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Egan S, Barbosa AD, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. Critters and contamination: Zoonotic protozoans in urban rodents and water quality. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121165. [PMID: 38290188 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Rodents represent the single largest group within mammals and host a diverse array of zoonotic pathogens. Urbanisation impacts wild mammals, including rodents, leading to habitat loss but also providing new resources. Urban-adapted (synanthropic) rodents, such as the brown rat (R. norvegicus), black rat (R. rattus), and house mouse (Mus musculus), have long successfully adapted to living close to humans and are known carriers of zoonotic pathogens. Two important enteric, zoonotic protozoan parasites, carried by rodents, include Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Their environmental stages (oocysts/cysts), released in faeces, can contaminate surface and wastewaters, are resistant to common drinking water disinfectants and can cause water-borne related gastritis outbreaks. At least 48 species of Cryptosporidium have been described, with C. hominis and C. parvum responsible for the majority of human infections, while Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B are the main human-infectious assemblages. Molecular characterisation is crucial to assess the public health risk linked to rodent-related water contamination due to morphological overlap between species. This review explores the global molecular diversity of these parasites in rodents, with a focus on evaluating the zoonotic risk from contamination of water and wasterwater with Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts/cysts from synanthropic rodents. Analysis indicates that while zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia are prevalent in farmed and pet rodents, host-specific Cryptosporidium and Giardia species dominate in urban adapted rodents, and therefore the risks posed by these rodents in the transmission of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia are relatively low. Many knowledge gaps remain however, and therefore understanding the intricate dynamics of these parasites in rodent populations is essential for managing their impact on human health and water quality. This knowledge can inform strategies to reduce disease transmission and ensure safe drinking water in urban and peri‑urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhon Egan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Amanda D Barbosa
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Marta BBF, Hossotani CMDS, Bresciani KDS, Meireles MV. Absence of Giardia spp. in fecal samples from capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) inhabiting urban areas in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100920. [PMID: 37652631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Giardiasis is a major cause of diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Currently, there are nine species of Giardia, including Giardia duodenalis, which infects most vertebrates. The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the largest herbivorous rodent in the world. Although capybaras are hosts of several parasites of public health importance, including helminths and protozoa, there is a paucity of research on their zoonotic potential. We investigated the prevalence of Giardia spp. in populations of capybaras living in urban areas. Fecal samples from 247 capybaras were collected in Lagoa Maior, located in the municipality of Três Lagoas, and in Lago do Amor and Parque das Nações Indígenas, both located in the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Fecal samples from capybaras originated from 133 adults (54%), 61 cubs (25%), and 53 juveniles (21%); 183 samples were collected in the rainy season and 64 in the dry season. Giardia spp. DNA was screened by the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) targeted PCR. Samples with DNA band sizes suggestive of Giardia spp. amplicons were examined by PCR targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) genes. PCR amplicons were subjected to genetic sequencing. Nested PCR screening of the SSU rRNA gene revealed 16 samples showing faint DNA bands in gel electrophoresis with sizes similar to Giardia spp. amplicons. PCR amplicons of the SSU rRNA gene were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. Most of the sequencing reactions failed, and the chromatogram reads of some samples were ambiguous, suggesting nonspecific amplification. Therefore, all the capybara fecal samples were considered negative for Giardia spp. Two published studies on Giardia spp. in capybaras reported findings similar to ours, i.e., the absence or a low positivity rate for Giardia spp. However, further studies are needed to determine the possible role of capybaras in the epidemiology of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Braga Ferreira Marta
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Michele de Souza Hossotani
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, SP, Brazil.
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Diverse Genotypes of Cryptosporidium in Sheep in California, USA. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091023. [PMID: 36145455 PMCID: PMC9504958 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. is a parasite that can infect a wide variety of vertebrate species. The parasite has been detected in sheep worldwide with diverse species and genotypes of various levels of zoonotic potential and public health concern. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of genotypes of Cryptosporidium in sheep in California, USA. Microscopic positive samples from individual sheep from central and northern California ranches were genotyped by sequencing a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene and BLAST analysis. Eighty-eight (63.8%) of the microscopic positive samples were genotyped, and multiple genotypes of Cryptosporidium were identified from sheep in the enrolled ranches. Approximately 89% of isolates (n = 78) were C. xiaoi or C. bovis, 10% of isolates (n = 9) were C. ubiquitum, and 1% of isolates (n = 1) were C. parvum. The C. parvum and C. ubiquitum isolates were detected only from lambs and limited to four farms. Given that the majority of Cryptosporidium species (i.e., C. xiaoi and C. bovis) were of minor zoonotic concern, the results of this study suggest that sheep are not a reservoir of major zoonotic Cryptosporidium in California ranches.
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Infante J, Riquelme M, Huerta N, Oettinger S, Fredes F, Simonetti JA, Rubio AV. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in wild rodents: using occupancy models to estimate drivers of occurrence and prevalence in native forest and exotic Pinus radiata plantations from Central Chile. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106635. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li X, Atwill ER. Diverse Genotypes and Species of Cryptosporidium in Wild Rodent Species from the West Coast of the USA and Implications for Raw Produce Safety and Microbial Water Quality. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040867. [PMID: 33920594 PMCID: PMC8073747 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that infect perhaps all vertebrate animals, with a subset of species and genotypes that function as food- and waterborne pathogens. The objective of this work was to collate the Cryptosporidium species and genotypes from common wild rodents on the west coast of the USA and update the information regarding the zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium from these ubiquitous wild species. Representative sequences of the 18S rRNA gene for a unique set of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from deer mice, house mice, mountain beavers, yellow-bellied marmot, long-tailed vole, California ground squirrels, Belding’s ground squirrels, and a golden-mantled ground squirrel in GenBank were selected for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic and BLAST analysis indicated that 4 (18%) of the 22 unique Cryptosporidium sequences from these wild rodent species were 99.75% to 100% identical to known zoonotic species (C. parvum, C. ubiquitum, C. xiaoi), suggesting that a minority of these representative Cryptosporidium isolates could have a public health impact through food and waterborne routes of human exposure. These zoonotic isolates were shed by deer mice and a yellow-bellied marmot from California, and from a mountain beaver trapped in Oregon. In addition, the group of unique Cryptosporidium isolates from deer mice and ground dwelling squirrels exhibited considerable DNA diversity, with multiple isolates appearing to be either host-limited or distributed throughout the various clades within the phylogenetic tree representing the various Cryptosporidium species from host mammals. These results indicate that only a subset of the unique Cryptosporidium genotypes and species obtained from wild rodents on the US west coast are of public health concern; nevertheless, given the geographic ubiquity of many of these host species and often high density at critical locations like municipal watersheds or produce production fields, prudent pest control practices are warranted to minimize the risks of water- and foodborne transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunde Li
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Edward Robert Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
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Jahan NA, Lindsey LL, Larsen PA. The Role of Peridomestic Rodents as Reservoirs for Zoonotic Foodborne Pathogens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:133-148. [PMID: 33351736 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although rodents are well-known reservoirs and vectors for a number of zoonoses, the functional role that peridomestic rodents serve in the amplification and transmission of foodborne pathogens is likely underappreciated. Clear links have been identified between commensal rodents and outbreaks of foodborne pathogens throughout Europe and Asia; however, comparatively little research has been devoted to studying this relationship in the United States. In particular, regional studies focused on specific rodent species and their foodborne pathogen reservoir status across the diverse agricultural landscapes of the United States are lacking. We posit that both native and invasive species of rodents associated with food-production pipelines are likely sources of seasonal outbreaks of foodborne pathogens throughout the United States. In this study, we review the evidence that identifies peridomestic rodents as reservoirs for foodborne pathogens, and we call for novel research focused on the metagenomic communities residing at the rodent-agriculture interface. Such data will likely result in the identification of new reservoirs for foodborne pathogens and species-specific demographic traits that might underlie seasonal enteric disease outbreaks. Moreover, we anticipate that a One Health metagenomic research approach will result in the discovery of new strains of zoonotic pathogens circulating in peridomestic rodents. Data resulting from such research efforts would directly inform and improve upon biosecurity efforts, ultimately serving to protect our food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat A Jahan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laramie L Lindsey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter A Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Cui Z, Wang D, Wang W, Zhang Y, Jing B, Xu C, Chen Y, Qi M, Zhang L. Occurrence and Multi-Locus Analysis of Giardia duodenalis in Coypus ( Myocastor coypus) in China. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020179. [PMID: 33562408 PMCID: PMC7914982 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a major gastrointestinal parasite found globally in both humans and animals. This work examined the occurrence of G. duodenalis in coypus (Myocastor coypus) in China. Multi-locus analysis was conducted to evaluate the level of genetic variation and the potential zoonotic role of the isolates. In total, 308 fecal samples were collected from seven farms in China and subjected to PCR screening to reveal G. duodenalis. Notably, G. duodenalis was detected in 38 (12.3%) specimens from assemblages A (n = 2) and B (n = 36). Positive samples were further characterized by PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. Multi-locus genotyping yielded 10 novel multi-locus genotypes (MLGs) (one MLG and nine MLGs for assemblages A and B, respectively). Based on the generated phylogenetic tree, AI-novel 1 clustered more closely with MLG AI-2. Furthermore, within the assemblage B phylogenetic analysis, the novel assemblage B MLGs were identified as BIV and clustered in the MLG BIV branch. This is the first report of G. duodenalis in coypus in China. The presence of zoonotic genotypes and subtypes of G. duodenalis in coypus suggests that these animals can transmit human giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China; (Z.C.); (D.W.)
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
| | - Deguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China; (Z.C.); (D.W.)
| | - Wen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
| | - Chunyan Xu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
| | - Yuanchai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China; (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.J.); (C.X.)
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (L.Z.)
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Microbiological Contamination of Strawberries from U-Pick Farms in Guangzhou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16244910. [PMID: 31817316 PMCID: PMC6950289 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study quantified the association of rodent fruit damage and the microbiological quality of irrigation water on the risk of microbiological contamination of strawberries collected from 18 U-pick farms across five different districts in the Guangzhou metropolitan region of southern China. Fifty-four composite strawberries samples, with or without evidence of rodent or avian foraging damage (i.e., bitten), along with 16 irrigation water samples, were collected during the spring of 2014 and winter of 2015 from our cohort of 18 farms. Composite strawberry samples and irrigation water were analyzed for total coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella, E. coli O157, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Total coliforms and E. coli were detected in 100% and ~90% of irrigation water samples, respectively. In contrast, Cryptosporidium was detected in only two water samples, while Salmonella, E. coli O157, and Giardia were not detected in any water samples. Strawberries with signs of being bitten by wildlife had significantly higher concentrations of total coliforms and E. coli, compared to strawberries with no physical evidence of rodent damage (p < 0.001). Similarly, Cryptosporidium was detected in 7/18 (39%) of bitten, 4/18 (22%) of edge, and 5/18 (28%) of central strawberry samples, respectively. Concentration of E. coli on strawberries (p < 0.001), air temperature (p = 0.025), and presence of Cryptosporidium in irrigation water (p < 0.001) were all associated with the risk of Cryptosporidium contamination on strawberries. Salmonella and Giardia were detected in <4% strawberry samples and E. coli O157 was not detected in any samples. These results indicate the potential food safety and public health risks of consuming unwashed strawberries from U-pick farms, and the need for improved rodent biosecurity of U-pick strawberry fields and enhanced microbiological quality of irrigation water used at these facilities.
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Ryan U, Zahedi A. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis from a veterinary perspective. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:209-254. [PMID: 31630759 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of eight Giardia species are accepted. These include: Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia), which infects humans and animals, Giardia agilis, Giardia ardeae, Giardia psittaci, Giardia muris, Giardia microti, Giardia peramelis and G. cricetidarum, which infect non-human hosts including amphibians, birds, rodents and marsupials. Giardia duodenalis is a species complex consisting of eight assemblages (A-H), with assemblages A and B the dominant assemblages in humans. Molecular studies to date on the zoonotic potential of Giardia in animals are problematic and are hampered by lack of concordance between loci. Livestock (cattle, sheep, goats and pigs) are predominantly infected with G. duodenalis assemblage E, which has recently been shown to be zoonotic, followed by assemblage A. In cats and dogs, assemblages A, B, C, D and F are commonly reported but relatively few studies have conducted molecular typing of humans and their pets and the results are contradictory with some studies support zoonotic transmission but the majority of studies suggesting separate transmission cycles. Giardia also infects a broad range of wildlife hosts and although much less well studied, host-adapted species as well as G. duodenalis assemblages (A-H) have been identified. Fish and other aquatic wildlife represent a source of infection for humans with Giardia via water contamination and/or consumption of undercooked fish and interestingly, assemblage B and A predominated in the two molecular studies conducted to date. Our current knowledge of the transmission dynamics of Giardia is still poor and the development of more discriminatory typing tools such as whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Giardia isolates is therefore essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Ma X, Wang Y, Zhang HJ, Wu HX, Zhao GH. First report of Giardia duodenalis infection in bamboo rats. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:520. [PMID: 30236164 PMCID: PMC6149208 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zoonotic parasite, Giardia duodenalis (syns. G. lamblia and G. intestinalis), has been widely reported in humans and animals, including rodents. The bamboo rat, a rodent species belonged to the subfamily Rhizomyinae, is farmed in China because of its medicinal and edible values. However, no information of G. duodenalis infection was available in bamboo rats prior to the present study. Here, the prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in bamboo rats from Hunan Province of China were investigated. Results Of 480 faecal samples collected from six farms located in four cities (Wugang, Chenzhou, Huaihua and Jishou) of Hunan Province, 52 (10.8%) were positive for G. duodenalis infection by using a nested PCR approach targeting the beta giardin (bg) gene. Significant differences (P < 0.01) in prevalence were found among different age groups and geographical localities, and among different farms in Wugang city. Sequence analysis revealed existence of the zoonotic assemblage B and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in these animals. Multilocus genotyping analysis also indicated broad genetic diversity of assemblage B isolates in these bamboo rats. Conclusions This is the first report of the infection and genetic variations of G. duodenalis in bamboo rats. These findings will provide basic data for implementing effective strategies to control giardiasis in bamboo rats. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3111-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Xian Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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