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Ren T, Lu Y, Liu P, Hu X, Wang W, Wang S, Liu X, Tang Y. Sensitive and specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food samples using imprinted upconversion fluorescence probe prepared by emulsion polymerization method. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101618. [PMID: 39071930 PMCID: PMC11279690 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a foodborne pathogen with high morbidity and mortality rates, necessitating rapid detection methods. Current techniques, while reliable, are labor-intensive and not amenable to on-site testing. We report the design and synthesis of a novel imprinted upconversion fluorescence probe through Pickering emulsion polymerization for the specific detection of L. monocytogenes. The probe employs trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate and divinylbenzene as cross-linkers, acryloyl-modified chitosan as a functional monomer, and the bacterium itself as the template. The developed probe demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity in detecting L. monocytogenes, with a limit of detection of 72 CFU/mL. It effectively identified the pathogen in contaminated salmon and chicken samples, with minimal background interference. The integration of molecular imprinting and upconversion fluorescence materials presents a potent and reliable approach for the rapid and specific detection of L. monocytogenes, offering considerable potential for on-site food safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Ren
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- College of Food Science & Project Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - Yiwei Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xuelian Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xiuying Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430028, China
| | - Yiwei Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
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2
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Hewage SN, Makawita P, Gibson KE, Lee JA, Fraser AM. Relationship between ATP Bioluminescence Measurements and Microbial Assessments in Studies Conducted in Food Establishments: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1855-1864. [PMID: 36173898 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Adherence to proper environmental cleaning practices is critical in food establishments. To validate cleanliness, cleaning practices should be routinely monitored, preferably by a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective method. The aim of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between ATP bioluminescence measurements and selected microbial assessments in studies conducted in food establishments. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted using the principles of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Twelve online databases and search engines were selected for the review. Peer-reviewed articles published in English between January 2000 and July 2020 were included in the search. From a total of 19 eligible studies, 3 that included Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between ATP bioluminescence measurements and microbial assessments were used for the meta-analysis calculations. Only the fixed-effect model produced a strong correlation because one value dominated the estimates: r = 0.9339 (0.9278, 0.9399). In contrast, both the random effects model, 0.2978 (0.24, 0.3471), and the mixed effects model, r = 0.3162 (-0.0387, 0.6711), indicated a weak relationship between ATP bioluminescence and microbial assessments, with no evidence of a strong correlation. The meta-analysis results indicated no sufficient evidence of a strong correlation between ATP bioluminescence measurements and microbial assessments when applied within food establishments. This lack of evidence for a strong correlation between the results of these two monitoring tools suggests that food establishments cannot depend on only one method. Yet, with immediate feedback and quantification of organic soiling, ATP bioluminescence could be an effective monitoring tool to use in food establishments. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Supun Nabadawa Hewage
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, 223 Poole Agricultural Center, Box 340316, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0316
| | - P Makawita
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, 223 Poole Agricultural Center, Box 340316, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0316
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, System Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, 2650 North Young Avenue, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704
| | - Jung-Ae Lee
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Chan Medical School, University of Massachusetts, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Angela M Fraser
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, 223 Poole Agricultural Center, Box 340316, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0316
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Bakke M. A Comprehensive Analysis of ATP Tests: Practical Use and Recent Progress in the Total Adenylate Test for the Effective Monitoring of Hygiene. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1079-1095. [PMID: 35503956 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rapid hygiene monitoring tests based on the presence of ATP have been widely used in the food industry to ensure that adequate cleanliness is maintained. In this study, the practical applications and limitations of these tests and recent technological progress for facilitating more accurate control were evaluated. The presence of ATP on a surface indicates improper cleaning and the presence of contaminants, including organic debris and bacteria. Food residues are indicators of insufficient cleaning and are direct hazards because they may provide safe harbors for bacteria, provide sources of nutrients for bacterial growth, interfere with the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants, and support the formation of biofilms. Residues of allergenic foods on a surface may increase the risk of allergen cross-contact. However, ATP tests cannot detect bacteria or allergenic proteins directly. To ensure efficient use of commercially available ATP tests, in-depth knowledge is needed regarding their practical applications, methods for determining pass-fail limits, and differences in performance. Conventional ATP tests have limitations due to possible hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and AMP, which further hinders the identification of food residues. To overcome this problem, a total adenylate test was developed that could detect ATP+ADP+AMP (A3 test). The A3 test is suitable for the detection of adenylates from food residues and useful for verification of hygiene levels. The A3 test in conjunction with other methods, such as microorganism culture and food allergen tests, may be a useful strategy for identifying contamination sources and facilitating effective hygiene management. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Bakke
- Kikkoman Biochemifa Company, Marketing & Planning Division, 2-1-1 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
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Burnett J, Wu ST, Voorn M, Jordan C, Manuel CS, Singh M, Oliver HF. Enhanced training, employee-led deep cleans, and complete sanitation execution are effective Listeria monocytogenes controls in retail produce environments. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Evaluation of the Persistence and Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in Foodservice Operations. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060886. [PMID: 35327308 PMCID: PMC8955912 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen that can contaminate food products and colonize food-producing facilities. Foodservice operations (FSOp) are frequently responsible for foodborne outbreaks due to food safety practices failures. We investigated the presence of and characterized L. monocytogenes from two FSOp (cafeterias) distributing ready-to-eat meals and verified FSOp’s compliance with good manufacturing practices (GMP). Two facilities (FSOp-A and FSOp-B) were visited three times each over 5 months. We sampled foods, ingredients, and surfaces for microbiological analysis, and L. monocytogenes isolates were characterized by phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic characteristics. GMP audits were performed in the first and third visits. A ready-to-eat salad (FSOp-A) and a frozen ingredient (FSOp-B) were contaminated with L. monocytogenes, which was also detected on Zone 3 surfaces (floor, drains, and a boot cover). The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that FSOp-B had persistent L. monocytogenes strains, but environmental isolates were not closely related to food or ingredient isolates. GMP audits showed that both operations worked under “fair” conditions, and “facilities and equipment” was the section with the least compliances. The presence of L. monocytogenes in the environment and GMP failures could promote food contamination with this pathogen, presenting a risk to consumers.
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Tominaga T. Rapid detection of total bacteria in foods using a poly- l-lysine-based lateral-flow assay. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 183:106175. [PMID: 33640403 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Food safety and freshness are evaluated according to microbiological load. To analyze this load rapidly, a poly-l-lysine-based lateral-flow assay (PLFA) was developed. A total of 90 strains of bacteria that are often detected in spoiled foods, including Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were detected using the PLFA. A positive signal was obtained when the bacterial concentration was ≥6 log10 (cfu/test). A total of 36 fresh foods (meats, pastries, lettuces, cabbages, radishes, and sprouts) and corresponding spoiled foods were cultured for 0, 3, 6, and 9 h to investigate how many hours were required for microbial detection using PLFA. The higher the number of bacteria in a food, the shorter was the culture time required for PLFA-positive results to be obtained, so the distinction between fresh and spoiled food could be made based on the time taken for the culture to become PLFA-positive. The coefficient of determination of the least squares regression between the time to become PLFA-positive and the initial log10 (cfu/g) bacterial count for the food was 0.9888. The test time for the PLFA, including pretreatment, was approximately 15-30 min. This novel method will enable the detection of total bacteria on the food processing site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tominaga
- Saitama Industrial Technology Center North Institute, 2-133, Suehiro, Kumagayashi, Saitama 360-0031, Japan.
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Implementation of ATP and Microbial Indicator Testing for Hygiene Monitoring in a Tofu Production Facility Improves Product Quality and Hygienic Conditions of Food Contact Surfaces: A Case Study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02278-20. [PMID: 33361369 PMCID: PMC8090886 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02278-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid ATP testing and microbiological enumeration are two common methods to monitor the effectiveness of cleaning and sanitation in the food industry. In this study, ATP testing and microbiological enumeration were implemented at a tofu production facility with the goal of improving cleaning practices and overall plant hygiene. Results from ATP monitoring were used to target areas of the production environment needing additional cleaning; ATP results were verified by microbiological enumeration of aerobic microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and molds. Products from the production line were enumerated for the same microorganisms to determine if there was an impact on product quality. After the implementation of ATP monitoring and targeted cleaning, there was a statistically lower proportion of swabs that failed to meet established sanitary requirements for ATP, aerobic microorganisms, and lactic acid bacteria (p < 0.05), but not for yeasts and molds. ATP swabs and microbiological enumeration agreed on site hygiene 75.1% (72.3-77.7%, 95% CI) of the time. Product data indicated that unpasteurized finished products contained a statistically lower microbial load of the three groups of organisms following implementation of the practices (p < 0.05).ImportanceCleaning and sanitation are critical to maintaining safe and high-quality food production. Monitoring these activities is important to ensure proper execution of procedure and to assure compliance with regulatory guidelines. The results from monitoring activities can direct targeted cleaning of areas with higher risk of contamination from foodstuffs and microorganisms. The results of this study show that ATP monitoring and microbiological enumeration are useful tools to verify and improve the efficacy of cleaning and sanitation practices, which can have a positive impact on both plant hygiene and product quality. However, testing regimes and critical parameters will vary based on the product and facility.
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Ruiz-Llacsahuanga B, Hamilton A, Zaches R, Hanrahan I, Critzer F. Utility of rapid tests to assess the prevalence of indicator organisms (Aerobic plate count, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Listeria spp.) in apple packinghouses. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108949. [PMID: 33220648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 listeriosis outbreak caused by caramel-coated apples was linked to apples cross-contaminated within an apple packing facility. This outbreak has increased the focus on effective cleaning and sanitation methods that must be validated and monitored during apple packing. Thus, rapid and reliable testing methods are necessary for assessing cleanliness in the apple packing industry. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of common indicator organisms [Aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Listeria spp.] on food contact surfaces (zone 1) in apple packinghouses and to evaluate the utility and accuracy of currently used rapid tests (ATP and glucose/lactose residue swabs). Food contact surfaces were sampled over a 100 cm2 area in five commercial apple packinghouses to evaluate populations of indicator organisms APC, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, E. coli (n = 741), and rapid test readings (n = 659). Petrifilm plates were used for the quantification of APC, Enterobacteriaceae, and coliform/E. coli. Rapid tests [ATP swabs (UltraSnap) and glucose/lactose residue swabs (SpotCheck Plus)] were processed on-site. A larger area (0.93 m2) was sampled for the detection of Listeria spp. (n = 747), following a modified protocol of the FDA's Bacteriological Analytical Manual method, and confirmed with PCR and gel electrophoresis via the iap gene. No significant association was found between either rapid test and populations of APC, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, E. coli, and Listeria spp. detection. However, recovery of APC (log CFU/100 cm2) was higher with a failed glucose/lactose residue swab surface hygiene result (3.1) than a passed result (2.9) (p = 0.03). Populations of APC, Enterobacteriaceae, and coliforms were significantly different at each unit operation during the packing process (p ≤ 0.05). This study concluded that ATP and glucose/lactose residue rapid tests were poorly suited for determining microbial load since they were not related to populations of any common indicator organisms or the detection of Listeria spp. These findings emphasize the need to utilize a rapid test, which can be a good indicator of residual matter on a surface, along with traditional microbiological methods to assess cleaning and sanitation practices in apple packinghouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Ruiz-Llacsahuanga
- School of Food Science, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Alexis Hamilton
- School of Food Science, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Robyn Zaches
- School of Food Science, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Ines Hanrahan
- Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, 1719 Springwater Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Faith Critzer
- School of Food Science, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA.
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Mildenhall KB, Rankin SA. Implications of Adenylate Metabolism in Hygiene Assessment: A Review. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1619-1631. [PMID: 32338738 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of a hygienic state or cleanliness of contact surfaces has significant implications for food and medical industries seeking to monitor sanitation and exert improved control over a host of operations affecting human health. Methods used to make such assessments commonly involve visual inspections, standard microbial plating practices, and the application of ATP-based assays. Visual methods for inspection of hygienic states are inherently subjective and limited in efficacy by the accuracy of human senses, the degree of task-specific work experience, and various sources of human bias. Standard microbial swabbing and plating techniques are limited in that they require hours or even days of incubation to generate results, with such steps as enrichment and colony outgrowth resulting in delays that are often incompatible with manufacturing or usage schedules. Rapid in conduct and considered more objective in operation than visual or tactile inspection techniques, swabbing surfaces using ATP-based assessments are relied on as routine, even standard, methods of hygienic assessment alone or in complement with microbial and visual inspection methods. Still, current ATP methods remain indirect methods of total hygiene assessment and have limitations that must be understood and considered if such methods are to be applied judiciously, especially under increasingly strict demands for the verification of hygiene state. Here, we present current methods of ATP-based bioluminescence assays and describe the limitations of such methods when applied to general food manufacturing or health care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen B Mildenhall
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53528, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-6770 [S.A.R.])
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53528, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-6770 [S.A.R.])
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Listeria monocytogenes is prevalent in retail produce environments but Salmonella enterica is rare. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Onyeka LO, Adesiyun AA, Keddy KH, Madoroba E, Manqele A, Thompson PN. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Contamination of Raw Beef and Beef-Based Ready-to-Eat Products at Retail Outlets in Pretoria, South Africa. J Food Prot 2020; 83:476-484. [PMID: 32065651 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in raw beef and ready-to-eat (RTE) beef products sold in 31 retail outlets in Pretoria, South Africa, and nearby areas. A total of 463 beef and RTE samples were screened for four STEC virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA) and seven O-serogroups (O113, O157, O26, O91, O145, O111, and O103) with a multiplex PCR assay. The total aerobic plate count (TAPC) per gram was also determined. A total of 38 STEC isolates were recovered and characterized by conventional PCR assay and serotyping. The overall prevalence of STEC in the beef and RTE samples tested was 16.4% (76 of 463 samples; 95% confidence interval, 13 to 20%). The prevalence of STEC differed significantly by product type (P < 0.0001), with the highest prevalence (35%) detected in boerewors (spicy sausage). The STEC prevalences in minced beef, brisket, RTE cold beef, and biltong were 18, 13, 9, and 5%, respectively. The most frequently detected stx gene was stx2 (13%), and STEC serogroups from recovered isolates were detected at the following prevalences: O2, 15%; O8, 12%; O13, 15%; O20, 8%; O24, 3%; O39, 3%; O41, 8%; O71, 3%; O76, 3%; O150, 12%; and O174, 3%. A high proportion (77%) of the samples had TAPCs that exceeded the South African microbiological standards for meat export (5.0 log CFU/g). The prevalence of O157 STEC (16%) and the diversity of non-O157 STEC serogroups found in five common beef-based products from retail outlets in South Africa suggest exposure of raw beef and beef products to multiple contamination sources during carcass processing and/or cutting and handling at retail outlets. These data provide direct estimates of the potential health risk to consumers from undercooked contaminated products and indicate the need to improve sanitary practices during slaughter and processing of beef and beef-based RTE products. A risk-based surveillance system for STEC may be needed. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Libby O Onyeka
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-9748 [P.N.T.]).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-9748 [P.N.T.])
| | - Karen H Keddy
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5400-343X [E.M.]).,Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Ayanda Manqele
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-9748 [P.N.T.]).,Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5400-343X [E.M.])
| | - Peter N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-9421 [A.A.A.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-9748 [P.N.T.])
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Møretrø T, Normann MA, Saebø HR, Langsrud S. Evaluation of ATP bioluminescence-based methods for hygienic assessment in fish industry. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:186-195. [PMID: 31021030 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate ATP bioluminescence-based hygiene monitoring systems under conditions relevant to fish processing environments. METHODS AND RESULTS The ATP bioluminescence of fish fractions that are potentially present after insufficient cleaning of fish processing environments was determined. Different fractions and interfering substances representing the stages from slaughtering to smoking were prepared and measured using two different commercial systems (SystemSURE Plus and Clean-Trace). ATP bioluminescence was quenched by acidic liquid smoke and by sodium chloride even at concentrations as low as 0·9% NaCl. Large variations were observed between different types of trout homogenates: the ATP bioluminescence from raw belly fat homogenate was 100-1000 times lower than for trout blood. There were about a 1000-fold lower ATP bioluminescence in raw compared to heat-treated fractions from trout, with the exception of blood. The bioluminescence from Listeria monocytogenes was very low. Results from fish processing plants supported the laboratory findings. CONCLUSIONS The output from ATP-monitoring instruments depends on the nature of fish soil present, as well as the presence of sodium chloride and low pH. This may lead to considerable under- or overestimation of the level of organic soil. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY ATP bioluminescence instruments are widely used by the fish industry for monitoring hygiene. The monitoring method will only give valuable information about the hygiene if critical limits are set after a validation period, distinguishing between areas with different types of soil and between different hygiene zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Møretrø
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - M A Normann
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - H R Saebø
- Sjøtroll Havbruk AS, Brandasund, Norway
| | - S Langsrud
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
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Jones SL, Ricke SC, Keith Roper D, Gibson KE. Swabbing the surface: critical factors in environmental monitoring and a path towards standardization and improvement. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:225-243. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1521369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Jones
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - D. Keith Roper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kristen E. Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Rationalizing and advancing the 3-MPBA SERS sandwich assay for rapid detection of bacteria in environmental and food matrices. Food Microbiol 2017; 72:89-97. [PMID: 29407409 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial foodborne illness continues to be a pressing issue in our food supply. Rapid detection methods are needed for perishable foods due to their short shelf lives and significant contribution to foodborne illness. Previously, a sensitive and reliable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sandwich assay based on 3-mercaptophenylboronic acid (3-MBPA) as a capturer and indicator molecule was developed for rapid bacteria detection. In this study, we explored the advantages and constraints of this assay over the conventional aerobic plate count (APC) method and further developed methods for detection in real environmental and food matrices. The SERS sandwich assay was able to detect environmental bacteria in pond water and on spinach leaves at higher levels than the APC method. In addition, the SERS assay appeared to have higher sensitivity to quantify bacteria in the stationary phase. On the other hand, the APC method was more sensitive to cell viability. Finally, a method to detect bacteria in a challenging high-sugar juice matrix was developed to enhance bacteria capture. This study advanced the SERS technique for real applications in environment and food matrices.
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Hammons SR, Etter AJ, Wang J, Wu T, Ford T, Howard MT, Oliver HF. Evaluation of Third-Party Deep Cleaning as a Listeria monocytogenes Control Strategy in Retail Delis. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1913-1923. [PMID: 29053422 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and assess the efficacy of an aggressive deep cleaning sanitation standard operating procedure (DC-SSOP) in nine retail delicatessens to reduce persistent Listeria monocytogenes environmental contamination. The DC-SSOP was developed from combined daily SSOPs recommended by the Food Marketing Institute and input from experts in Listeria control from food manufacturing and sanitation. The DC-SSOP was executed by a trained professional cleaning service during a single 12-h shutdown period. A modified protocol from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual was used to detect L. monocytogenes in samples from 28 food and nonfood contact surfaces that were collected immediately before and after each cleaning and in samples collected monthly for 3 months. The DC-SSOP significantly reduced L. monocytogenes prevalence overall during the 3-month follow-up period and produced variable results for persistent L. monocytogenes isolates. Six delis with historically low to moderate L. monocytogenes prevalence had no significant changes in the number of samples positive for L. monocytogenes after deep cleaning. Deep cleaning in very high prevalence delis (20 to 30% prevalence) reduced L. monocytogenes by 25.6% (Padj < 0.0001, n = 294) overall during the follow-up period. Among delis with extremely high prevalence (>30%), positive samples from nonfood contact surfaces were reduced by 19.6% (Padj = 0.0002, n = 294) during the follow-up period. The inability of deep cleaning to completely eliminate persistent L. monocytogenes was likely due to the diverse infrastructures in each deli, which may require more individualized intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Hammons
- Department of Food Science (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-8790 [T.W.]), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Andrea J Etter
- Department of Food Science (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-8790 [T.W.]), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.,Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jingjin Wang
- Department of Food Science (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-8790 [T.W.]), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Tongyu Wu
- Department of Food Science (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-8790 [T.W.]), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Thomas Ford
- Ecolab, Inc., Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, USA
| | | | - Haley F Oliver
- Department of Food Science (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-8790 [T.W.]), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Etter AJ, Hammons SR, Roof S, Simmons C, Wu T, Cook PW, Katubig A, Stasiewicz MJ, Wright E, Warchocki S, Hollingworth J, Thesmar HS, Ibrahim SA, Wiedmann M, Oliver HF. Enhanced Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures Have Limited Impact on Listeria monocytogenes Prevalence in Retail Delis. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1903-1912. [PMID: 29053419 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a recent longitudinal surveillance study in 30 U.S. retail delicatessens, 9.7% of environmental surfaces were positive for Listeria monocytogenes, and we found substantial evidence of persistence. In this study, we aimed to reduce the prevalence and persistence of L. monocytogenes in the retail deli environment by developing and implementing practical and feasible intervention strategies (i.e., sanitation standard operating procedures; SSOPs). These SSOPs were standardized across the 30 delis enrolled in this study. SSOP implementation was verified by systems inherent to each retailer. Each deli also was equipped with ATP monitoring systems to verify effective sanitation. We evaluated intervention strategy efficacy by testing 28 food and nonfood contact surfaces for L. monocytogenes for 6 months in all 30 retail delis. The efficacy of the intervention on the delis compared with preintervention prevalence level was not statistically significant; we found that L. monocytogenes could persist despite implementation of enhanced SSOPs. Systematic and accurate use of ATP monitoring systems varied widely among delis. The findings indicate that intervention strategies in the form of enhanced daily SSOPs were not sufficient to eliminate L. monocytogenes from highly prevalent and persistently contaminated delis and that more aggressive strategies (e.g., deep cleaning or capital investment in redesign or equipment) may be necessary to fully mitigate persistent contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Etter
- Department of Food Science (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-8790 [T.W.]).,Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Susan R Hammons
- Department of Food Science (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-8790 [T.W.])
| | - Sherry Roof
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2712-0793 [M.J.S.])
| | - Courtenay Simmons
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2712-0793 [M.J.S.])
| | - Tongyu Wu
- Department of Food Science (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-8790 [T.W.])
| | - Peter W Cook
- Department of Food Science (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-8790 [T.W.])
| | - Alex Katubig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Matthew J Stasiewicz
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2712-0793 [M.J.S.]).,Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Emily Wright
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2712-0793 [M.J.S.])
| | - Steven Warchocki
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2712-0793 [M.J.S.])
| | | | | | - Salam A Ibrahim
- Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Family and Consumer Science, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411-1064, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2712-0793 [M.J.S.])
| | - Haley F Oliver
- Department of Food Science (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-8790 [T.W.])
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