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Pellicanò R, Brunetti R, Toscano T, Smeraldo S, Baldi L, Cavallo S, Capone S, Colarusso G. Risk valuation for E. coli contamination in Campania region shellfish from 2016 to 2021. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21716. [PMID: 38027549 PMCID: PMC10658277 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study set out to assess the microbiological quality of shellfish collected over a six-year period of time in the Campania Region Sea. A total of 1459 samples were examined in order to determine whether Escherichia coli was present. To investigate potential correlations between the E. coli counts and environmental parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, seawater temperature, turbidity, rainfall) and pollution variables (density and distance of heavy and light discharges), data were gathered. With only roughly 19% of the samples not meeting European and Italian criteria (E. coli counts more than 230 most likely number MPN per 100 g of pulp and intravalvar liquid), the results showed that the microbiological quality of the shellfish was good. A correlation between microbial contamination, season, rainfall, and dissolved oxygen was found using statistical analysis. However, the discharge density along the coast per spatial unit (a 200 × 200 MT cell), which was determined using the "quartic" Kernel function, showed found to be the primary factor determining the E. coli concentration in the shellfish. An increase in rain millimeters was found to be associated with a higher risk of heightened E. coli contamination, according to a model that was fitted to assess the probability of detecting a higher E. coli count in connection to environmental parameters. This outcome could be explained by the discharge density near the coast as well as the increased availability of coliforms, particularly E. coli, and nutrients during periods of heavier rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pellicanò
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Brunetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Tecla Toscano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Smeraldo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Baldi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Cavallo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Capone
- Regional Agency for the Environmental Protection ARPA Campania - U.O.C. SOA, Italy
| | - Germana Colarusso
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Naples, Italy
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Currò S, Fasolato L, Balzan S, Biziato G, Paesanti F, Bargelloni L, Cardazzo B, Novelli E. Evaluating Escherichia coli contamination in bivalve mollusks using the impedance method: a comparison with most probable number analyses and correlation with environmental parameters. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:11103. [PMID: 37405147 PMCID: PMC10316231 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of an electrochemical (impedance) tool for monitoring Escherichia coli contamination in shellfish was evaluated after 13 months of observation. The primary aim of the present study was to compare the standard most probable number (MPN) and μ-trac 4200 (log imped/100 g) for the assessment of E. coli contamination (log MPN/100 g) in non-depurated bivalve mollusks (BM) from five sampling areas of the Veneto-Emilian coast (Italy) (118 samples). The secondary aim was to evaluate the correlation between E. coli concentrations in BM and environmental factors on a large data set (690). The methods showed a moderate, positive correlation (0.60 and 0.69 Pearson and Spearman coefficients, respectively; P<0.01) in Ruditapes philippinarum. The McNemar test indicated analogous sample classification between methods, and the impedance method overestimated the most contaminated class (P=0.03; >4,600 MPN/100 g). The results highlighted the suitability of the impedance method for a faster evaluation and routine use especially in clams, while in Mytilus it seemed less effective. Different models built by multivariate permutational variance analysis and multinomial logistic regression selected the suitable environmental features able to predict the E. coli load. Overall, salinity and season affected the E. coli contamination, whereas locally it was mainly influenced by hydrometry and salinity. The application of the impedance method coupled with environmental data analysis could help purification phase management to adhere to legal limits and could represent an advantage for local control authorities to define actions, considering extreme meteorological events' effects as a proactive reaction to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Currò
- Comparative Biomedicine and Nutrition Department, University of Padua, Legnaro
| | - Luca Fasolato
- Comparative Biomedicine and Nutrition Department, University of Padua, Legnaro
| | - Stefania Balzan
- Comparative Biomedicine and Nutrition Department, University of Padua, Legnaro
| | - Giacomo Biziato
- Chemical-Clinical Analysis and Microbiology Laboratory, Alto Adige Health Center, Bolzano
| | | | - Luca Bargelloni
- Comparative Biomedicine and Nutrition Department, University of Padua, Legnaro
| | - Barbara Cardazzo
- Comparative Biomedicine and Nutrition Department, University of Padua, Legnaro
| | - Enrico Novelli
- Comparative Biomedicine and Nutrition Department, University of Padua, Legnaro
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Development of a depuration protocol for commercially important edible bivalve molluscs of India: Ensuring microbiological safety. Food Microbiol 2023; 110:104172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Giusti A, Costa E, Traina A, Nucera D, Serratore P, Orlandi M, Armani A. Analysis of the sanitary survey 2015-2017 conducted in the gulf of La Spezia (Italy): Reclassification of the areas of production of live bivalve molluscs. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:8448. [PMID: 32300566 PMCID: PMC7154601 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sanitary survey is aimed at classifying and monitoring the production areas of live bivalve molluscs (LBM) and it is performed using standards that are provided by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science's Guide to Good Practice. In this study, data from the sanitary survey carried out by the Asl5 Spezzino on the production areas of the gulf of La Spezia during the period 2015-2017 were analysed. The number and type of the analysis performed both on the total sampling and on the individual target species, as well as the number and type of found non-compliance (assessed on both mandatory parameters and on parameters fixed by the local monitoring plan) were considered. Data were also compared with those from the sanitary survey 2012-2014. Appropriate statistic tests were used to evaluate data from E. coli and Norovirus monitoring. Overall, 4306 analysis were performed, especially on the species M. galloprovincialis (89%) and they were mostly focused on to the search of biological agents. 160 NC were detected. Most of the NC concerns the Norovirus's positivity (93.75%) in M. galloprovincialis and C. gigas. A correlation between the levels of E. coli and rainfall/ seasonality (higher levels in the colder months) was proved, especially in the sampling points located in the inner part of the dam and in the Portovenere Bay. Class B was reconfirmed for M. galloprovincialis, the production areas of C. gigas were reclassified as A and those of V. verrucosa were definitively closed. The sanitary survey was therefore confirmed as a useful tool for reclassification and for monitoring LBM production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Giusti
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa
| | - Erica Costa
- Liguria Local Health Unit - ASL 5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Foods and Animal Origin, La Spezia
| | - Alice Traina
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa
| | - Daniele Nucera
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin
| | | | - Mino Orlandi
- Liguria Local Health Unit - ASL 5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Foods and Animal Origin, La Spezia
| | - Andrea Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa
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Milan M, Smits M, Dalla Rovere G, Iori S, Zampieri A, Carraro L, Martino C, Papetti C, Ianni A, Ferri N, Iannaccone M, Patarnello T, Brunetta R, Ciofi C, Grotta L, Arcangeli G, Bargelloni L, Cardazzo B, Martino G. Host-microbiota interactions shed light on mortality events in the striped venus clam Chamelea gallina. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4486-4499. [PMID: 31482594 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass mortalities due to disease outbreaks have recently affected a number of major taxa in marine ecosystems. Climate- and pollution-induced stress may compromise host immune defenses, increasing the risk of opportunistic diseases. Despite growing evidence that mass mortality events affecting marine species worldwide are strongly influenced by the interplay of numerous environmental factors, the reductionist approaches most frequently used to investigate these factors hindered the interpretation of these multifactorial pathologies. In this study, we propose a broader approach based on the combination of RNA-sequencing and 16S microbiota analyses to decipher the factors underlying mass mortality in the striped venus clam, Chamelea gallina, along the Adriatic coast. On one hand, gene expression profiling and functional analyses of microbial communities showed the over-expression of several genes and molecular pathways involved in xenobiotic metabolism, suggesting potential chemical contamination in mortality sites. On the other hand, the down-regulation of several genes involved in immune and stress response, and the over-representation of opportunistic pathogens such as Vibrio and Photobacterium spp. indicates that these microbial species may take advantage of compromised host immune pathways and defense mechanisms that are potentially affected by chemical exposure, resulting in periodic mortality events. We propose the application of our approach to interpret and anticipate the risks inherent in the combined effects of pollutants and microbes on marine animals in today's rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Morgan Smits
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy.,Marine Environmental Science Laboratory (LEMAR), IUEM Technopole Brest-Iroise, Université de Bretagne Occidentale -Rue Dumont d'Urville, Plouzané, France
| | - Giulia Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Iori
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Angela Zampieri
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lisa Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Camillo Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Papetti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Ianni
- Faculty of BioSciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Iannaccone
- Faculty of BioSciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Romina Brunetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Ciofi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lisa Grotta
- Faculty of BioSciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arcangeli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Barbara Cardazzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- Faculty of BioSciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
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Suzuki S, Makihara N, Kadoya A. Tetracycline resistance gene tet(M) of a marine bacterial strain is not accumulated in bivalves from seawater in clam tank experiment and mussel monitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:181-187. [PMID: 29627540 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are found in marine as well as terrestrial bacteria. Bivalves are known to accumulate chemical pollutants and pathogenic microbes, however, the fate of ARGs in bivalves after the intake of ARG-possessing bacteria is not known. Here we show that the copy number of oxytetracycline resistance gene tet(M) increased rapidly in the clam digestive tract by filtering water, then remained constant over 96h in a tank experiment even with the addition of tet(M)-possessing bacteria every 24h. >99.9% of the added tet(M) was decomposed, reaching a balanced state. Environmental sampling of mussel digestive tract and seawater supported the hypothesis that tet(M) was decomposed in bivalves as tet(M) was present in seawater from April to October at a concentration of 10-5 to 10-6 copies/16S, whereas tet(M) in mussels was mostly below the detection limit. Two (April) and three (July and October) individual mussels were positive for tet(M) with a concentration equivalent to that of seawater. We therefore conclude that bivalves do not accumulate tet(M) from seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Suzuki
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Naoki Makihara
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Aya Kadoya
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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