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Saha J, Topalcengiz Z, Sharma V, Friedrich LM, Danyluk MD. Fate and Growth Kinetics of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes on Mangoes During Storage. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100151. [PMID: 37634809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Imported mangoes have been linked to outbreaks of salmonellosis in the USA. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the persistence and growth kinetics of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes on the intact surface of whole 'Ataulfo', 'Kent', and 'Tommy Atkins' mangoes stored at three different temperatures. L. monocytogenes was also evaluated on fresh-cut 'Tommy Atkins' mangoes stored at 4, 12, 20 ± 2°C. Whole mangoes were spot inoculated with rifampicin-resistant pathogen cocktails (6 log CFU/mango) onto the midsection of whole fruit (n = 6). Fruit was stored at 12, 20, or 30 ± 2°C and sampled for up to 28 days. The specific growth rates derived from DMFit models as a function of time were used to develop secondary models. On 'Kent' mangoes, Salmonella had a population increase from 0.3 to 1.1 log CFU/mango with a linear growth rate of ∼0.004, 0.01, and 0.06 log CFU/mango/h at 12, 20, and 30°C, respectively. At 20 and 30°C, Salmonella growth rates were significantly higher than 12°C (P < 0.05). No clear Salmonella growth trend was observed; populations decreased up to 1.6 log CFU/mango on 'Tommy Atkins' and 'Ataulfo' at 12°C. Populations of L. monocytogenes on whole and fresh-cut mangoes declined regardless of temperature and storage period. Food safety during storage should be the top priority for fresh-cut tropical fruit processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyjit Saha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Zeynal Topalcengiz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Muş Alparslan University, Muş 49250, Turkey; Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Vijendra Sharma
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Loretta M Friedrich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Michelle D Danyluk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.
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Anderson-Coughlin BL, Vanore A, Shearer AEH, Gartley S, Joerger RD, Sharma M, Kniel KE. Human Norovirus Surrogates Persist in Nontraditional Sources of Irrigation Water in Excess of 100 Days. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100024. [PMID: 36916591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) has been implicated as the leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide. The ability of HuNoV to persist in water can significantly impact food safety as agriculture and processing water could serve as vehicles of virus transmission. This study focused on the persistence and infectivity of the HuNoV surrogate viruses, murine norovirus (MNV), and Tulane virus (TV), after prolonged storage in diverse environmental water types currently used for agricultural irrigation. In this study, vegetable processing water (VW), brackish tidal surface water (SW), municipal reclaimed water (RW), and pond water (PW) were inoculated with each virus in a 1:10 v/v ratio containing virus at 3.5-4.5 logPFU/mL and stored at 16°C for 100 days. This time and temperature combination was chosen to mimic growing and harvest conditions in the mid-Atlantic area of the United States. Samples were then assayed for the presence of viral RNA using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) approximately weekly throughout the study. Persistence of MNV and TV was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from one another in any water sample (n = 7) or the control (HBSS). However, there was variability observed in viral persistence across water samples with significant differences observed between several water samples. The presence of intact viral capsids enclosing the genomes of MNV and TV were evaluated by an RNase assay coupled with RT-qPCR on specific timepoints and determined to be intact up to and at 100 days after inoculation. TV was also shown to remain infectious in a cell culture assay (TCID50) up to 100 days of incubation. These findings are significant in that the potential for not only detection of enteric viruses can occur long after a contamination event occurs but these viruses may also remain infectious.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Vanore
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Adrienne E H Shearer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Samantha Gartley
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Rolf D Joerger
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Manan Sharma
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Kalmia E Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Listeria monocytogenes in Irrigation Water: An Assessment of Outbreaks, Sources, Prevalence, and Persistence. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071319. [PMID: 35889038 PMCID: PMC9323950 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As more fresh fruits and vegetables are needed to meet the demands of a growing population, growers may need to start depending on more varied sources of water, including environmental, recycled, and reclaimed waters. Some of these sources might be susceptible to contamination with microbial pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes. Surveys have found this pathogen in water, soil, vegetation, and farm animal feces around the world. The frequency at which this pathogen is present in water sources is dependent on multiple factors, including the season, surrounding land use, presence of animals, and physicochemical water parameters. Understanding the survival duration of L. monocytogenes in specific water sources is important, but studies are limited concerning this environment and the impact of these highly variable factors. Understanding the pathogen’s ability to remain infectious is key to understanding how L. monocytogenes impacts produce outbreaks and, ultimately, consumers’ health.
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Growth and survival of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut produce and their juice extracts: Impacts and interactions of food matrices and temperature abuse conditions. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kang J, Burall L, Mammel MK, Datta AR. Global transcriptomic response of Listeria monocytogenes during growth on cantaloupe slices. Food Microbiol 2018; 77:192-201. [PMID: 30297050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding a pathogen's response to food environments is imperative to develop effective control strategies as well as to elucidate the impact of foods on virulence potential. The purpose of this study was to assess transcriptional response of Listeria monocytogenes after growth in cantaloupe, as well as its impact on survival in synthetic gastric fluid (SGF). The transcriptional profiles of L. monocytogenes grown in cantaloupe or Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) under refrigeration were compared by a custom-designed microarray. A total of 286 and 175 genes were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, in L. monocytogenes grown in cantaloupe as compared to BHI (fold change ≥ 2.5 and adj. P < 0.05). The majority of upregulated genes belonged to functions related to amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, flagellar biosynthesis, and iron acquisition, while most downregulated genes belonged to carbohydrate metabolism. Notably, the branched chain amino acid (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine, valine) biosynthesis operon was shown to be highly upregulated as well as the purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis pathways. Transcript levels of several stress- and virulence-related genes were significantly altered, implying an impact of growth in cantaloupe on the virulence potential of L. monocytogenes. Enhanced survival of L. monocytogenes in SGF following growth in cantaloupe further demonstrated the impact of cantaloupe-associated growth on the pathogen's subsequent response to a host relevant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihun Kang
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Laurel Burall
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, United States.
| | - Mark K Mammel
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Atin R Datta
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, United States.
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