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Kortei NK, Annan T, Boakye AA, Essuman EK, Tettey CO, Kyei-Baffour V. Aflatoxin M 1 exposure in a fermented millet-based milk beverage 'brukina' and its cancer risk characterization in Greater Accra, Ghana. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12562. [PMID: 35869134 PMCID: PMC9307601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brukina is a millet based fermented milk product which is consumed as a beverage in Ghana. It is however prone to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination, which is a serious health challenge for low and middle-income countries in subtropical regions. This study aimed at evaluating AFM1 levels and cancer risks associated with brukina (n = 150) sampled from different locations of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. AFM1 were measured with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) connected to a Fluorescence Detector (FLD).Cancer risk assessments were also conducted using models prescribed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Additives (JECFA). Out of the 150 samples analyzed for AFM1, 80/150 (53%) tested positive between the range 0.00 ± 0.001-3.14 ± 0.77 µg/kg. Cancer risk assessments of AFM1 produced outcomes which ranged between 0.64 and 1.88 ng/kg bw/day, 0.31-9.40, 0.0323, and 1.94 × 10-3-0.06 for cases/100,000 person/yr for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Index (H.I), Average Potency, and Cancer Risks respectively for all age categories investigated. It was concluded that the consumption of brukina posed adverse health effects on the majority of the age categories in the different locations of Greater Accra Region since the calculated H.Is were greater than one (> 1). Therefore, contamination of brukina with AFM1 should be considered a high priority in public health and Ghana's cancer risk management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Theophilus Annan
- Food Microbiology Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adjoa Agyemang Boakye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Edward Ken Essuman
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Clement Okraku Tettey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei-Baffour
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
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Aflatoxin M1 Contamination of Ghanaian Traditional Soft Cottage Cheese (Wagashie) and Health Risks Associated with Its Consumption. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7595545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wagashie is an unripened traditional cheese consumed in West Africa including Ghana. Being a milk product, it is unfortunately susceptible to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination, which is indeed a grave health challenge globally. This study evaluated AFM1 levels and health risk characterization associated with wagashie (n = 182) sampled from different locations in Ghana. AFM1 was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). Risk assessments were also conducted using models prescribed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Out of the 182 samples analyzed for AFM1, 93/182 (51.1%) tested positive between the range 0.00 ± 0.00–3.60 ± 0.99 µg/kg. Risk assessments of AFM1 using deterministic models produced outcomes that ranged between 0.11 and 3.60 ng/kg bw/day, 0.09–1.54, 0–0.0323 ng aflatoxins/kg bw/day, and 3.5 x 10−3 −0.06 cases/100,000 person/yr for estimated daily intake (EDI), margin of exposure (MOE), average potency, and cancer risks, respectively, for the age categories investigated. It was established that the consumption of wagashie posed adverse health effects on all age categories in the selected regions of the study because all calculated MOE values were less than 100,000. Therefore, contamination of wagashie with AFM1 should be a serious public health concern and as such considered a high precedence for Ghana’s risk management actions.
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Kortei NK, Annan T, Kyei-Baffour V, Essuman EK, Boakye AA, Tettey CO, Boadi NO. Exposure assessment and cancer risk characterization of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) through ingestion of raw cow milk in southern Ghana. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1189-1197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Mamo FT, Abate BA, Zheng Y, Nie C, He M, Liu Y. Distribution of Aspergillus Fungi and Recent Aflatoxin Reports, Health Risks, and Advances in Developments of Biological Mitigation Strategies in China. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:678. [PMID: 34678973 PMCID: PMC8541519 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites that represent serious threats to human and animal health. They are mainly produced by strains of the saprophytic fungus Aspergillus flavus, which are abundantly distributed across agricultural commodities. AF contamination is receiving increasing attention by researchers, food producers, and policy makers in China, and several interesting review papers have been published, that mainly focused on occurrences of AFs in agricultural commodities in China. The goal of this review is to provide a wider scale and up-to-date overview of AF occurrences in different agricultural products and of the distribution of A. flavus across different food and feed categories and in Chinese traditional herbal medicines in China, for the period 2000-2020. We also highlight the health impacts of chronic dietary AF exposure, the recent advances in biological AF mitigation strategies in China, and recent Chinese AF standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firew Tafesse Mamo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Food Safety Research Centre, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (C.N.); (M.H.)
- Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute, Addis Ababa 5954, Ethiopia;
| | | | - Yougquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Chengrong Nie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Food Safety Research Centre, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (C.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Mingjun He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Food Safety Research Centre, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (C.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Food Safety Research Centre, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (C.N.); (M.H.)
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Cha M, Wang E, Hao Y, Ji S, Huang S, Zhao L, Wang W, Shao W, Wang Y, Li S. Adsorbents Reduce Aflatoxin M 1 Residue in Milk of Healthy Dairy Cow Exposed to Moderate Level Aflatoxin B 1 in Diet and Its Exposure Risk for Humans. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090665. [PMID: 34564669 PMCID: PMC8470591 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of moderate risk level (8 µg/kg) AFB1 in diet supplemented with or without adsorbents on lactation performance, serum parameters, milk AFM1 content of healthy lactating cows and the AFM1 residue exposure risk in different human age groups. Forty late healthy lactating Holstein cows (270 ± 22 d in milk; daily milk yield 21 ± 3.1 kg/d) were randomly assigned to four treatments: control diet without AFB1 and adsorbents (CON), CON with 8 μg/kg AFB1 (dry matter basis, AF), AF + 15 g/d adsorbent 1 (AD1), AF + 15 g/d adsorbent 2 (AD2). The experiment lasted for 19 days, including an AFB1-challenge phase (day 1 to 14) and an AFB1-withdraw phase (day 15 to 19). Results showed that both AFB1 and adsorbents treatments had no significant effects on the DMI, milk yield, 3.5% FCM yield, milk components and serum parameters. Compared with the AF, AD1 and AD2 had significantly lower milk AFM1 concentrations (93 ng/L vs. 46 ng/L vs. 51 ng/L) and transfer rates of dietary AFB1 into milk AFM1 (1.16% vs. 0.57% vs. 0.63%) (p < 0.05). Children aged 2–4 years old had the highest exposure risk to AFM1 in milk in AF, with an EDI of 1.02 ng/kg bw/day and a HI of 5.11 (HI > 1 indicates a potential risk for liver cancer). Both AD1 and AD2 had obviously reductions in EDI and HI for all population groups, whereas, the EDI (≥0.25 ng/kg bw/day) and HI (≥1.23) of children aged 2–11 years old were still higher than the suggested tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.20 ng/kg bw/day and 1.00 (HI). In conclusion, moderate risk level AFB1 in the diet of healthy lactating cows could cause a public health hazard and adding adsorbents in the dairy diet is an effective measure to remit AFM1 residue in milk and its exposure risk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqian Cha
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Erdan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yangyi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shoukun Ji
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China;
| | - Shuai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wei Shao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shengli Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (M.C.); (W.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-1254
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Chhaya RS, O'Brien J, Cummins E. Feed to fork risk assessment of mycotoxins under climate change influences - recent developments. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Kaur S, Bedi JS, Dhaka P, Vijay D, Aulakh RS. Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxin M1 through consumption of market milk and milk products in Ludhiana, Punjab. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tumukunde E, Ma G, Li D, Yuan J, Qin L, Wang S. Current research and prevention of aflatoxins in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1960s, aflatoxins were found to have a considerable impact on the health of humans and animals as well as the country’s economy and international trade. Aflatoxins are often found in nuts, cereals and animal feeds, which has a significant danger to the food industry. Over the years, several steps have been undertaken worldwide to minimise their contamination in crops and their exposure to humans and animals. China is one of the largest exporters and importers of food and animal feed. As a result, many studies have been carried out in China related to aflatoxins, including their distribution, pollution, detection methods, monitoring, testing and managing. Chinese scientists studied aflatoxins in microbiological, toxicological, ecological effects as well as policies relating to their controlling. China has thus put into practice a number of strategies aiming at the prevention and control of aflatoxins in order to protect consumers and ensure a safe trade of food and feed, and the status and enlargement of these strategies are very important and useful for many consumers and stakeholders in China. Therefore, this article aims at the detriment assessments, regulations, distribution, detection methods, prevention and control of aflatoxins in China. It equally provides useful information about the recent safety management systems in place to fight the contamination of aflatoxins in food and feed in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Tumukunde
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - G. Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - D. Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - J. Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - L. Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
| | - S. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China P.R
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9
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Matumba L, Kimanya M, Chunga-Sambo W, Munthali M, Ayalew A. Probabilistic dietary based estimation of the burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma among adult Malawians. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The risk of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among adults (average body weight of 60 kg) in Malawi was assessed based on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure through groundnut and maize consumption, by Monte Carlo simulation. The risk (cases per year per 100,000 people) of aflatoxin-induced HCC was estimated based on the AFB1 exposures estimated by this study and hepatitis B virus infection prevalence published for Malawi. AFB1 exposures were estimated by probabilistically combining data of AFB1 contamination in 338 groundnut and 604 maize samples with data of per capita groundnut and maize consumption in 274 households. Aflatoxins in the samples were analysed using validated LC-MS/MS, HPLC and VICAM based methods. The groundnut and maize consumption survey was based on household expenditure technique. The simulated mean AFB1 exposures through consumption of groundnuts, maize, and combination thereof were 28±65, 42±174, and 71±211 ng/kg. body weight (bw)/day, respectively. The estimated HCC risks were 1.26±2.72, 1.86±6.66 and 3.10±6.85 cases per 100,000 persons per year, respectively. Further, hypothetical eradication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reduced the risk of HCC by 78%. This reaffirms the need for integrating HBV vaccination in the fight of aflatoxin induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Matumba
- Food Technology and Nutrition Group, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, (LUANAR), NRC campus, P.O. Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - M. Kimanya
- The Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, P.O. Box 3243, Roosevelt Street, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences, Nelson Mandela – African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - W. Chunga-Sambo
- The Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, P.O. Box 3243, Roosevelt Street, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - M. Munthali
- Department of Agricultural Research Services, Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, P.O. Box 158, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - A. Ayalew
- The Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, P.O. Box 3243, Roosevelt Street, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Mahato DK, Lee KE, Kamle M, Devi S, Dewangan KN, Kumar P, Kang SG. Aflatoxins in Food and Feed: An Overview on Prevalence, Detection and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2266. [PMID: 31636616 PMCID: PMC6787635 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins produced by the Aspergillus species are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and cause severe contamination to food sources, leading to serious health consequences. Contaminations by aflatoxins have been reported in food and feed, such as groundnuts, millet, sesame seeds, maize, wheat, rice, fig, spices and cocoa due to fungal infection during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Besides these food products, commercial products like peanut butter, cooking oil and cosmetics have also been reported to be contaminated by aflatoxins. Even a low concentration of aflatoxins is hazardous for human and livestock. The identification and quantification of aflatoxins in food and feed is a major challenge to guarantee food safety. Therefore, developing feasible, sensitive and robust analytical methods is paramount for the identification and quantification of aflatoxins present in low concentrations in food and feed. There are various chromatographic and sensor-based methods used for the detection of aflatoxins. The current review provides insight into the sources of contamination, occurrence, detection techniques, and masked mycotoxin, in addition to management strategies of aflatoxins to ensure food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra K. Mahato
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, India
| | | | - Krishna N. Dewangan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, India
| | - Sang G. Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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Moghaddam AF, Rychlik M, Hosseini H, Janat B, Yazdanpanah H, AliAbadi MS. Risk associated with the intake of aflatoxin M1 from milk in Iran. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 is an oxidative metabolite of aflatoxin B1 formed in liver and excreted into milk, urine and faeces of dairy cattle and other mammalian species. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified aflatoxin M1 in Group 2B because of its potential to get bioactivated to a mutagen analogous to aflatoxin B1. Risk assessments are undertaken to guide food regulators and scientists in risk management processes, such as the legislative levels or guideline targets for mycotoxins in food supplies. Using existing international resources for hazard data and local exposure data, and based on cancer potency as the endpoint, the risk of exposure to aflatoxin M1 in milk for the Iranian population was calculated considering various scenarios. During 2014-2015, 518 samples were collected from the market and tested for aflatoxin M1 contamination by HPLC-FLD. The most probable scenarios calculated as mean occurrence multiplied by the mean consumption in consumers of milk, and for maximum level allowed for aflatoxin M1 in milk with 99 percentiles of milk consumption showed the risk of 0.08 and 0.72 additional liver cancer cases per year for the Iranian population, respectively. Thus, our study reveals a low risk and that the current maximum limit of 100 ng/l for aflatoxin M1 in milk, heat treated milk and flavoured milk is sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Fooladi Moghaddam
- Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1981619573, Iran
| | - M. Rychlik
- Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - H. Hosseini
- National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1981619573, Iran
- Food Safety Research Center, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - B. Janat
- Halal Research Centre of IR, Iran Food and Drug Administration, 1415845371 Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Yazdanpanah
- Food Safety Research Center, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Ismail A, Gonçalves BL, de Neeff DV, Ponzilacqua B, Coppa CFSC, Hintzsche H, Sajid M, Cruz AG, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF. Aflatoxin in foodstuffs: Occurrence and recent advances in decontamination. Food Res Int 2018; 113:74-85. [PMID: 30195548 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are highly toxic compounds produced as secondary metabolites by some Aspergillus species, whose occurrence have been reported predominantly in several types of foods of low moisture content, while aflatoxin biotransformation products have been reported mainly in milk and milk products. This review deals with the occurrence of aflatoxins in some of the major food products in the last 5 years including regulatory aspects, and recent advances in detoxification strategies for contaminated foods. Aflatoxin contamination in cereals including corn and peanut is still a public health problem for some populations, especially in African countries. Despite that most of physical and chemical methods for aflatoxin detoxification may affect the nutritional properties of food, or are not safe for human consumption, gamma-radiation and ozone applications have demonstrated great potential for detoxification of aflatoxins in some food matrices. Biological methods based on removal or degradation of aflatoxins by bacterial and yeast have good perspectives, although further studies are needed to clarify the detoxification mechanisms by microorganisms and determine practical aspects of the use of these methods in food products, especially their potential effects on sensory characteristics of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ismail
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Bruna L Gonçalves
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Diane V de Neeff
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Ponzilacqua
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina F S C Coppa
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Henning Hintzsche
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Germany; Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Eggenreuther Weg 43, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Food Science, Federal Institute of Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Corassin
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos A F Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil.
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13
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Campagnollo FB, Ganev KC, Khaneghah AM, Portela JB, Cruz AG, Granato D, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF, Sant'Ana AS. The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate of aflatoxin M1: A review. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is associated with carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and as a result, represents a human health problem worldwide. This review will detail the toxicity, analytical methodology, occurrence, and prevention and control of AFM1 in milk and milk products. The probable daily intakes (PDI) per bodyweight (bw) worldwide ranged from 0.002 to 0.26 ng/kg bw/day for AFM1. Nevertheless, the high occurrence of AFM1 demonstrated in this review establishes the need for monitoring to reduce the risk of toxicity to humans. The recommended extraction method of AFM1 from milk is liquid-liquid with acetonitrile because of the acceptable recoveries (85-97%), compatibility with the environment, and cleanest extracts. The recommended analytical technique for the determination of AFM1 in milk is the high performance-liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD), achieving a 0.001 µg/kg detection limit. The HPLC-FLD is the most common internationally recognised official method for the analysis of AFM1 in milk. The suggested extraction and analytical method for cheese is dichloromethane (81-108% recoveries) and ELISA, respectively. This review reports the projected worldwide occurrence of AFM1 in milk of 2010-2015. Of the 7,841 samples, 5,873 (75%) were positive for AFM1, 26% (2,042) exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRL) of 0.05 µg/kg defined by the European Union and 1.53% (120) exceeded the MRL of 0.5 µg/kg defined by the US Food and Drug Administration. The most effective way of preventing AFM1 occurrences is to reduce contamination of AFB1 in animal feed using biological control with atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, proper storage of crops, and the addition of binders to AFB1-contaminated feed. Controllable measures include the addition of binders and use of biological transforming agents such as lactic acid bacteria applied directly to milk. Though the one accepted method for the control of AFM1 in milk and milk products is the enforcement of governmental MRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.D. Womack
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Box 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - D.L. Sparks
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Box 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, 1145 Hand Lab Box 9572, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - A.E. Brown
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Box 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, 1145 Hand Lab Box 9572, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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15
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Scharf DH, Brakhage AA, Mukherjee PK. Gliotoxin--bane or boon? Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1096-109. [PMID: 26443473 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GT) is the most important epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP)-type fungal toxin. GT was originally isolated from Trichoderma species as an antibiotic substance involved in biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. A few isolates of GT-producing Trichoderma virens are commercially marketed for biological control and widely used in agriculture. Furthermore, GT is long known as an immunosuppressive agent and also reported to have anti-tumour properties. However, recent publications suggest that GT is a virulence determinant of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. This compound is thus important on several counts - it has medicinal properties, is a pathogenicity determinant, is a potential diagnostic marker and is important in biological crop protection. The present article addresses this paradox and the ecological role of GT. We discuss the function of GT as defence molecule, the role in aspergillosis and suggest solutions for safe application of Trichoderma-based biofungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Scharf
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
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16
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Flores-Flores ME, Lizarraga E, López de Cerain A, González-Peñas E. Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk: A review. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Rasooly R, Hernlem B, He X, Friedman M. Non-linear relationships between aflatoxin B₁ levels and the biological response of monkey kidney vero cells. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1447-61. [PMID: 23949006 PMCID: PMC3760045 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5081447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin-producing fungi contaminate food and feed during pre-harvest, storage and processing periods. Once consumed, aflatoxins (AFs) accumulate in tissues, causing illnesses in animals and humans. Most human exposure to AF seems to be a result of consumption of contaminated plant and animal products. The policy of blending and dilution of grain containing higher levels of aflatoxins with uncontaminated grains for use in animal feed implicitly assumes that the deleterious effects of low levels of the toxins are linearly correlated to concentration. This assumption may not be justified, since it involves extrapolation of these nontoxic levels in feed, which are not of further concern. To develop a better understanding of the significance of low dose effects, in the present study, we developed quantitative methods for the detection of biologically active aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Vero cells by two independent assays: the green fluorescent protein (GFP) assay, as a measure of protein synthesis by the cells, and the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay, as a measure of cell viability. The results demonstrate a non-linear dose-response relationship at the cellular level. AFB1 at low concentrations has an opposite biological effect to higher doses that inhibit protein synthesis. Additional studies showed that heat does not affect the stability of AFB1 in milk and that the Vero cell model can be used to determine the presence of bioactive AFB1 in spiked beef, lamb and turkey meat. The implication of the results for the cumulative effects of low amounts of AFB1 in numerous foods is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (X.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-510-559-6478; Fax: +1-510-559-6162
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mail:
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