEA/g) were only detected in the Chantilly cream dessert. CPS were also detected on the surface of a kitchen table (10 CFU/swab), and five food handlers were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. In total, five enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates were recovered from three food handlers, a kitchen surface, and the Chantilly cream dessert. These isolates were further characterized by biotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of eleven enterotoxin encoding genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sep, and ser) and three genes involved in antibiotic resistance (mecA, mecC, and mupA). Three sea-positive strains, isolated from the dessert, environment, and one of the cooks, had the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile and belonged to the human biotype, suggesting that the contamination causing the outbreak most likely originated from a food handler. Moreover, improper storage of the dessert, at room temperature for about 5 h, permitted microbial growth and SEA production. This study underlines the importance of both laboratory evidence and epidemiological data for outbreak investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ercoli
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche , Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Gallina
- 2 National Reference Laboratory Stafilococchi coagulasi positivi-Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Yacine Nia
- 3 Laboratory for Food Safety, Anses, Université Paris-Est , Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Frédéric Auvray
- 3 Laboratory for Food Safety, Anses, Université Paris-Est , Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sara Primavilla
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche , Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Guidi
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche , Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pierucci
- 4 Dipartimento Prevenzione Servizio Igiene Alimenti e Nutrizione, USL Umbria 1, Piazza Giovanni XXIII, Citta' di Castello, Italy
| | - Catia Graziotti
- 4 Dipartimento Prevenzione Servizio Igiene Alimenti e Nutrizione, USL Umbria 1, Piazza Giovanni XXIII, Citta' di Castello, Italy
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- 2 National Reference Laboratory Stafilococchi coagulasi positivi-Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Scuota
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche , Perugia, Italy
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17
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Thapaliya D, Forshey BM, Kadariya J, Quick MK, Farina S, O' Brien A, Nair R, Nworie A, Hanson B, Kates A, Wardyn S, Smith TC. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in commercially available meat over a one-year period in Iowa, USA. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:122-129. [PMID: 28399994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have confirmed the presence of S. aureus, including MRSA, on raw meat products. We investigated the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of S. aureus and MRSA in commercially-distributed antibiotic-free and conventional raw meat products (n = 3290) purchased in 8 Iowa retail stores weekly for a period of one year. Isolates were characterized using spa typing, and PCR was used to detect the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and mecA genes. Quantitation of S. aureus on meat products was carried out one week per month. The prevalence of S. aureus on meat samples was 27.8% (913/3290). Compared to antibiotic-free meat samples, higher prevalence of both MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) were found in conventional meat samples. Among the S. aureus isolates, 18 were PVL-positive (1.9%) and 41 (4.5%) carried mecA. Phenotypic oxacillin resistance was observed for 17.1% (41/239) of the isolates tested, while 23% (55/239) were multi-drug resistant. A total of 132 spa types were detected from 913 contaminated meat samples. Overall, t002 was the most common spa type identified (137; 15.0%). The number of colony-forming units (CFU) per 10 g meat ranged from 2 to 517 (median: 8 CFU per 10 g of meat; mean: 28) with the highest bacterial load observed on turkey samples. These data reinforce the need to consider meat products as potential vehicles of S. aureus transmission from farm into human households, and the potential need for public health intervention programs pre and post-slaughter in meat processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra Thapaliya
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States
| | - Brett M Forshey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States
| | - Jhalka Kadariya
- Kent State University, College of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, 750Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH, 44242, United States
| | - Megan K Quick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States
| | - Sarah Farina
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States
| | - Ashley O' Brien
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States
| | - Rajeshwari Nair
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States
| | - Amos Nworie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States
| | - Blake Hanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States
| | - Ashley Kates
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States
| | - Shylo Wardyn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States
| | - Tara C Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 2501 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA, 52241, United States; Kent State University, College of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, 750Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH, 44242, United States.
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18
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JESUS NLD, SERAFIM AL, MEDEIROS LB, PEIXOTO CDS, STANGARLIN-FIORI L. Intervention strategies for the reduction of microbiological contamination on the hands of food handlers. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.09116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Alsallaiy I, Dawson P, Han I, Martinez-Dawson R. Recovery, Survival and Transfer of Bacteria on Restaurant Menus. J Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibtehal Alsallaiy
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634
| | - Paul Dawson
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634
| | - Inyee Han
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634
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20
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Snyder HL, Niebuhr SE, Dickson JS. Transfer of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from retail pork products onto food contact surfaces and the potential for consumer exposure. J Food Prot 2013; 76:2087-92. [PMID: 24290687 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and has been isolated at low population numbers in retail meat products. The objectives of this study were to estimate the potential transfer of MRSA from contaminated retail pork products to food contact surfaces and to estimate the potential for human exposure to MRSA by contact with those contaminated surfaces. Pork loins, bacon, and fresh pork sausage were inoculated with a four-strain mixed MRSA culture over a range of populations from approximately 4 to 8 log, vacuum packaged, and stored for 2 weeks at 5°C to simulate normal packaging and distribution. Primary transfer was determined by placing inoculated products on knife blades, cutting boards, and a human skin model (pork skin) for 5 min. Secondary transfer was determined by placing an inoculated product on the contact surface, removing it, and then placing the secondary contact surface on the initial contact surface. A pork skin model was used to simulate transfer to human skin by placing it into contact with the contact surface. The percentages of transfer for primary transfer from the inoculated products to the cutting board ranged from 39 to 49%, while the percentages of transfer to the knife ranged from 17 to 42%. The percentages of transfer from the inoculated products to the pork skin ranged from 26 to 36%. The secondary transfer percentages ranged from 2.2 to 5.2% across all products and contact surfaces. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the amounts of transfer between transfer surfaces and across cell concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Snyder
- Department of Animal Science, Food Safety Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, 2292 Kildee Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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21
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Gallina S, Bianchi DM, Bellio A, Nogarol C, Macori G, Zaccaria T, Biorci F, Carraro E, Decastelli L. Staphylococcal poisoning foodborne outbreak: epidemiological investigation and strain genotyping. J Food Prot 2013; 76:2093-8. [PMID: 24290688 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In June 2011, an outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin food poisoning gastroenteritis occurred in Turin, Italy, following a catered dinner party at a private home. Within a few hours, 26 of the 47 guests experienced gastrointestinal illness, and 9 were hospitalized. A retrospective cohort study using a standardized questionnaire was carried out, and the risk ratios for each food item were calculated. The analysis indicated consumption of seafood salad as the most probable cause of the outbreak (risk ratio = 11.72; 95 % confidence interval, 1.75 to 78.54). Biological samples were collected from four of the hospitalized guests (stool and vomit), nasal mucosa swabs from three food handlers employed with the caterer, and available food residuals. All stool and vomit samples tested positive for enterotoxigenic S. aureus. As residues of the seafood salad were no longer available for sampling, suspected contamination could not be verified. However, no other food was found contaminated by S. aureus or its enterotoxins. All isolates from the biological samples were characterized at the genomic level by means of two multiplex PCR protocols to determine the presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing to describe their genetic profiles. All the isolates presented genes encoding SEA and SEI; the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genetic profiles revealed the same pulsotype in the microorganism isolated from the hospitalized guests as in one of the isolates from a food handler's nasal mucosa, and the spa typing analysis reported two closely related spa types (t701 and t267), implicating the food handler as the most likely outbreak source.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gallina
- National Reference Laboratory Stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus-Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna, 148-10154 Torino, Italy
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22
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Context factors affecting design and operation of food safety management systems in the fresh produce chain. Trends Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Kirezieva K, Jacxsens L, Uyttendaele M, Van Boekel MA, Luning PA. Assessment of Food Safety Management Systems in the global fresh produce chain. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Margas E, Maguire E, Berland CR, Welander F, Holah JT. Assessment of the environmental microbiological cross contamination following hand drying with paper hand towels or an air blade dryer. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:572-82. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Margas
- Campden BRI; Chipping Campden; Gloucestershire UK
| | - E. Maguire
- Campden BRI; Chipping Campden; Gloucestershire UK
| | | | | | - J. T. Holah
- Campden BRI; Chipping Campden; Gloucestershire UK
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25
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Contamination. PLASMA MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511902598.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Todd ECD, Greig JD, Michaels BS, Bartleson CA, Smith D, Holah J. Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 11. Use of antiseptics and sanitizers in community settings and issues of hand hygiene compliance in health care and food industries. J Food Prot 2010; 73:2306-20. [PMID: 21219754 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hand washing with soap is a practice that has long been recognized as a major barrier to the spread of disease in food production, preparation, and service and in health care settings, including hospitals, child care centers, and elder care facilities. Many of these settings present multiple opportunities for spread of pathogens within at-risk populations, and extra vigilance must be applied. Unfortunately, hand hygiene is not always carried out effectively, and both enteric and respiratory diseases are easily spread in these environments. Where water is limited or frequent hand hygiene is required on a daily basis, such as for many patients in hospitals and astronauts in space travel, instant sanitizers or sanitary wipes are thought to be an effective way of preventing contamination and spread of organisms among coworkers and others. Most concerns regarding compliance are associated with the health care field, but the food industry also must be considered. Specific reasons for not washing hands at appropriate times are laziness, time pressure, inadequate facilities and supplies, lack of accountability, and lack of involvement by companies, managers, and workers in supporting proper hand washing. To facilitate improvements in hand hygiene, measurement of compliant and noncompliant actions is necessary before implementing any procedural changes. Training alone is not sufficient for long-lasting improvement. Multiactivity strategies also must include modification of the organization culture to encourage safe hygienic practices, motivation of employees willing to use peer pressure on noncompliant coworkers, a reward and/or penalty system, and an operational design that facilitates regular hand hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen C D Todd
- Department of Advertising, Public Relations and Retailing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Todd ECD, Michaels BS, Holah J, Smith D, Greig JD, Bartleson CA. Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 10. Alcohol-based antiseptics for hand disinfection and a comparison of their effectiveness with soaps. J Food Prot 2010; 73:2128-40. [PMID: 21219730 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.11.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol compounds are increasingly used as a substitute for hand washing in health care environments and some public places because these compounds are easy to use and do not require water or hand drying materials. However, the effectiveness of these compounds depends on how much soil (bioburden) is present on the hands. Workers in health care environments and other public places must wash their hands before using antiseptics and/or wearing gloves. However, alcohol-based antiseptics, also called rubs and sanitizers, can be very effective for rapidly destroying some pathogens by the action of the aqueous alcohol solution without the need for water or drying with towels. Alcohol-based compounds seem to be the most effective treatment against gram-negative bacteria on lightly soiled hands, but antimicrobial soaps are as good or better when hands are more heavily contaminated. Instant sanitizers have no residual effect, unlike some antimicrobial soaps that retain antimicrobial activity after the hygienic action has been completed, e.g., after hand washing. Many alcohol-based hand rubs have antimicrobial agents added to them, but each formulation must be evaluated against the target pathogens in the environment of concern before being considered for use. Wipes also are widely used for quick cleanups of hands, other body parts, and surfaces. These wipes often contain alcohol and/or antimicrobial compounds and are used for personal hygiene where water is limited. However, antiseptics and wipes are not panaceas for every situation and are less effective in the presence of more than a light soil load and against most enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen C D Todd
- Department of Advertising, Public Relations and Retailing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Todd ECD, Michaels BS, Smith D, Greig JD, Bartleson CA. Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 9. Washing and drying of hands to reduce microbial contamination. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1937-55. [PMID: 21067683 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.10.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During various daily activities at home and work, hands quickly become contaminated. Some activities increase the risk of finger contamination by pathogens more than others, such as the use of toilet paper to clean up following a diarrheal episode, changing the diaper of a sick infant, blowing a nose, or touching raw food materials. Many foodborne outbreak investigation reports have identified the hands of food workers as the source of pathogens in the implicated food. The most convenient and efficient way of removing pathogens from hands is through hand washing. Important components of hand washing are potable water for rinsing and soaps to loosen microbes from the skin. Hand washing should occur after any activity that soils hands and certainly before preparing, serving, or eating food. Antimicrobial soaps are marginally more effective than plain soaps, but constant use results in a buildup of the antimicrobial compound on the skin. The time taken to wash hands and the degree of friction generated during lathering are more important than water temperature for removing soil and microorganisms. However, excessive washing and scrubbing can cause skin damage and infections. Drying hands with a towel removes pathogens first by friction during rubbing with the drying material and then by wicking away the moisture into that material. Paper rather than cloth towels should be encouraged, although single-use cloth towels are present in the washrooms of higher class hotels and restaurants. Warm air dryers remove moisture and any surface microorganisms loosened by washing from hands by evaporation while the hands are rubbed together vigorously; however, these dryers take too long for efficient use. The newer dryers with high-speed air blades can achieve dryness in 10 to 15 s without hand rubbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen C D Todd
- Department of Advertising Public Relations and Retailing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Todd ECD, Michaels BS, Greig JD, Smith D, Bartleson CA. Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 8. Gloves as barriers to prevent contamination of food by workers. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1762-73. [PMID: 20828485 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.9.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The role played by food workers and other individuals in the contamination of food has been identified as an important contributing factor leading to foodborne outbreaks. To prevent direct bare hand contact with food and food surfaces, many jurisdictions have made glove use compulsory for food production and preparation. When properly used, gloves can substantially reduce opportunities for food contamination. However, gloves have limitations and may become a source of contamination if they are punctured or improperly used. Experiments conducted in clinical and dental settings have revealed pinhole leaks in gloves. Although such loss of glove integrity can lead to contamination of foods and surfaces, in the food industry improper use of gloves is more likely than leakage to lead to food contamination and outbreaks. Wearing jewelry (e.g., rings) and artificial nails is discouraged because these items can puncture gloves and allow accumulation of microbial populations under them. Occlusion of the skin during long-term glove use in food operations creates the warm, moist conditions necessary for microbial proliferation and can increase pathogen transfer onto foods through leaks or exposed skin or during glove removal. The most important issue is that glove use can create a false sense of security, resulting in more high-risk behaviors that can lead to cross-contamination when employees are not adequately trained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen C D Todd
- Department of Advertising Public Relations and Retailing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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