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Li Y, Liu H, Mu C, Gu J, Li C. Probing the interaction between encapsulated ethoxyquin and its β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex with bovine serum albumin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123259. [PMID: 37634329 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Ethoxyquin (EQ) is a synthetic antioxidant that is derived from quinolines and found in many meat products. EQ is strictly regulated in feed due to its potential health implications. An investigation of the interaction mechanism between EQ and transporter protein before and after β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) encapsulation was conducted with the use of multi-spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and molecular docking. EQ formed complexes with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and affected secondary structure and microenvironment polarity of BSA. However, at 298 K, EQ's fluorescence quenching constants decreased from (9.81 ± 0.05) × 103 L mol-1 to (4.94 ± 0.09) × 103 L mol-1, binding constants decreased from (10.28 ± 0.02) × 103 L mol-1 to (2.08 ± 0.07) × 103 L mol-1, after encapsulation in β-CD as well as the binding distance increased. β-CD contains part of EQ in its hydrophobic cavity, inhibiting its binding to BSA. β-CD inclusion complex prevented adverse effects of EQ on BSA conformation. However, β-CD encapsulation had no effect on EQ's antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
| | - Chunyu Mu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
| | - Jiali Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China.
| | - Chun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
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2
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Korzhenko O, Führer P, Göldner V, Olthuis W, Odijk M, Karst U. Microfluidic Electrochemistry Meets Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-In Situ Generation, Separation, and Detection of Isomeric Conjugates of Paracetamol and Ethoxyquin. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12740-12747. [PMID: 34495637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 3 decades, electrochemistry (EC) has been successfully applied in phase I and phase II metabolism simulation studies. The electrochemically generated phase I metabolite-like oxidation products can react with selected reagents to form phase II conjugates. During conjugate formation, the generation of isomeric compounds is possible. Such isomeric conjugates are often separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Here, we demonstrate a powerful approach that combines EC with ion mobility spectrometry to separate possible isomeric conjugates. In detail, we present the hyphenation of a microfluidic electrochemical chip with an integrated mixer coupled online to trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) and time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (ToF-HRMS), briefly chipEC-TIMS-ToF-HRMS. This novel method achieves results in several minutes, which is much faster than traditional separation approaches like HPLC, and was applied to the drug paracetamol and the controversial feed preservative ethoxyquin. The analytes were oxidized in situ in the electrochemical microfluidic chip under formation of reactive intermediates and mixed with different thiol-containing reagents to form conjugates. These were analyzed by TIMS-ToF-HRMS to identify possible isomers. It was observed that the oxidation products of both paracetamol and ethoxyquin form two isomeric conjugates, which are characterized by different ion mobilities, with each reagent. Therefore, using this hyphenated technique, it is possible to not only form reactive oxidation products and their conjugates in situ but also separate and detect these isomeric conjugates within only a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Korzhenko
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Pascal Führer
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Stoeckelhuber M, Scherer M, Bracher F, Peschel O, Leibold E, Scherer G, Pluym N. Development of a human biomonitoring method for assessing the exposure to ethoxyquin in the general population. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:4209-4217. [PMID: 32840639 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethoxyquin (EQ) is commonly used as an antioxidant in animal feeds. Although EQ is not permitted for usage in food products for humans within the EU, residues of EQ and its transformation products could be determined in food of animal origin. Despite its widespread use and concerns on its toxicological profile, no information about the systemic exposure to EQ in the general population is available. Hence, we developed a human biomonitoring (HBM) method for EQ. Our approach included a metabolism study with five subjects, who were administered an oral dose of 0.005 mg EQ/kg body weight. Unchanged EQ and the major metabolite 2,2,4-trimethyl-6(2H)-quinolinone (EQI) were identified as urinary excretion products of EQ. While small amounts of EQ could be determined in high concentrated samples from the metabolism study only, 28.5% of the orally applied EQ dose could be recovered as EQI. Toxicokinetic parameters were determined for EQI, the potential biomarker of exposure. In addition, an analytical method for EQI (LOQ = 0.03 µg/L) in urine based on UHPLC-MS/MS comprising enzymatic glucuronide hydrolysis and salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction was developed, validated and applied to 53 urine samples from the general population. EQI could be quantified in 11 (21%) of the samples in levels up to 1.7 µg/L urine, proving the suitability of the developed method for the intended purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Stoeckelhuber
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Scherer
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Peschel
- Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität München, Nussbaumstr. 26, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Edgar Leibold
- BASF SE, Product Safety, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scherer
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Nikola Pluym
- Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany.
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Merel S, Regueiro J, Berntssen MH, Hannisdal R, Ørnsrud R, Negreira N. Identification of ethoxyquin and its transformation products in salmon after controlled dietary exposure via fish feed. Food Chem 2019; 289:259-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Berntssen MHG, Hoogenveen R, Bernhard A, Lundebye AK, Ørnsrud R, Zeilmaker MJ. Modelling of the feed-to-fillet transfer of ethoxyquin and one of its main metabolites, ethoxyquin dimer, to the fillet of farmed Atlantic salmon ( Salmon salar L.). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1042-1054. [PMID: 31063084 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1605208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethoxyquin (EQ) is an antioxidant supplemented to feed ingredients, mainly fish meal, which is currently under re-evaluation for use in the food production chain. EQ is partly metabolized into several metabolites of which the ethoxyquin dimer (EQDM) accumulates most in the farmed fish fillet. In this study, the feed-to-fillet transfer of dietary EQ and EQDM in Atlantic salmon fillet was investigated, and a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK-) two-compartmental model was developed, based on experimental determined EQ and EQDM uptake, metabolism, and elimination kinetics. The model was verified with an external data-set and used to simulate the long term (>1.5 years) EQ and EQDM feed-to fillet transfer in Atlantic salmon under realistic farming conditions such as the seasonal fluctuations in feed intake, growth, and fillet fat deposition. The model predictions showed that initial EQDM levels in juvenile fish are the driving factor in final levels found in food-producing animals, while for EQ the levels in feed, and seasonal variations were the driving factor for food EQ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H G Berntssen
- a Department of Feed Safety , Institute of Marine Research (IMR) , Bergen , Norway
| | - R Hoogenveen
- b RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - A Bernhard
- a Department of Feed Safety , Institute of Marine Research (IMR) , Bergen , Norway
| | - A-K Lundebye
- a Department of Feed Safety , Institute of Marine Research (IMR) , Bergen , Norway
| | - R Ørnsrud
- a Department of Feed Safety , Institute of Marine Research (IMR) , Bergen , Norway
| | - M J Zeilmaker
- b RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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Bernhard A, Rasinger JD, Betancor MB, Caballero MJ, Berntssen MHG, Lundebye AK, Ørnsrud R. Tolerance and dose-response assessment of subchronic dietary ethoxyquin exposure in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211128. [PMID: 30682099 PMCID: PMC6347454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethoxyquin (EQ; 6-Ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) has been used as an antioxidant in feed components for pets, livestock and aquaculture. However, possible risks of EQ used in aquafeed for fish health have not yet been characterized. The present study investigated the toxicity and dose-response of subchronic dietary EQ exposure at doses ranging from 41 to 9666 mg EQ/kg feed in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Feed at concentrations higher than 1173 mg EQ/kg were rejected by the fish, resulting in reduced feed intake and growth performance. No mortality was observed in fish exposed to any of the doses. A multi-omic screening of metabolome and proteome in salmon liver indicated an effect of dietary EQ on bioenergetics pathways and hepatic redox homeostasis in fish fed concentrations above 119 mg EQ/kg feed. Increased energy expenditure associated with an upregulation of hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation and induction and carbohydrate catabolic pathways resulted in a dose-dependent depletion of intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles in liver histological sections, decreasing whole body lipid levels and altered purine/pyrimidine metabolism. Increased GSH and TBARS in the liver indicated a state of oxidative stress, which was associated with activation of the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response and glutathione-mediated detoxification processes. However, no oxidative DNA damage was observed. As manifestation of altered energy metabolism, the depletion of liver intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles was considered the critical endpoint for benchmark dose assessment, and a BMDL10 of 243 mg EQ/kg feed was derived as a safe upper limit of EQ exposure in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica B. Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Maria José Caballero
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Egloff S, Pietsch C. Ethoxyquin: a feed additive that poses a risk for aquatic life. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 131:39-48. [PMID: 30324913 DOI: 10.3354/dao03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethoxyquin (EQ) is an antioxidant that has, to date, been commonly used in feed production. Reports on the detrimental effects of this substance on vertebrates are growing, but effects in aquatic systems have rarely been described. Therefore, the present study was conducted using serial concentrations of EQ ranging from 0.03 to 16.5 mg l-1 to determine effects on 3 types of aquatic organisms. In zebrafish, 5 mg l-1 EQ caused mortality (25%) and a further 62.5% of the embryos showed yolk sac edema as well as deformed bodies or missing eyes. Furthermore, all the investigated EQ concentrations decreased the heart rate of the embryos. The lowest observed effect level was 0.31 mg l-1. In addition to zebrafish, the study also used water fleas Daphnia magna and green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris). These treatments revealed that daphnids are also sensitive to EQ, exhibiting detrimental effects with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 2.65 mg l-1 after 48 h of exposure. The algae appeared to be at least 2 times less sensitive to EQ than fish embryos or daphnids. The results were used to calculate the risk for aquatic life resulting in a maximum tolerable level of 1 µg l-1 for fish embryos and daphnids, with a safety factor of 300. According to current knowledge, this does not exceed environmental concentrations of this substance. However, this study raises further concern about the (until recently) legal maximum tolerable EQ levels in fish feeding and the rather slow pace at which authorization to use EQ as a feed additive for diverse animals in Europe is being suspended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Egloff
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Grüental, PO Box 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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8
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Bernhard A, Rasinger JD, Wisløff H, Kolbjørnsen Ø, Secher Myrmel L, Berntssen MH, Lundebye AK, Ørnsrud R, Madsen L. Subchronic dietary exposure to ethoxyquin dimer induces microvesicular steatosis in male BALB/c mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:608-625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Vandeput M, Rodríguez-Gómez R, Izere AM, Zafra-Gómez A, De Braekeleer K, Delporte C, Van Antwerpen P, Kauffmann JM. Electrochemical Studies of Ethoxyquin and its Determination in Salmon Samples by Flow Injection Analysis with an Amperometric Dual Detector. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vandeput
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Université libre de Bruxelles; Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine CP 205/06, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Rocío Rodríguez-Gómez
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Université libre de Bruxelles; Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine CP 205/06, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Ange-Michaëlla Izere
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Université libre de Bruxelles; Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine CP 205/06, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Granada; Campus of Fuentenueva E-18071 Granada Spain
| | - Kris De Braekeleer
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Université libre de Bruxelles; Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine CP 205/06, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Analytical Platform, Faculty of Pharmacy; Université libre de Bruxelles; Boulevard du Triomphe Campus Plaine CP 205/05, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Analytical Platform, Faculty of Pharmacy; Université libre de Bruxelles; Boulevard du Triomphe Campus Plaine CP 205/05, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Université libre de Bruxelles; Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine CP 205/06, 1050 Brussels Belgium
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10
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Liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection for the determination of ethoxyquin and its dimer in pear skin and salmon samples. Talanta 2017; 177:157-162. [PMID: 29108570 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ethoxyquin (EQ) is widely used as a synthetic antioxidant in animal feed, an antiscalding agent in apples and pears and as a color preservative in some spices. Since the presence of EQ in food products could cause negative health effects it is necessary to develop reliable analytical methods to evaluate the risk of human exposure. In this work, a sensitive, selective and accurate method based on solid-liquid extraction followed by clean-up with solid sorbent and liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection analysis with boron doped diamond electrode (LC-EC) for the determination of ethoxyquin and its dimer (EQDM) in pear skin and salmon samples, was developed. The method was validated according to the European Commission guidelines. The main variables of extraction were accurately optimized. The amounts of solid sorbents for clean-up procedure were optimized by using experimental design. A Box-Behnken design to obtain the optimum conditions was applied. For validation, a matrix-matched calibration was established and a recovery assay with spiked samples was carried out. The limits of detection (LODs) found were 0.05 and 0.1mgkg-1 for EQ and its dimer, respectively. The precision (as relative standard deviation, RSD) was lower than 15% with recoveries of compounds close to 100% in spiked samples.
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Negreira N, Regueiro J, Valdersnes S, Berntssen MHG, Ørnsrud R. Comprehensive characterization of ethoxyquin transformation products in fish feed by traveling-wave ion mobility spectrometry coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 965:72-82. [PMID: 28366214 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Feed additives are typically used in intensive farming production over long periods, and hence, they can accumulate in farmed animal tissues. Concerns regarding the use of ethoxyquin as an antioxidant feed additive, have recently arisen due to its potential conversion into a series of transformation products (TPs). The aim of this work was to characterize the TPs of ethoxyquin in fish feed by a novel approach based on the use of traveling-wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS). First, ethoxyquin was oxidized under controlled conditions and the generated TPs were added to a comprehensive database. Atlantic salmon feeds were then screened for ethoxyquin TPs using both targeted and untargeted approaches. Twenty-seven TPs were tentatively identified during the oxidation experiments, fifteen of them also being present in the feed samples. In addition, ten other potential TPs were detected in fish feed following the untargeted approach. Thirty-one of these TPs have been reported for the first time in this work through the oxidation experiments and the feed samples. Therefore, this study provides valuable information on the oxidative fate of ethoxyquin in feed, which can be used for future evaluations of potential risk related to this additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Negreira
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway; Institute for Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. http://www.nifes.no
| | - Jorge Regueiro
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Stig Valdersnes
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Robin Ørnsrud
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
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Safety and efficacy of ethoxyquin (6‐ethoxy‐1,2‐dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline) for all animal species. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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13
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Błaszczyk A, Skolimowski J. Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Ethoxyquin Used As an Antioxidant. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.994817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ethoxyquin: An Antioxidant Used in Animal Feed. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2013; 2013:585931. [PMID: 26904606 PMCID: PMC4745505 DOI: 10.1155/2013/585931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ethoxyquin (EQ, 6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) is widely used in animal feed in order to protect it against lipid peroxidation. EQ cannot be used in any food for human consumption (except spices, e.g., chili), but it can pass from feed to farmed fish, poultry, and eggs, so human beings can be exposed to this antioxidant. The manufacturer Monsanto Company (USA) performed a series of tests on ethoxyquin which showed its safety. Nevertheless, some harmful effects in animals and people occupationally exposed to it were observed in 1980's which resulted in the new studies undertaken to reevaluate its toxicity. Here, we present the characteristics of the compound and results of the research, concerning, for example, products of its metabolism and oxidation or searching for new antioxidants on the EQ backbone.
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Fotie J, Rhodus JL, Taha HA, Reid CS. C-N Coupling of 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline Derivatives via a Silver(I)-Catalyzed Direct Functionalization of a C-H Bond. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Fotie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics; Southeastern Louisiana University; Hammond; LA 70402
| | - Jessica L. Rhodus
- Department of Chemistry and Physics; Southeastern Louisiana University; Hammond; LA 70402
| | - Hashem A. Taha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus; OH 43210
| | - Carolyn S. Reid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus; OH 43210
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