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Fatima A, Saleem M, Nawaz S, Khalid L, Riaz S, Sajid I. Prevalence and antibiotics resistance status of Salmonella in raw meat consumed in various areas of Lahore, Pakistan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22205. [PMID: 38097737 PMCID: PMC10721833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the prevalence and antibiotics resistance status of Salmonella detected in raw meat from Lahore, Pakistan. Overall, N = 111 meat samples, were collected from local markets. Salmonella was recovered from 57 (51.35%) samples, including 45.83% of poultry, 60% of buffalo, 64.28% of cow, and 60% of goat meat samples. The predominant Salmonella strains were Salmonella enterica serovars; Typhimurium (45.4%), Typhi (27.2%), and Enteritidis (18.1%), identified by VITEK system and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolates exhibited high resistance to Erythromycin (100%), Cefepime (98.24%), Colistin (94.73%), Azithromycin (92.98%), Tetracycline (87.71%), Polymyxin B (84.21%), Ciprofloxacin (84.21%), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (80.70%), Nalidixic Acid (80.70%), Kanamycin (78.94%), Chloramphenicol (77.19%), Streptomycin (71.92%) and Ampicillin (64.91%). While the isolates exhibited more susceptibility to Meropenem (75.43%) and Amikacin (73.68%). N = 8 strains were designated as Multidrug Resistant (MDR) and N = 3 as Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Salmonella. The PCR-based detection of resistance genes revealed the presence of blaTEM-1 gene (100%), catA1 gene (64%), and gyrA gene (18%). The whole genome sequencing (WGS) of two selected strains and subsequent downstream analysis confirmed the strains as MDR and XDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The study showed that raw meat consumed in Lahore carries a significantly high number of drug-resistant Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Fatima
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Maira Saleem
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Nawaz
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Linta Khalid
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Saba Riaz
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imran Sajid
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
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Lamar F, Mucache HN, Mondlane-Milisse A, Jesser KJ, Victor C, Fafetine JM, Saíde JÂO, Fèvre EM, Caruso BA, Freeman MC, Levy K. Quantifying Enteropathogen Contamination along Chicken Value Chains in Maputo, Mozambique: A Multidisciplinary and Mixed-Methods Approach to Identifying High Exposure Settings. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:117007. [PMID: 37962439 PMCID: PMC10644898 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-scale poultry production is widespread and increasing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Exposure to enteropathogens in poultry feces increases the hazard of human infection and related sequela, and the burden of disease due to enteric infection in children < 5 y in particular is substantial. Yet, the containment and management of poultry-associated fecal waste in informal settings in LMICs is largely unregulated. OBJECTIVES To improve the understanding of potential exposures to enteropathogens carried by chickens, we used mixed methods to map and quantify microbial hazards along production value chains among broiler, layer, and indigenous chickens in Maputo, Mozambique. METHODS To map and describe the value chains, we conducted 77 interviews with key informants working in locations where chickens and related products are sold, raised, and butchered. To quantify microbial hazards, we collected chicken carcasses (n = 75 ) and fecal samples (n = 136 ) from chickens along the value chain and assayed them by qPCR for the chicken-associated bacterial enteropathogens C. jejuni/coli and Salmonella spp. RESULTS We identified critical hazard points along the chicken value chains and identified management and food hygiene practices that contribute to potential exposures to chicken-sourced enteropathogens. We detected C. jejuni/coli in 84 (76%) of fecal samples and 52 (84%) of carcass rinses and Salmonella spp. in 13 (11%) of fecal samples and 16 (21%) of carcass rinses. Prevalence and level of contamination increased as chickens progressed along the value chain, from no contamination of broiler chicken feces at the start of the value chain to 100% contamination of carcasses with C. jejuni/coli at informal markets. Few hazard mitigation strategies were found in the informal sector. DISCUSSION High prevalence and concentration of C. jejuni/coli and Salmonella spp. contamination along chicken value chains suggests a high potential for exposure to these enteropathogens associated with chicken production and marketing processes in the informal sector in our study setting. We identified critical control points, such as the carcass rinse step and storage of raw chicken meat, that could be intervened in to mitigate risk, but regulation and enforcement pose challenges. This mixed-methods approach can also provide a model to understand animal value chains, sanitary risks, and associated exposures in other settings. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11761.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederica Lamar
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Kelsey J. Jesser
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Courtney Victor
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - José M. Fafetine
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
- Biotechnology Centre, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Eric M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bethany A. Caruso
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Freeman
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Elshebrawy HA, Abdel-Naeem HH, Mahros MA, Elsayed H, Imre K, Herman V, Morar A, Sallam KI. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from frozen chicken carcasses. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sheng H, Ma J, Yang Q, Li W, Zhang Q, Feng C, Chen J, Qin M, Su X, Wang P, Zhang J, Zhou W, Zhao L, Bai L, Cui S, Yang B. Prevalence and characteristics of mcr-9-positive Salmonella isolated from retail food in China. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Godínez-Oviedo A, Cabrera-Díaz E, Palacios-Marmolejo A, Pérez-Covarrubias OB, Vargas-Daniel RC, Tamplin ML, Bowman JP, Hernández-Iturriaga M. Detection, quantification, and characterization of Salmonella enterica in mango, tomato, and raw chicken purchased in the central region of Mexico. J Food Sci 2021; 87:370-382. [PMID: 34954835 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To estimate human exposure to Salmonella enterica, it is essential to understand the pathogen distribution and characteristics. Prevalence and concentration of S. enterica were determined in mango, tomato, and raw chicken samples purchased in three states (Aguascalientes, Querétaro, and Guadalajara) located in the central region of Mexico during two seasons. In addition, S. enterica isolates were characterized by absence/presence of 13 virulence genes (chromosomal, prophage, and plasmid) and resistance to 14 antibiotics. A total of 300 samples of mango, 272 of tomato, and 354 of raw chicken were analyzed. The mean of the prevalence (24.9%) and concentration (-0.61 Log MPN/g) of S. enterica in chicken was higher than in mango (1.3%, -1.7 Log MPN/g) and tomato (1.1%, -1.7 Log MPN). Among S. enterica isolates (284), there were 7 different virulotypes, belonging 68.7% of isolates to V2; there was high variability in the presence of mobile genetic elements. The occurrence of specific mobile elements ranged from 81.4% to 11.3% among isolates. Among the isolates, 91.5% were resistant to at least one antibiotic with ampicillin being the most frequent; 54.9% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Data from this study can be used for quantitative microbial risk assessment of S. enterica related to mango, tomato, and raw chicken consumption in the central region of Mexico. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Data on the prevalence and concentration of Salmonella enterica obtained in this study can be used to estimate the exposure assessment for the consumption of mango, tomato, and chicken in the central region of Mexico. In addition, the characteristics of the S. enterica isolates could be used to select representative strains for future studies to evaluate the intraspecies variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Godínez-Oviedo
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro, México
| | - Elisa Cabrera-Díaz
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, México
| | | | - Olga Berenice Pérez-Covarrubias
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, México
| | | | - Mark L Tamplin
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - John P Bowman
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Montserrat Hernández-Iturriaga
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro, México
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Møretrø T, Moen B, Almli VL, Teixeira P, Ferreira VB, Åsli AW, Nilsen C, Langsrud S. Dishwashing sponges and brushes: Consumer practices and bacterial growth and survival. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108928. [PMID: 33152572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sponges are frequently used in kitchens and have been shown to harbor large numbers of bacteria, occasionally also pathogens. Less is known about kitchen brushes regarding usage and presence of bacteria. In the present study, the use of sponges and brushes was studied in a survey among 9966 European consumers in ten countries, and growth and survival of bacteria in sponges and brushes were examined in laboratory experiments. Sponges were the preferred hand-cleaning utensils for washing-up in the majority of countries, while brushes were most frequently used in Denmark and Norway. Consumers mostly change their sponges at regular times, but also sensory cues (looks dirty, smelly, slimy) and usage occurrences such as wiping up meat juices may trigger replacement. Besides cleaning the dishes, over a quarter of the dish brush users also use it to clean a chopping board after soilage from chicken meat juices. The water uptake and drying rate varied considerably, both between different sponges and between brushes and sponges, where brushes dried fastest. Campylobacter survived one day in all sponges and Salmonella more than seven days in two of three types of sponges. In the type of sponge that dried slowest, Salmonella grew on the first day and was always found in higher levels than in the other sponges. Non-pathogenic bacteria grew in the sponges and reached levels around 9 log CFU/sponge. In brushes all types of bacteria died over time. Campylobacter and Salmonella were reduced by more than 2.5 log to below the detection limit after one and three days, respectively. Bacteriota studies revealed a tendency for a dominance by Gram-negative bacteria and a shift to high relative prevalence of Pseudomonas over time in sponges. Both enumeration by agar plating and bacteriota analysis confirmed that the pathogens were in a minority compared to the other bacteria. Treatments of sponges and brushes with chlorine, boiling or in the dishwasher were effective to reduce Salmonella. We conclude that brushes are more hygienic than sponges and that their use should be encouraged. Contaminated sponges or brushes should be replaced or cleaned when they may have been in contact with pathogenic microorganisms, e.g. used on raw food spills. Cleaning of sponges and brushes with chlorine, boiling or dishwasher may be a safe alternative to replacing them with new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
| | - Birgitte Moen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Valérie L Almli
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Paula Teixeira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vânia B Ferreira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anette Wold Åsli
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Charlotte Nilsen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, N-1430 Ås, Norway
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Møretrø T, Martens L, Teixeira P, Ferreira VB, Maia R, Maugesten T, Langsrud S. Is visual motivation for cleaning surfaces in the kitchen consistent with a hygienically clean environment? Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Serovar diversity and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica recovered from retail chicken carcasses for sale in different regions of China. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Analysis of prevalence and CRISPR typing reveals persistent antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infection across chicken breeder farm production stages. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Qiao J, Zhang Q, Alali WQ, Wang J, Meng L, Xiao Y, Yang H, Chen S, Cui S, Yang B. Characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing Salmonella in retail raw chicken carcasses. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 248:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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NidaUllah H, Omar AM, Rosma A, Huda N, Sohni S. Analysis of Salmonella Contamination in Poultry Meat at Various Retailing, Different Storage Temperatures and Carcass Cuts - A Literature Survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2016.111.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Williams MS, Golden NJ, Ebel ED, Crarey ET, Tate HP. Temporal patterns of Campylobacter contamination on chicken and their relationship to campylobacteriosis cases in the United States. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 208:114-21. [PMID: 26065728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The proportion of Campylobacter contaminated food and water samples collected by different surveillance systems often exhibit seasonal patterns. In addition, the incidence of foodborne campylobacteriosis also tends to exhibit strong seasonal patterns. Of the various product classes, the occurrence of Campylobacter contamination can be high on raw poultry products, and chicken is often thought to be one of the leading food vehicles for campylobacteriosis. Two different federal agencies in the United States collected samples of raw chicken products and tested them for the presence of Campylobacter. During the same time period, a consortium of federal and state agencies operated a nationwide surveillance system to monitor cases of campylobacteriosis in the United States. This study uses a common modeling approach to estimate trends and seasonal patterns in both the proportion of raw chicken product samples that test positive for Campylobacter and cases of campylobacteriosis. The results generally support the hypothesis of a weak seasonal increase in the proportion of Campylobacter positive chicken samples in the summer months, though the number of Campylobacter on test-positive samples is slightly lower during this time period. In contrast, campylobacteriosis cases exhibit a strong seasonal pattern that generally precedes increases in contaminated raw chicken. These results suggest that while contaminated chicken products may be responsible for a substantial number of campylobacteriosis cases, they are most likely not the primary driver of the seasonal pattern in human illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Williams
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States.
| | - Neal J Golden
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Eric D Ebel
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Emily T Crarey
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - Heather P Tate
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
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Williams MS, Ebel ED, Allender HD. Industry-level changes in microbial contamination on market hog and broiler chicken carcasses between two locations in the slaughter process. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Application of Electronic Nose in Tandem with Chemometric Analysis for Detection of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris-Spawned Spoilage in Apple Juice Beverage. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-015-1491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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