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Lopes P, Sobral MMC, Lopes GR, Martins ZE, Passos CP, Petronilho S, Ferreira IMPLVO. Mycotoxins’ Prevalence in Food Industry By-Products: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040249. [PMID: 37104187 PMCID: PMC10142126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recovery of biomolecules from food industry by-products is of major relevance for a circular economy strategy. However, by-products’ contamination with mycotoxins represents a drawback for their reliable valorization for food and feed, hampering their application range, especially as food ingredients. Mycotoxin contamination occurs even in dried matrices. There is a need for the implantation of monitoring programs, even for by-products used as animal feed, since very high levels can be reached. This systematic review aims to identify the food by-products that have been studied from 2000 until 2022 (22 years) concerning mycotoxins’ contamination, distribution, and prevalence in those by-products. PRISMA (“Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses”) protocol was performed via two databases (PubMed and SCOPUS) to summarize the research findings. After the screening and selection process, the full texts of eligible articles (32 studies) were evaluated, and data from 16 studies were considered. A total of 6 by-products were assessed concerning mycotoxin content; these include distiller dried grain with solubles, brewer’s spent grain, brewer’s spent yeast, cocoa shell, grape pomace, and sugar beet pulp. Frequent mycotoxins in these by-products are AFB1, OTA, FBs, DON, and ZEA. The high prevalence of contaminated samples, which surpasses the limits established for human consumption, thus limiting their valorization as ingredients in the food industry. Co-contamination is frequent, which can cause synergistic interactions and amplify their toxicity.
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De Smet J, Vandeweyer D, Van Moll L, Lachi D, Van Campenhout L. Dynamics of Salmonella inoculated during rearing of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Food Res Int 2021; 149:110692. [PMID: 34600687 PMCID: PMC8505792 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The black soldier fly is currently the most produced edible insect on industrial scale, with its larval stage being processed into animal feed as the main application. As this insect species enters the feed and food chain, good hygiene and monitoring practices are needed to avoid the entrance of foodborne pathogens via the larvae. However, insufficient data on the risk of such introductions via industrial larvae production are available. To address this gap, a range of rearing trials were conducted in which the substrate, chicken feed, was inoculated with different levels of Salmonella and in which total viable counts and Salmonella counts were determined during the following days. The outgrowth of Salmonella was slower in those experiments with a lower initial contamination level than in experiments with a higher level. No significant reducing effect originating from the larvae on the substrate Salmonella counts was observed, in contrast to previous studies using other substrates. Our study also revealed that airborne transmission of Salmonella is possible under rearing conditions corresponding to those applied at industrial production sites. Based on our results, we recommend insect producers to use substrate ingredients free of Salmonella, and not to count on the antimicrobial activities that BSFL may exert in some situations towards food pathogens. More inoculation studies using other Salmonella serotypes, other zoonotic bacteria, other substrates, larvae of other ages and including variations on rearing protocols are needed in order to obtain a general view on the dynamics of food pathogens in this insect species and to support comprehensive risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Smet
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Geel Campus, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Vandeweyer
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Geel Campus, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Van Moll
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Geel Campus, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D Lachi
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Geel Campus, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Van Campenhout
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Geel Campus, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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